A Text Book Of Practical Botany 2

464 Pages·1984·20.32 MB·English

A TEXTBOOK OF
Practical
Botany
II
TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY, EMBRYOLOGY,
ANATOMY, ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIOSTAl1Sl1CS,
CITOLOGY AND GENEl1CS
By
DR. ASHOK M. BENDRE
FORMERLY-HEAD,
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
AND
DR. ASHOK KUMAR
FORMERLY, REA,DER IN BOTANY
MEERUT COLLEGE
MEERUT
RASTOGI
PUBLICATIONS
SHIVAJI ROAD. MEERUT-250 002: INDIA
()
P r a c t i c a l
B o t a n y
I I
TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY, EMBRYOLOGY,
ANATOMY, ECOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIOSTATISTICS,
CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS
A
TEXT BOOK
OF
PRACTICAL BOTANY
VOL. II
ISBN 81-7133-877-1
© RESERVED
All rights reserved. No part of this book (any editIOn/reprint) may be produced.
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted In any form what so ever or by any
means electronically or mechanically or by photocopylltg. recording or otherwise
Without the prior written permissIOn of the Publisher. Infringement of
copyright IS a criminal offence.
TITLE CODE NO B-15
Revised Edition 2009-2010
PUBLISHED BY RAKESH KUMAR RASTOGI FOR RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS,
'GANGOTRI' SHIVAJI ROAD, MEERUT-250 002 . UP, INDlA
PHONES : (0121) 2510688, 2515142, 25160RO, FAX [phone]
ematl : [email protected] Weh<;lte www rnstoglpubh~al1ons com
PRINTED AT CAPITAL OFFSET PRESS. NEW DELHI INDIA
Contents
1. Introduction 1 -11
Laboratory etiquette (1), Laboratory techniques (4),
Work plan (1), Record of work (8),
Necessary instruments (1), Collection (9),
Microscope (1), Herbarium (9).
Other laboratory provisions (3),
2. The Method of Studying Angiospermic Plant 12 - 52
Serial List of Characters used to Describe Calyx (33).
Plants (12); Corolla (33),
Alternative Terms and Illustrated Perianth (35),
Terminology (13 - 45) ; Androecium (36),
Habit (13), Gynoecium (38),
Root (14), Fruits (41);
Stem (14), Floral Formula (46);
Leaf (18), Classification and Identification (46);
Inflorescence (28), The Diagrams (51).
Flower (31),
3. Description of Plants 53 - 219
Ranunculaceae (54-58) : Coronopus didymus (70),
Ranunculus scleratus (54), Iberis amara (72);
Delphinium ajacis (56), Capparidaceae (74-77) :
Nigella sativa (56), Cleome gynandra (74),
Clematis paniculata (58); Gynandropsis pentaphylla (74),
Magnoliaceae(58) : Cleome viscosa (76),
Michelia champaca (58); Capp aris decidua (76);
Annonaceae (59) : Caryophyllaceae (78 - 87) :
Annona squamosa (59); Stellaria media (78),
Papaveraceae (60-65) : Spergula arvensis (80),
Papaver rhoeas (60), Dianthus caryophyllus (82),
Eschscholzia californica (62), Silene conoidea(84),
Argemone mexicana (64); Vaccaria pyramidata (86);
Fumariaceae (66 - 67) : Malvaceae (88 - 93) :
Fumaria indica (66); Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (88),
Cruciferae (68 -73) : Abutilon indicum (90),
Brassica campestris (68), Malva sylvestris (90),
Contents
Malvastrum coromandelianum (92), Apocynaceae (146-151) :
Sida cordifolia (92); Catharanthus roseus (146),
Tiliaceae (94 - 95) : Thevetia peruviana (148),
Corchorus aestuans (94); Tabemaemontana divaricata (150);
Rutaceae (96 - 99) : Asclepiadaceae (152 -157) :
Citrus medica (96), Calotropis procera (152),
Murraya paniculata (98), Cryptostegia grandiflora (154),
Murraya koenigii (98); Asclepias curassavica (156);
Meliaceae (100 -101) : Convolvulaceae (158 -163) :
Melia azedarach (100); Convolvulus microphyllus (158),
Papilionaceae (102 -107) Cuscuta reflexa (160),
Sesbania sesban (102), Ipomoea fistulosa (162),
Crotalaria medicaginea (104), Ipomoea cairica (162);
Indigofera enneaphylla (104), Solanaceae (164 -169) :
Lathyrus aphaca (106), Solanum nigrum (164),
Melilotus indica (106); Withania somnifera (166),
Caesalpiniaceae (108 -113) : Datura stramonium (166),
Tamarindus indica (108), Cestrum noctumum (168),
Cassia fistula (110), Petunia nyctaginiflora (168);
Bauhinia vanegata (112); Scrophulariaceae (170 -173) :
Mirnosaceae (114 -117) : Mazus pumilus (170),
Dichrostachys cinerea (114), Veronica anagallis - aquatica (172),
Acacia nilotica (116), Lindenbergia indica (172);
Mimosa pudica (116); Acanthaceae (174 -179) :
Rosaceae (118-121) : Justicia gendarussa (174),
