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Nuytsia 11(3):353-364(1997) 353 Ataxonomic reviewofStylidium subgenusForsteropsis(Stylidiaceae) AllenLowrie1andKevinF.Kenneally2 '6 Glenn Place, Duncraig, 6023 Science Publications Unit, Corporate Relations Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 29, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Abstract Lowrie, A. and Kenneally, K.F. A taxonomic review of Stylidium subgenus Forsteropsis (Stylidiaceae).Nuytsia11(3):353-364(1997). ThreenewspeciesofStylidiumWiM.(Stylidiaceae)from south-westWesternAustralia,Stylidiumleeuwinense,S. marradongenseandS. semaphorumLowrie & Kenneallyaredescribedandillustrated. DescriptionsandillustrationsofS. imbricatumBenth. and S. preissii (Sond.) F. Muell. are provided for comparison and to complete this review ofStylidium subgenusForsteropsis (Sond.) Mildbr. Introduction ThispaperpresentsataxonomicreviewofStylidiumsubgenusForsteropsis(Stylidiaceae)which comprises five species of triggerplant from south-western Australia including three new species describedhere. AllmembersofthissubgenusofStylidiumWilld.arecharacterizedbybeingplantswith tightlyappressed leavesspirallyarrangedaroundthestems. They arereferredtounderthecommon namesLizardTriggerplantforS.pre/ssnandTile-leavedTriggerplantforS.imbricatum(Erickson1958) aswell asforthethreenew species. Taxonomy StylidiumsubgenusForsteropsis(Sond.)Mildbr.(Mildbraed1908:31,33). -ForsteropsisSond.(Sonder 1845: 393). Type: ForsteropsispreissiiSond. [=Stylidiumpreissii(Sond.)F.Muell.] Stylidiumser. ImbricataeBenth. (Bentham 1869: 21). Type:StylidiumimbricatumBenth. KeytospeciesofsubgenusForsteropsis 1 Flowersinumbellateracemes. Stigmaround,cushion-shaped S. preissii 1: Flowersinspike-likeracemes. Stigmaconical,capitate 2 2 Hypanthium glabrous 3 2: Hypanthiumglandular 4 : 1 354 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997) 3 Leaveswithalongapicalpoint. Sepalsobovate S.imbricatum 3: Leaves lackingan apicalpoint. Sepalsovate S.leeuwinense 4 Sepalsovate, apexacute. Corollalackingthroatappendages S.marradongense 4: Sepalsnarrowlyovatewithapicalmucro. Corollawiththroatappendages S.semaphorum Stylidium imbricatum Benth.(Bentham 1837: 73). Type: InteriorofKingGeorgeSound, [Western Australia],Huegel(holo K;iso:fragmentattachedtoHarvey,KingGeorgeSound,MEL710000). Perennialherb,witherectdividedstemscoveredwithappressed,tile-likeleavesspirallyarranged mm mm aroundthestem. Leavesbasifixed,green,ovate-elliptic,1.5-1.8 long,0.6-0.8 wide,withsilvery whitemucro0.6-0.8mmlong,piloseatthebase,hyalinemarginssilverywhite,dentate-laciniate.Racemes mm mm terminal,spike-like;pedicels1.5-2 long;bractssilverywhite,c.3 long,fringed;bracteolessimilar, c. 2mmlong. Hypanthiumobovoidatanthesis,c.2.5mmlong,c. 1 mmwide,glabrous. Sepalsfreeto base,obovate, c. 2mm long,glabrous;hyalinemarginsilverywhite,fringed. Corollareddishviolet, mm mm mm withlaterally-pairedlobes;anteriorlobesc.4.5 long,c.3 wide;posteriorlobesc.4.5 long, c.3mmwide. Labellumsubulate,reddishandblackatthebase,c.2.9mmlong,c.0.7mmwide,mmmargins bearing longhair-likestalkedglands,with2basalacicularappendages;appendages c. 1.5 long, reddish maroon, themarginsbearingafew longhair-like stalkedglands; boss ovate, white, smooth, c. 0.7mm long,c. 0.5 mm wide. Throatappendages8,the2nearthelabellumc. 