A synopsis of the genera Mnesarete Cowley, Bryoplathanon gen. nov., and Ormenoplebia gen. nov. (Odonata: Calopterygidae)

2006·71 MB·English

by  Rosser W Garrison

A Synopsis of the Genera Mnesarete Cowley,
BRYOPEATHANON gen. NOV., AND
ORMENOPEEBIA gen. NOV.
(Odonata: Calopterygidae)
Rosser W. Garrison^
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 2
INTRODUCTION 2
METHODS AND MATERIAL 3
SYSTEMATICS 5
Key to genera of Calopterygidae of the New World 6
Key to species of Iridictyon 7
Bryoplathanon new genus 7
Bryoplathanon globifer (Hagen in Selys) new combination 8
Ormenophlebia new genus 8
Key to species of Ormenophlebia 9
Ormenophlebia imperatrix (McLachlan) new combination 10
Ormenophlebia regina (Ris) new combination 11
Ormenophlebia rollinati (Martin) new combination 12
Ormenophlebia saltuum (Ris) new combination 12
Mnesarete Cowley sensu stricto 13
Key to males of Mnesarete 14
Key to females of Mnesarete 16
Mnesarete aenea (Selys) 18
Mnesarete astrape De Marmels 18
Mnesarete borchgravii (Selys) new combination 19
Mnesarete cupraea (Selys) 20
Mnesarete devillei (Selys) 21
Mnesarete drepane new species 23
Mnesarete ephippium new species 25
Mnesarete fulgida (Selys) 26
Mnesarete fuscibasis (Calvert) new combination 27
Mnesaretegrisea (Ris) 28
Mnesareteguttifera (Selys) 29
Mnesarete hauxwelli (Selys) 30
Mnesarete hyalina (Hagen in Selys) 31
Mnesarete lencionii new species 32
Mnesarete loutoni new species 34
Mnesarete machadoi new species 35
Mnesarete marginata (Selys) 37
Mnesarete mariana Machado 37
Mnesarete metallica (Selys) 37
Mnesarete pruinosa (Hagen in Selys) 38
Mnesarete pudica (Hagen in Selys) 39
Key to subspecies of males of Mnesarete pudica 39
Mnesarete pudica phryne Costa 39
Mnesarete pudica pudica (Hagen in Selys) 40
Mnesarete rhopalon new species 40
Mnesarete smaragdina (Selys) 41
Contributions in Science, Number 506, pp. 1-84
Natural HistoryMuseum ofLos Angeles County, 2006
2 Contributions in Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete
Mnesarete williamsoni new species 41
DISCUSSION 42
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 44
LITERATURE CITED 44
EIGURE CAPTIONS 47
EIGURES 48
ABSTRACT.This synopsis oftheexclusivelySouthAmericangenusMnesareteincludeskeystobothsexes
basedprimarilyonmorphologyofthecaudalappendageinmalesandtheposteriormarginoftheprothorax
and intersternite in females, diagnoses, distribution maps, and diagnostic illustrations. Two new genera,
Bryoplathanon (type species: Laisglobifer Hagen in Selys) and Ormenophlebia (type species: Lais imper-
atrix McLachlan) are described. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: M. regina (Ris), M.
roUinati(Martin),andM. saltuum (Ris)aretransferredto Ormenophlebia;andHetaerinaborchgraviiSelys
and H. fuscibasis Calvert are transferred to Mnesarete. Seven newspecies (M. drepane, M. ephippium,M.
lencionii, M. loutoni, M. machadoi, M. rhopalon, and M. williamsoni) are described. Ageneric keyto all
New World Calopterygidae and a discussion of the generic concepts of Hetaerina and the 24 species of
Mnesarete are presented, and descriptions for the last larval stadium of M. grisea and O. imperatrix are
provided.