Pnlflus persica (118), Adhatoda vasica (176),
Potentilla supina (120), Dipterocanthus prostratus (176),
Rosa indica (120); Peristrophe bicalyculata (178),
Myrtaceae (122 -125) : Barleria prionitis (178);
Callistemon citrin us (122), Verbenaceae (180 -183) :
Eucalyptus citriodora (124), Duranta repens (180),
Syzygium cumini (124); Lantana indica (182),
Cucurbitaceae (126 -129) : Clerodendrum inenne (182);
Coccinia cordif olia (126), Labiatae (184 -187) :
Luffa cylindrica (128), Ocimum sanctum (184),
Cucurbita maxima (128); Salvia splendens (186),
Urn belli ferae (130 -131) : Leucas aspera (186);
Coriandrum sativum (130); Amaranthaceae (188 -191)
Rubiaceae (132 -137) : Amaranthus spinosus (188),
Mussaenda luteola (132), Achyranthes aspera (190),
Oldenlandia corymbosa (134), Digera muricata (190);
Ixora coccinea (136), Chenopodiaceae (192 -193) :
Spemzadictyon suaveolens (136); Chenopodium album (192);
Cornpositae (138-145) : Polygonaceae (194 -197) :
SOIlC/zUS brachyollls (138), PoLygonum g/abrum (194),
Ec/ipta prostrata (140), Rumex dentatus (196),
AReratul7l conyzoides (142), Antigonon Zeptopus (196);
Lali/zea asplenifo/ia (144), Euphorbiaceae (198-205) :
Hclianthus anlluus (144); Euphorbia pulcherrima (198),
viii] Practical Botany : Vol. II
Ricinus communis (200), Scitamineae (210-211) :
Euphorbia hirta (200), Mllsa paradisiaca (210);
Phyllanthus fratemus (202), Liliaceae (212-213) :
Croton bonplandianum (204), Asphodeilis tenuifolius (212);
Jatropha gossypifolia (204); Pal mae (214-215) :
Uriticaceae (206-207) : Phoenix sylvestris (214);
Morus alba (206); Cyperaceae (216-217) :
Orchidaceae (206 - 207) : Cyperus rotundus (216);
Zellxine struteumatica (208); Poaceae (218-219) :
Triticum aestivum (218).
4. Plants and Human Welfare 220 - 233
Plants of Economic Importance (220 - 228) : Cotton (227), Hemp (227), Coconut (227);
Cereals - Wheat (220), Rice (220), Maize Fumitory - Tobacco (228);
or Corn (221); Rubber - Rubber (228);
Pul'les or legumes - Cajan pea (221), Microchemical Tests (228 - 232)
Soyabean (221), Black gram (221), To detect the presence of ctJlulose (228),
Green gram (221), Chick peas (221); To detect the presence of cutin (229),
Timbers - Shisham (222), Sal (222), To detect the presence of suberin (229),
Teak (222); To detect the presence of lignin (229),
Sugar and starch - Sugarcane (223), To detect the presence of mucilage (229),
Potato (223); To detect the presenCe of latex (229),
Medicinal plants - Belladona (223), Poppy To detect the presence of hemicellulose (230),
(223), Rauvolfia (223), Quinine (224), To detect the presence of reducing sugar :
Datura (224); glucose (230),
Beverages - Tea (224), Coffee (224); To detect the presence of (non-reducing
Oil\" - Sesame (224), Ground nut (225), sugars) : starch/sucrose (230), .
Castor (225), Linseed (225); To detect the presence of proteins (231),
Spices - Cardarr.om (226), Pepper (226), To detect the presence of fats/oils (231),
Coriander (226); To detect the presence of starch (231);
Fibres - Jute (226), Sannhemp (226), Methods to detect food adulteration (232).
5. Embryology of Angiosperms 234 - 246
Anther (234 - 235) : Germination of pollen grains (238);
Study of T.s. of young anther (234), Ovule (239 - 243) :
Study of T.s. of mature anther (235), Types of ovules (239),
Pollen Grains (235 - 239) L.s. of anatropous ovule (240),
Characters used for study of pollen L.s. of ovule showing archesporia! cell (240),
grains (235), L.s. of ovule showing megaspore tetrad (241),
Preparation of pollen grains for study (237), L.s. of ovule showing 2-nucleate
The study of pollen grains of some embryo sac (241),
common plants (237) - L.s. of ovule showing 4-nucleate
Arachis hypogaea, Argemone embryo sac (242),
mexicana, Canna indica, Cleome L.s. of ovule showing 8-nuc1eate Polygonum
viscosa, Datura stramonium, type embrJu sac (242);
Eriocallion decangulare, Hibiscus Endosperm (243 - 244) :
escllientlls, Lathyrus odorants, L.s. of ovule showing nuclear
Mirabilis jalapa. endosperm (243),
Contents fix
L.s. of ovule showing cellular To dissect out globular embryo (245), .
endosperm (243), To dissect out heart-shaped embryo (245),
L.s. of ovule showing helobial To remove mature dieot embryo (245),
endosperm (244); L.s. of maize grain showing monocot
Embryo (244-246) : embryo (246).