0.5 mm,thenext2 c. 1mmandthe4remainingonesc.0.7mmlong.Gynostemiumcolumnc.8mmlong;anthersblack,pollen paleyellow;stigmaconical,capitate.(Figure 1) Selectedspecimensexamined.WESTERNAUSTRALIA:PorongurupRange,Apr. 1939, W.E.Blackall (PERTH); BabyBarnettHill,34°24’S,117°51’E,20Apr. 1980,R.J.Cranfield1425(PERTH);Stirling Range,NofAlbany,May, R. Ericksons.n. (PERTH);BaseofMtToolbrunup,StirlingRange,23Apr. 1923,C.A.Gardners.n.(PERTH);AboveMondurup,StirlingRange,4May1964,C.A.Gardner1471 (PERTH); FootofNsideofBluffKnoll,StirlingRange,1June1958,A.S.Georges.n.(PERTH);2miles [3.2km]WofKarribankonPorongurupsroad,280ct. 1966,S.H.Jamess.n.(PERTH);2kmSEofEllen Peak,StirlingRange,11May1982,G.J.Keigheiy4949(PERTH);MondorupPeak,0.5kmupfromroad, SOtnirSlionugtRhaCnogaes,t3H4i°g2h4w’aSy,1147.°74k9m”EN,E19ofApCrh.ey1n99e4s,BKe.aF.chKetunrnne-aolffl,yE1 o1f44M3an(yBpRe1a,kCsB,,2DMNaAy,M19E9L1,,APELRoTwHr)i;e 583(PERTH);CheyneBeach,20Apr. 1960,G.Starkies.n.(PERTH);6.9miles[11km]NNEofCheynes Beachturn-offonHighway1,22Mar.1970,M.D. Tindale315&B.R.Maslin(K);ChesterPass,Stirling Range,4Sep. 1947,J.H. Willis12(PERTH). Distribution. StirlingRangeNational Park, PorongurupRangeandsouth-easttoCheynes Beach. Habitat. Growsinlateritesoilsoftenmixedwithalittlewhitesand. Floweringperiod. April-May. Conservationstatus. Notconsideredtobe atrisk. Affinities. StylidiumimbricatumisdistinguishedfromallothermembersofsubgenusForsteropsisby having obovate sepals. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, A taxonomic review ofStylidium subgenus Forsteropsis 355 Figure 1 Stylidium imbricalum A - habit of flowering plant; B - section of stem showing spirally arranged leaves; C - leaf, enlarged section left; D - hypanthium; E -sepal; F - corolla; G - labellum; H-throat appendages; I - lateral view ofgynostemiumtip (with conical, capitate stigmaatright); J - frontview ofgynostemium tip (with stigmagrown out, right); K. - back ofgynostemium tip. Scale bar for all = 1 mm. Drawn fromA. Lowrie 583. : 356 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997) StylidiumleeuwinenseLowrie&Kenneally,.?/).nov. S. imbricatoBenth.affinissedsepalissubulatis,foliisacumeneapicaliabsentiatquefoliisquatuor circumcaulem dispositisdiffert. Typus: SouthcomeroftheintersectionofScottRiverRdandGovenorBroomeRd,c. 0.5km northof BrennansFordontheScottRiver,WesternAustralia,34°17’S,115°25’E,26May1996,A.Lowrie1465 (,holo PERTH04431170;iso:MEL). Perennialherb,witherectdividedstemscoveredwithappressed,tile-likeleavesspirallyarranged aroundthestem. Leavesbasifixed,green,lanceolate,2.5-3.5mmlong,0.5-0.8mmwide,acute,without anapicalmucro,piloseatthebase,hyalinemarginssilvery'white,dentate-laciniate. Racemesterminal, mm spike-like, flowers almost sessile; bracts silvery white, c. 3 long, fringed; bracteoles similar, c. 2.5mmlong. Hypanthiumobovoidatanthesis,c.2.5mmlong,c. 1 mmwide, glabrous. Sepalsfree mm tobase,ovate,c. 1.5 long,glabrous;hyalinemarginsilverywhite,serrate, surroundingasubulate