RESUMEN. Una sinopsis de los generos Mnesarete Cowley, Bryoplathanon gen. nov. y Ormenophlebia
gen. nov., con claves y descripciones de siete especies nuevas (Odonata: Calopterygidae). La presente sin-
opsis del genero Mnesarete, exclusivamente sudamericano, incluye claves para ambos sexos basadasprin-
cipalmente en la morfologia de los apendices caudales de los machos y del margenposterior delprotorax
e interesternito de las hembras, diagnosis, mapas de distribucion e ilustraciones diagnosticas. Dos nuevos
generos, Bryoplathanon (especie tipo: Lais globifer Hagen en Selys) y Ormenophlebia (especie tipo: Lais
imperatrixMcLachlan) son descriptos. Los siguientescambios nomenclatorialessonpropuestos:M. regina
(Ris) M. rollinati (Martin), y M. saltuum (Ris) sontransferidas a Ormenophlebia;yHetaerinaborchgravii
SelysyH.fuscibasisCalvertsontransferidasaMnesarete. Sietenuevasespecies(M.drepane,M.ephippium,
M. lencionii, M. loutoni, M. machadoi, M. rhopalon, yM. williamsoni) sondescriptas. Seproporcionauna
clave para todos los generos de Calopterygidae de America, se discuten los conceptos genericos de He-
taerina y Mnesarete, y se describen los ultimos estadios larvales de M. grisea y O. imperatrix.
INTRODUCTION ity among species. The inadequate taxonomic
knowledge has probably hindered further ecologi-
Odonata ofthe familyCalopterygidaearerelatively cal and behavioral studies for these Neotropical
large, conspicuous damselflies of riverine ecosys-
species.
tems occurring on all continents except Australia In my synopsis of the New World genus Hetae-
and Antarctica. Eighteen genera representing at rina (Garrison, 1990) I treated all previously de-
least 167 species are known, ofwhich 73 occur in scribed species and described four new ones. Of77
the New World. Eargely because of their colorful names proposed for members of this speciose ge-
metallic blue, green, or cupreous bodies and pat- nus, I considered 37 as valid and transferred two
ternedwings, a fewhave beenthe subjectofintense species {Hetaerina borchgravii Selys and Hetaerina
studies of behavior (Alcock, 1983; Bick and Sulz- fuscibasis Calvert) to Mnesarete Cowley. I also dis-
bach, 1966; Cordoba-Aguilar, 1994a, 1994b;Eber- cussed the difficulty in discriminating between He-
hard, 1986; Erickson and Reid, 1989; Grether, taerina and Mnesarete, stating that “The two gen-
1996a, 1996b, 1997; Grether and Gray, 1996; era have long been considered separate, though no
Johnson, 1961, 1962a, 1962b, 1963;Waage, 1972, single or combined morphological characters sep-
1975, 1978, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1980, 1984, arate them” (Garrison, 1996:179) and “Eurtherre-
1988). Sixty-eight of the 73 species belong to the search on Mnesarete, now in progress, may neces-
exclusively Neotropical subfamily Hetaerininae. Its sitate a shift ofsome species to other new genera.”
members are easily recognized by a unique combi- (Garrison 1990:180)
nation of characters: reticulated midbasal space, Here I treat the Neotropical components cur-
anterior margin of quadrangle convex, and cercus rently placed in the poorlyknowngenusMnesarete
with a distal fossa. Many of its members are com- Cowley. I describe two new genera and provide a
mon and are found inanycollectionofNeotropical comprehensive key to the New World genera of
Odonata. Species resolution has always been diffi- Calopterygidae. All members ofthis family (except
cult due to the numerous names in the literature, Calopteryx Leach and Hetaerina Hagen in Selys)
lack ofaccess to type material, and overall similar- are confined to South America.
Taxonomic works treating Mnesarete have tra-
1. California Department of Food and Agriculture, ditionally paralleled that described for Hetaerina
3294MeadowviewRoad, Sacramento,California95832- by Garrison (1990). The first species were included
1448, USA. Email: [email protected] in Hagen’s “sous-genre Lais'' in 1853. The genus
Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete 3
Table 1 Names used or associatedwithMnesareteand current disposition ofeach.