Dissection of embryo (244),
6. Anatomy 247 - 314
Meristems (247 - 248) : Epidermal Studies (257 -'-260) :
Study of L.s. of the shoot apex (247), Study of different types of stomata (257),
Study of L.s. of the root apex (248); Study of trichomes (259);
Cells and Tissues (248 - 252) : The Organs (260-314) :
Maceration (250), T.s. stem - Luffa (262), Xanthium (264),
Parenchyma (251), Zea mays (266), Canna (268),
Collenchyma (251), Triticum (270), Boerhaavia (272),
Sclerenchymatous fibers (251), Bougainvillea (274), Achyranthes (276),
Stone cells or brachysclereids (251), Chenopodium (278), Salvadora (280),
Tracheids (252), Leptadenia (282), Nyctanthes (248),
Vessels (252); Amaranthus (286), Mirabilis (288),
Cell Components (253-257) : Bignonia (290), Dracaena (292);
Study of chloroplasts (233), T.s. root - Cicer (294), Tinospora (296),
Study of chromoplasts (253), Ficus (298), Beta vulgaris (300), Zea
Study of leucoplasts (254), mays (302), Canna (304), Orchid (306);
Study of starch grains (254), T.s. leaf - Mangifera (308), Zea mays
Study of aleurone grains (255), (309), Bambusa (310);
Study of inulin crystals (255), T.s. phylJode - Acacia (312),
Study of raphides (256), T.s. phylloclade - Ruscus aculeatus (313).
Study of cystolith (257);
7. Illustrated Glossary of Anatomical Terms 315 - 324
Typcs of cells (315), Cambium (322),
Ccll inclusions (316), Vascular bundles (322),
Tissucs and tissue systems (317), Stele (323),
Xylem (318), Sec·ondary growth (323).
Phlocm (321),
8. Ecology 325 - 361
The Plants (325 - 344) : Xerophytes Classification of
Hydrophytes Classification of xerophytes (333), external features of
hydrophytcs (325), external features of xerophytes (333), anatomical characters
hydrophytes (325), anatomical of xerophytes (334), anatomy of stem of
charactcrs of hydrophytes (328), Cynodon (335), stem of Calotropis (336),
anatomy of : root of Eichhomia (328), stem of Capparis (338), stem of
stcm of Hydrilla (329), petiole of Casuarina (340), leaf of Ficus (342), leaf
Eichhomia (331), petiole of Nymphaea of Nerium (343), leaf of grass (334);
(330), leaf of Nymphaea (331), leaf of
Trapa (332),
x} Practical Botany : Vol. II
The Study of Community (345 -352) : Determination of moisture percentage of
Minimum size of the quadrat by species soil (354),
area curve (345), Bulk density of a given soil sample (355),
Frequency of various species occurring Porosity (percent pore space) of a given
in a given area (345), soil sample (355),
Density/abundance of various species Demonstration of different horizons of
occurring in a given area (348), local soil profile (355),
Vegetational cover in a given area (348), Tests for the presence of carbonate,
Estimation of biomass (349), nitrate and deficiency of replaceable
Determination of local vegetation bases (356),
frequency and relative frequency, Test for presence of inorganic salts
density and relative density and in soil (356),
importance value index (349), Demonstration of C02, 02, chlorine and
Study of species composition of an area ammonia in water (357),
for analysing biological spectrum and Determination of maximum and
comparison with Raunkiaer's normal mimimum temperature (357),
biological spectrum (350), Determination of relative humidity (358),
Reproductive capacity of species (352); Soil testing for phosphQrus (359),
The Environment (352-361) : Soil testing for potassium (359),
Study of soil texture (352), Soil testing for nitrate (360),
Measurement of soil temperature (353), Comparison of dissolved oxygen content
Determination of soil pH (353), of polluted and non -polluted water
Determination of water holding by iodometric titration method (360).
capacity (353),
9. Biostatistics (Biometry) 362 - 369
Calculation of central tendencies - median Calculation of standard deviation (366),
and mode (362), Calculation of standard error (367),
Calculation of inter quartile range (365), Calculation of chi square (i) (368).
10. Cytology and Genetics 370 - 388
Plant Cell (370-373) : Mitosis (376-378) :
Study of generalised plant cell (370), Study of mitosis by preparing squash of
Study of mitochondria (370), onion root tip (376);
Study of endoplasmic reticulum (371), Meiosis (378 - 382) :
Study of Golgi body (372), Study of melOSlS by smear
Study of chloroplast (372), preparation (379);
Study of nucleus (373), Mendelian Genetics (383 - 388) :
Chromosome (373-375) : Determination of probability by tossing
Preparation of smear (373), coins (384),
Preparation of squash (374), Demonstration of phenomenon of
Demonstration of salivary gland segregation (385),
chromosomes from Chironomous Demonstration of phenomenon of
larva by aceto-orcein technique (374); Independent assortment (385),
Solved examples (386).