body. Corollareddishpurple,withlaterally-pairedlobes;anteriorlobesc.4 mmlong,c. 2.2mmwide; posteriorlobesc.3mmlong,c. 1 8mmwide. Labellumlanceolate,maroon,c.3mmlong,c.0.5mmwide, margins bearing long white hair-like stalked reddish glands, with 2 basal acicular appendages; mm appendages c. 1.5 long,themarginsbearingafewlonghair-likestalkedglands;bossovate,white, smooth, c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide. Throat appendages 8, the longestones c. 1.5 mm long. mm Gynostemium column c. 1 long; anthers maroon, pollen pale yellow; stigma conical, capitate. (Figure2) Otherspecimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Nut Rd and FicifoliaRdjunction, Walpole- NornalupNational Park, 3 Oct. 1988,A.R. Annels261 (PERTH); Walpole-NornalupNational Park, 35°14’00”S, 6°52’30”E,3 Mayl989,/U?..4«/7e/ss'.«.(PERTH);200mSofMilyeannupCoastRoad, 1 1 1 1.7kmNEofintersectionwithRobertsRd,4Apr. 1991,N.GibsonScM.Lyons]1 18(PERTH); ScottRiver sandplain, 18Apr. 1976,S.D. Hopper2294(PERTH); Chesterblock,AugustatoNannup,34° 1 1’ S, 1 15°20’E,26May 1992,G.J. Keighery13451 (PERTH); Quarram,23miles[36.8km]WofDenmark, 31July1953,/?.Melville4461 &R.D./?oyce(K,MEL,NSW,PERTH);NearMtLindsay,1879,Muirs.n. (MEL,PERTH);BetweenBowandDenmarkRivers,20Apr.1960,G.Starkies.n.(PERTH);ShannonRiver, 9Apr. 1979,Surveyteam1555(PERTH). Distribution. Coastal regionsbetween Augustaand Denmark. Habitat. Occurs in blacksandysoilon swampyheathland. Floweringperiod. February-May. CALM Conservationstatus. ConservationCodesforWesternAustralianFlora:PriorityThree. Although extendingoverawidedistribution,Stylidiumleeuwinense isknownfromrelativelyfewlocationswith smallpopulations. Thetypelocation issituatednearanactivemininglease. Thispopulationcouldbe threatenedwith extinction ifsandminingandassociated activitieswere undertaken atthe sitebefore amanagementplan forthespecies was inplace. Etymology.Theepithet,leeuwinensereferstotheCapeLeeuwinregioninsouth-westWesternAustralia which isthetype location forthis species. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, A taxonomic review ofStylidium subgenus Forsteropsis 357 Figure 2. Stylidium leeuwinense A - habit offlowering plant; B - section ofstem showing spirally arranged leaves; C - leaf, enlarged section left; D - hypanthium; L -sepal; F - corolla; G -labellum; H - throat appendages; 1 - lateral view ofgynostemium tip (with conical, capitate stigma atright); J - frontview ofgynostemium tip (with stigmagrown out, right); K.- back ofgynostemium tip. Scale bar for all = 1 mm. Drawn from A. Lowrie 1465. 358 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997) Affinities.StylidiumleeuwinenseisdistinguishedfromS.preissiibyitsspike-likeracemesandfromall otherspecies in subgenusForsteropsisbyhaving leaveswithout an apicalmucro. StylidiummarradongenseLowrie&Kenneally,.?/?.nov. S. imbricatoBenth. affinis sedsepalis ovatis, corollaappendicibus faucisabsentibus differt. southendofTunnelRd,Marradong,WesternAustralia,32°55’S, 116°28’E, 14 Octoberl993, A.Lowrie807(holo:PERTH04431189;iso:MEL). Perennialherb,witherectdividedstemscoveredwithappressed,tile-likeleavesspirallyarranged mm mm aroundthestem.Leave.?basifixed,green,lanceolate, 1.5-2 long,0.5-0.8 wide,withapicalsilvery mm whitemucro0.7-1.5 long,piloseatthebase,hyalinemarginssilverywhite,dentate-laciniate. Racemes mm mm terminal,spike-like;pedicels 1-1.5 long;bractssilverywhite,c. 3.5 long,fringed;bracteoles mm m mm similar,c.2.5 long.