Original Current status
Name Reference genus (M. = Mnesarete) Type status Location oftype
aenea Selys 1853 Lais M. aenea Lectotype d HC
astrape De Marmels 1989 Mnesarete M. astrape Holotype 6 MIZA
borchgravii Selys 1869 Hetaerina M. borchgravii Syntypes d $ IRSNB, MCZ
cupraea Selys 1853 Lais M. cupraea Holotype d BMNH
devillei Selys 1879 Lais M. devillei Lectotype d BMNH
drepane Garrisonthis paper Mnesarete M. drepane Holotype d LSCA
UMMZ
ephippium Garrisonthis paper Mnesarete M. ephippium Holotype d
fulgida Selys 1879 Lais M. fulgida Lectotype d BMNH
fuscibasis Calvert 1909 Hetaerina M. fuscibasis Lectotype d CM
globifer Hagen in Selys 1853 Lais Bryoplathanonglobifer Lectotype d MCZ
grisea Ris 1918 Lais M. grisea Lectotype d FNS
guttifera Selys 1873 Lais M. guttifera Lectotype d IRSNB
hauxwelli Selys 1869 Lais M. hauxwelli Holotype d BMNH
hincksi Fraser 1946 Mnesarete M. metallica Holotype d BMNH
NHMW
hyalina Hagen in Selys 1853 Lais M. hyalina Holotype d
imperatrix McLachlan 1878 Lais Ormenophlebiaimperatrix Lectotype d BMNH
lencionii Garrisonthis paper Mnesarete M. lencionii Holotype d LLC
loutoni Garrison this paper Mnesarete M. loutoni Holotype d USNM
machadoi Garrison this paper Mnesarete M. machadoi Holotype d MNRJ
marginata Selys 1879 Lais M. marginata Holotype d BMNH
mariana Machado 1996 Mnesarete M. mariana Holotype d ABMM
metallica Selys 1869 Lais M. metallica Syntypes d 9 lost?
phryne Costa 1986 Mnesarete M. pudicaphryne Holotype d MNRJ
pruinosa Hagen in Selys 1853 Lais M. pruinosa Syntypes d 9 ZMHU
pudica Hagen in Selys 1853 Lais M. pudicapudica Syntypes d 9 NHMW, ZMHU
regina Ris 1918 Lais Ormenophlebia regina Lectotype d LNS
rhopalon Garrison this paper Mnesarete M. rhopalon Holotype d MNRJ
rollinati Martin 1897 Lais Ormenophlebia rollinati Syntypes d 9 MNHP (lost?)
saltuum Ris 1918 Lais Ormenophlebiasaltuum Lectotype d FNS
scintilla Racenis 1968 Mnesarete M. cupraea Holotype d MIZA
smaragdina Selys 1869 Lais M. smaragdina Lectotype d IRSNB
UMMZ
williamsoni Garrisonthis paper Mnesarete M. williamsoni Holotype d
was revised by Selys (1854) and included freehand Past recognition and association of specimens to
illustrations ofthe appendages offour species {Lais the 32 currently applied names (Table 1) within
aenea Selys, LaisglohiferHagen in Selys, Laisprui- Mnesarete have been difficult due to paucity of
nosa Hagen in Selys, and Lais pudica Hagen in Se- specimens in collections, lack of direct comparison
lys) by Hagen. Further descriptions ofnew species, to type material, and lack of comparative illustra-
redescriptions, corrections, and additions by Selys tions. I examined type material for all taxa except
and Hagen followed in 1869, 1873, 1879, and for Mnesarete hincksi Fraser, Lais metallica Selys,
1880. Ris (1918) described four new species and Mnesarete mariana Machado, Lais rollinati Mar-
presented keys to five inhabiting the Andean cor- tin, and Mnesarete scintilla Racenis.
dillera of South America. Cowley (1934b) replaced
the preoccupied name Lais with Mnesarete. Fraser METHODS AND MATERIAL
(1946), in an attempt to determine certain species
KEYS
described by Selys, didmore toconfuse thanclarify
the situation. For example, his illustrations of the The likelihood for the discovery of new species of Mne-
appendages of Mnesarete hincksi Fraser refer to sarete is high. I have, therefore, broken the keys to males
Mnesarete metallica (Selys), those of Mnesarete and females of this large genus into subordinate keys
hauxwelli (Selys) to Mnesarete fulgida (Selys), and which should more easily allow for the inclusion ofnew
those ofMnesaretecupraea (Selys) toMnesaretede- species when they are discovered. The subordinate keys
villei (Selys). Costa (1986) provided a detailed and are not meant to imply natural (phylogenetic) groupings.
