A text and work book on sketching for architectural and mechanical drafting students

104 Pages·03.231 MB·English

by  Christoffersen, Thorval T

A TEXT AND WORK BOOK ON SKETCHING FOR
ARCHITECTURAL AND MECHANICAL DRAFTING STUDENTS
A P roject
Presented to
the Faculty of the School of Education
The U niversity of Southern C alifornia
In P a rtia l F ulfillm ent
of the Requirements for the Degree
M aster of Science in Education
by
Thorval T. C hristoffersen
July 1950
UMI Number: EP46231
All rights reserved
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Dissertation PitMisMng
UMI EP46231
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|S i 'SI C ss-t’ i0 ^ '
This project report, written under the direction
of the candidate’s adviser and approved by him,
has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty
of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science in Education.
Date.. ..............
Adviser
Dean
i i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
PART I. RENDERING
HOW TO SKETCH A PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
1. THE PENCIL; HOW TO SELECT AND SHARPEN THE
PENCIL . . . . ..........................* ......................... 2
1. How to select leads of good q u a lity ..................... 2
2. How to select the appropriate grade of
leads for various needs ............................ 3
3. How to sharpen lead points . . . . . . . . . 3
2. HAND CONTROL: HOW TO MANIPULATE THE HAND
SKILLFULL! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... 7
1. How to draw long perpendicular lin es for
le tte rin g and rendering . ..................................... 7
2. How to draw long horizontal lin es for
rendering and le tte rin g ................... 9
3. How to draw short perpendicular lin es
fo r le tte rin g . ..................................... 10
4. How to draw short horizontal lin es for
le tte rin g . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . 10
5. How to draw long curved lin es fo r ren­
dering . ...................................... 10
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CHAPTER PAGE
6. How to draw short curved lin es fo r
le tte rin g ................................. 12
5. SOURCE OF MATERIAL: HOW TO SELECT DRAWINGS
FOR RENDERING....................... 15
1. How to locate sources of m a te ria l......................... 15
2. How to select rendering m a t e r i a l ......................... 16
5. How to f ile m aterial ............................ 17
4. RENDERING; HOW TO SKETCH A PERSPECTIVE OUT-
LINE DRAWING .......................................... 20
.... ■ " 1 *3
1. How to select the proper lead . . . . . . . . 20
2. How to achieve a so ft texture . . . . . . . . 21
3. How to gain tone v a l u e ........................ . . . . . 22
4. How to vary shade and shadow ................... 23
5. How to acquire a richness of c o l o r .................... 23
5. LETTERING: HOW TO ACHIEVE GOOD COMPOSITION
IN LETTERING . . ." . ^ r ................................. 35
1. How to select an appropriate type and
sty le of le tte rin g .................................................... 55
2. How to keep your le tte rs in proportion
w ith your d raw in g .............................................................. 56
iv
CHAPTER PAGE
3. How to space your le tte rs , words, and
lin es .......................................... .- . . . . . . 37
4. How to select and f ile le tte rin g sty les . . . 37
PART II. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
HOW TO DEVELOP -PERSPECTIVES, SHADES,
AND SHADOWS FOR RENDERING
6. PERSPECTIVE FACTORS: HOW TO LOCATE CONSTRUC­
TION LINES AND POINTS.............................................................. 42
t
1. How to lo cate the horizon l i n e , 42
2. How to draw projections above, below,
and on the horizon lin e . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3. How to locate the p ictu re p la n e .................. 47
4. How to locate the ground l i n e ........................ 49
5. How to locate the sta tio n p o in t......................... . 49
6. -How to locate the center of v isio n . . . . . 49
7. How to draw vanishing lin es . . . . . . . . . 52
.i ■
8. How to locate vanishing p o i n t s . 52
9. How to -relo cate the horizon lin e , ground
lin e , and vanishing p o i n t s ............................ 55
10. How to locate measuring points . . . . . . . 55
11. How to draw measuring lin es ..................... 55
v
CHAPTER PAGE
7. PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT: HOW TO DEVELOP
A PERSPECTIVE . ................... . . . . . . 62
1. How to locate the plan on the p ictu re
plane ........................ 62
2. How to determ ine the angle your pers­
pective w ill have w ith the ground lin e . . . 62'
3 . How to estab lish your horizon lin e and
p ictu re plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4. How to locate your ground lin e . . . . . . . 63
5 . How to determ ine the location of the
sta tio n point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6. How to determ ine the location of the
vanishing points 64
7. How to measure your distance from the
ground lin e . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 64
8 . How to find the length and w idth of
your perspective ................... . 64
8. SHADE AND SHADOWS: HOW TO DEVELOP SHADE AND
SHADOWS ON PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS . ................................. 69
" •.................. - ,-n»‘............. "
1. How to develop conventional shadow s.................. 69
2. How to cast a conventional shadow on an
elev atio n ............................ 71
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CHAPTER PAGE
3 . How to p ro ject a conventional shadow
upon the ground plane . . . . . ............................. 73
4. How to develop a conventional shadow
on a ground plane and a fro n t plane . . . . . 73
5. How to cast a shadow on an inclined
plane ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................... 87
SOURCES: Where to get fu rth er assistan ce . . . . . . 88
v ii
LIST OP FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. V ertical and H orizontal Hand P ositions .................... 8
2. W rist A c tio n ............................................~............................. . 11
5. Sketches of Roofs and Chimney . . . . . . . . . 25
4. Sketching Assignment . . . . . . . J .......................... 26
5. Sketches of a Doorway and B alustrade . . . . . . 27
6. Sketching Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7 . Sketches of Clouds and Water ......................... 29
8 . Sketching Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9. Rendering of a Church a t S o u z a y ................................... 51
10. Rendering Assignment . . . . . . 52
11. Sketching Assignment . . . . . 55
12. Horizon Line ......................................... 45
15. O bjects Below the Horizon Line . . . . . . . . . 45
14. O bjects Above the Horizon L in e ...................... 46
15. V ariations of P rojections ............................... 48
16. P icture Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
17. Vanishing Lines and Center of V is io n ......................... 51
18. Vanishing Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
19. M ultiple Vanishing Points ............................... 54
20. R elocating the Horizon Line, Vanishing
P oints, and Ground L i n e .......................................... . . 56
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FIGURE PAGE
21. Measuring Lines and Measuring Points. . . . . . 57
22. Perspective Assignment. . . . . . . . ..................... 59
25. Perspective Assignment . . . . . 66
24. Light Rays .............................................. 70
25. Conventional Shadows ...................... 72
26. Shadow of a C lo c k ............................... 7^
27. Shadow Projected on the Ground Plane . . . . . . 75
28. Shadow P rojected on the Front Plane . . . . . . 76
29. Perspective Shadow of a P o le '.................................... . 78
50. Conventional Shadow on an Inclined Plane . . . . 79
31. Shadow Cast by a Chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
32. Shadow Assignment .................................. 82
33. Shadow Assignment . .......................................................... 83
34. Shadow Assignment . .......................................................... 84