//ypa«rL;wOTObovoidatanthesis,c.3.5 long,c. 1.5 wide,glandular.Sepals mm freetobase,ovate,c.2 long,acute,upperhalfglabrous,lowerhalfglandular;hyalinemarginsilvery white, fringed. Corolla white or various shades ofpink, with laterally-paired lobes; anterior lobes mm mm mm mm c. 5 long, c. 3 wide; posteriorlobesc. 5 long,c. 2.5 wide. Labellum ovate, white, mm mm c. 1.5 long,c.0.6 wide,marginsbearinglonghair-likestalkedglands,with2basalsubulate mm mm appendages;appendagesc.0.6 long,glabrous;bossnarrowlyovate,white,smooth,c.0.7 long, c. 0.3 mm wide. Throat yellow, bordered by prominent reddish markings, without appendages. mm Gynostemiumcolumnc. 7.5 long;anthersmaroon,pollengreyishwhite;stigmaconical,capitate. (Figure3) Otherspecimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Tunnel Rd, Worsley mine site, 10 km S of Boddington, 26 Sep. 1982, K.J. Atkins KA210 (PERTH); Junction ofFletcher Rd and Tunnel Rd, BGoudldliynngetaorn,M3t2S°a3d7’dlSe,b1a1c6k°,29M’aEr,ra14doOcntg.,119393No.Kv..F.1K9e0n4n,eAallMyor1r1i3s9o6n(B1R4I1,8C1A(NKB,,PEKR,TMHE)L.,NSW,PERTH); Distribution. Occurs fromMtSaddlebacktoMarradong. Habitat. InlateritesoilsinopenJarrahforest(Eucalyptusmarginata)withBanksiagrandis,Dryandra sessilis and Persoonia longifolia. Floweringperiod. October. Conservationstatus.CALMConservationCodesforWesternAustralianFlora:PriorityOne. Stylidium marradongense isonlyknownfromafewlocations. Thesmallpopulationatthetypelocation, which issituatedwithinanactivebauxitemininglease,couldbethreatenedwithextinctionifminingandrelated activitieswerecommencedbeforeamanagementplanforthespecies wasinplace. Etymology. The epithet, marradongense refers to the Marradong region in south-west Western Australiawhere this species occurs. Affinities. StylidiummarradongenseandS.preissiiboth lackthroatappendages. S. marradongense isdistinguishedfromS.preissiibyhavingleaveswithanapicalmucro,terminalspike-likeracemesand conical,capitatestigmas. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, A taxonomic review ofStylidium subgenus Forsteropsis 359 Figure 3. Stylidium marradongense A - habitofflowering plant; B - section ofstem showing spirally arranged leaves; C - leaf, enlargedsection left; D- hypanlhium; E - sepal; F - corolla; G - labellum; H - lateral view ofgynostemium tip (with conical, capitate stigma at right); 1 - front view ofgynostemium tip (with stigma grown out, right); J - back of gynostemium tip. Scale bar for all = 1 mm. Drawn from A. Lowrie 807. 360 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997) Stylidiumpreissii(Sond.)F.Muell.(Mueller1863:122).-ForsteropsispreissiiSond.(Sonder1845:383). Type:CapeRiche,[WesternAustralia],22November1840,L.Preiss438(holo:MEL709983;iso:LD, MEL). Perennialherb,withshorterectbranchingstemscoveredwith appressed,tile-like leavesspirally mm mm arrangedaroundthestem.Leavesbasifixed,green,broadlytrullate,e. 1.9 long,c. 1 wide,acute, withsilverywhitehyalinemargins,fringedatbaseandciliateabove. Racemesumbellate;flowersalmost mm sessile;bractsandbracteolessimilar,silverywhite,c. 2.4 long. Hypanthiumobovoidatanthesis, c. 2.5 mm long,c. 1.2mm wide,glabrous. Sepals2joinedalmosttotheapex, 3 freetobase, ovate, c. 3 mm long, glabrous;hyalinemarginsilverywhite,serrate,surroundingasubulatebody. Corolla 6mm mm white,paleordarkpink,withlaterally-pairedlobes;anteriorlobesc. long,c.5 wide;posterior lobesc.6mmlong,c.3.5mmwide. Labellumovate,white,c.2.5mmlong,c.2.2mmwide,marginsdentate, mm mm eachtoothbearingalongstalkedgland;bossnarrowlyovate,white,smooth,c.0.9 long,c.0.25 wide. Throatwithoutappendages. Gynostemium columnstrap-like,hingedbelowtheanthers,with adilatedcunabulum where the anthers or stigmarest inthe setposition abovethe sensitive torosus, c. 5mmlong;antherslilac,pollenwhite;stigmaround,cushion-shaped.(Figure4) Selectedspecimensexamined.WESTERNAUSTRALIA:BranchCircusandHammondRds,Jandakot, 9Nov. 1965,J.C.Anway542(MEL,NSW,PERTH);CapeLeGrande,5Nov. 1967,Carlquist4013(M, NSW,PERTH),4031(NSW);BeenyupRd.c. 1mile[1.6km]SofJandakotSiding,270ct.1963,A.S.George 5295:NEofJerramungup,30Oct. 1965,A.S.George7024(PERTH);29.3kmNEofManypeaks,9Dec. 1986,/I.Lowries.n.(PERUl);Tum-offtoHellfireBay,CapeLeGrandNationalPark,8Dec.\990,A.Lowrie s.n.(PERTH); OnthecomerofStockyardRdandMerivaleRd,EofEsperance,28Nov. \993,A.Lowrie 844(PERTH);AtthejunctionofHellfireBayRdandLuckyBayRd,CapeLeGrandNationalPark,Eof Esperance,28Nov. 1993,A.Lowrie847(PERTH); OnCapeLeGrandRd,2.4kmSofMerivaleRd,Eof Esperance,29Nov. 1993,A.Lowrie851(PERTH);FromtheFitzgeraldRangetoCapeLeGrande, 1867, Maxwells,n.(K);NsideofWoogenellupNorthRdfromthejunctionwithChesterPassRd,13Dec. 1992, F.H. &M.P. Mollemans4393(PERTH);BalladoniaRd,SofMtRaggedonwesternboundaryofCape W AridNationalPark,29Nov.1971,R.D.Rovce9905(PERTH);c.50km ofIsraeliteBay,E. WittwerW\900, 17Nov.1976(PERTH). Distribution. BremerBaytoIsraeliteBaywithdisjunctpopulationsatJandakot. Habitat. Grows inwhitesilicasand inopenheathland. Floweringperiod.November-December. Conservationstatus. Notconsideredtobeatriskatlocationsalongthesouthcoastalregion. However, thedisjunct Jandakotpopulations(J.C. Anway542andA.S. George5295)arepresumedtobeextinct owingtourbandevelopment.Thereisanurgentneedoffurthersurveytoestablishifotherpopulations existwithinthePerthregion. Affinities. Stylidiumpreissii is distinguished from all other members ofsubgenus Forsteropsis by havingastrap-likegynostemiumcolumn,hingedbelowtheanthers,withadilatedcunabulumwherethe anthers or cushion-shaped stigmarest in the set position above the sensitive torosus. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, A taxonomic review ofStylidium subgenus Forsteropsis 361 Figure 4. Stylidiumpreissii A - habit offlowering plant; B - leaf, enlarged section left; C - hypanthium; D - corolla- E - labellum; F - lateral viewofgynostemium tip (with cushion-like stigmaatright); G- adaxial viewofgynostemium' anthers atthe apexwith clavate moniliform hairsalongthemargins, showinghinged portion (dotted) immediately below the anthers and the dilated cunabulumthatthe anthers fold upon when the gynostemium is in thesetposition' H - front vDireawwnoffrgomynAo.stLeomwriiuems.tni.p9wiDtehc.st1i9g86m.a grown out; I - back of gynostemium tip. Scale bar for all ’= 1 mm 362 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997) Stylidiumsemaphorum Lowrie&Kenneally,sp.nov. S. imbricatoBenth. affinissedsepalisangusteovatisetapicalitermucronatisdiffert. Typus:GreatNorthemHighway[preciselocalitywithheld],WesternAustralia,4October1993,A.Lowrie 804(holo:PERTH04431197;iso:MEL). Perennialherb,witherectdividedstemscoveredwithappressed,tile-likeleavesspirallyarranged mm mm aroundthestem. Leavesbasifixed,green,narrowlyovate,2-2.3 long,0.5-0.7 wide,withsilvery whiteapicalmucro 1.2-2mmlong,piloseatthebase,hyalinemarginssilverywhite,dentate-laciniate. mm mm Racemestermma\,spike-like;pedicels1.5-2.5 long;bractssilverywhite,fringed,c.2.5 long,with c. 1.5mmlongmucro;bracteolessimilar,c.2mmlong,withc.0.7mmlongmucro. Hypanthiumobovoid mm mm mm atanthesis,c.2.5 long,c. 1 wide,glandular.Sepalsfreetobase,narrowlyovate,c.2.5 long, mostlyglabrousexceptforthebase;hyalinemarginsilverywhite,fringed,withashortbrownishapical mucro. Corollapalepink,rarelywhite,withlaterally-pairedlobes,buttheseappearingverticallypaired inrelationtotheplant,with the lowerlobes(acombination ofan anteriorandposteriorlobe)placed togethertoprovideaninsectpollinator’slandingplatform,theupperlobesspreadapartinasemaphore- mm mm mm mm likearrangement;anteriorlobesc.5 long,c.2.3 wide;posteriorlobesc.5 long,c.2.3 wide. mm mm Labellumsubulate,reddish,c.2.5 long,c.0.5 wide,marginsbearinglonghair-likestalkedglands, mm with2basalsubulateappendages;appendages c. 0.8 long,papillose;bossnarrowlyovate,white, smooth,c.0.9mmlong,c.0.3mmwide. Throatappendages6,the2nearthelabellumpinkandc.0.7mm long,theremaining4whiteandc.0.4mmlong, followedby4darkpinkthroatmarkings. Gynostemium columnc. 5mmlong;anthersdarkbrown,pollenwhite;stigmaconical,capitate.(Figure5) Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Great Northern Highway, 21 Oct. 1966, AR..ELroiwcrkiseon3s3.3n.(P(EPERRTTHH)),;1G1rOecta.tN1o9r96t,hAemLHoiwgrhiwea1y3,5351(APuEgR.T1H9)9.1,A.Lovw7e298(PERTH),28Sep.1991, Distribution. Knownonlyfromthetype location. CALM Habitat. GrowsinlateritegravelsoilswithDryandrasessilis, onahillsummit,withina Nature Reserve. Floweringperiod. September-October. Conservationstatus.CALMConservationCodesforWesternAustralianFlora:PriorityTwo.Stylidium semaphorumisknownfromonlyonesmallpopulationwithinanaturereserve. Etymology. ThespecificepithetsemaphorumisfromtheGreeksema-signandphoros-bearingand alludestothesignallingmethod ofsendingmessagesbysemaphore, wherebyapersonholdingaflag in each hand anglestheflagsto codepositionsto relayvisual messages. Theuppercorolla lobes of Stylidium semaphorum are displayed like a flag-like semaphore signalling its position to attract pollinatorsfromtheirflightpaths. Itisinterestingtonotethattheupperlobesofthecorollaarepositioned inaV-shapewhichisthesemaphorecodefor“U”and“attention”. Affinities.StylidiumsemaphorumisdistinguishedfromallothermembersofsubgenusForsteropsisby havingsepalswithashortbrownish apicalmucro.