thoroughtreatmentofonespecies,Mnesaretepudica
DESCRIPTIONS
Hagen in Selys. Other papers (Calvert, 1909; De
Marmels, 1989; Machado, 1996; Racenis, 1968) Each species account includes a synonymy, description(if
have included isolated descriptions ofnew species. newspecies), etymology (ifnewspecies), diagnosis,distri-
4 Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete
bution, remarks, biology, type data, and material exam- Crailhope Road., Center, KY 42214,
ined. Synonymies include onlyreferencesthatincorporate U.S.A.
original descriptions,namechanges,misidentifications,or CM Carnegie Museum of Natural History,
supplementaryand/or significantdata. Section of Entomology, 4400 Forbes Av-
enue, Pittsburg, PA 15213, U.S.A. (John
ILLUSTRATIONS
Rawlins, Robert Davidson)
All illustrations were executed with the aid of a camera DRP Dennis R. Paulson, personal collection.
lucida using aWild M-8 Stereomicroscope.Wingillustra- Slater Museum of Natural History, Uni-
tions are from scanned specimens andimageswereedited versity of Puget Sound, 1500 North
with MicrografxPicture Publisher 10®. Warner, Tacoma, WA 98416, U.S.A.
MEASUREMENTS AND TERMINOLOGY FLC Frederico A.A. Lencioni, personal collec-
tion, Rua dos Ferroviarios, 55-Jardim
Ranges of measurements for paratype series were taken Mesquita, BR-12300-000, Jacarei, Sao
from 10 males and 10 females if available. Wing termi- Paulo, BRAZIL
nology follows Riek and Kukalova-Peck (1984) as modi- FML Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Uni-
fied by Bechly (1996); mandibularformulae oflarvaefol- versidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel
lows that of Watson (1956); terminology of secondary Lillo 251, 4000 San Miguel deTucuman,
genital structures follows Pfau (1971). According to Pfau ARGENTINA (Eduardo Dominguez)
(1971),thezygopteran“penis”shouldbecalledthegenital FNS Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum
ligula,andherecognizestwosegments,notthreeasstated
by Kennedy (1916). In the descriptions, anx = antenodal Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-
crossveins, FW = forewing, HW = hind wing. The fol- 60326, Frankfurt-am-Main, GERMANY
lowing abbreviations are used for figure captions under (Heinz G. Schroder)
species accounts: app = caudal appendages (cerci and as- FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthropods,
sociated parts), ha = anterior hamules, li = genitalligula 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL
(penis), he = head, pth = prothorax, int = intersternite, 32608-1268, U.S.A. (Bill Mauffray,
tahnd=mspynt=homraapx., ab = abdomen, wi = wings,by = body, HC MHionpteerCoJl.lWeecsttifoanl,l,OxJrf.)ord UniversityMu-
TERMS AND NAMES seum of Natural History, Parks Road,
Oxford 0X1 3PW, U.K. (Christopher
Maps were created electronically from the Digital O’Toole)
Chart of the World (1:1000000) using ArcView IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
3.2®. Elevation data and longitude and latitude co- Belgique, 29, rue Vautier, B-1000 Brux-
ordinates for all material examined as well as ver- elles, BELGIUM (Jerome Constant, P.
ifiable records in the literature were culled from Grootaert)
Brown (1941), Woytkowski (1978), De Marmels JB Jean Belle, personal collection, Onder de
(1985), and the Global Gazetteer Web site (http:// Beumkes 35, NL-6883 HC VELP, THE
www.calle.com/world/), and placed into a Micro- NETHERLANDS (now m RNHL)
soft FoxPro database linked to the ArcView pro- JJD Jerrell J. Daigle, personal collection,
gram. Throughout, I have tried to usecurrentspell- 2067 Little River Lane, Tallahassee, FL
ings for collection sites listed here but recognize 32311, U.S.A.
that some of these may be incorrect. KJT Ken J. Tennessen, personal collection,
1949 Hickory Avenue, Florence, AL
MATERIAL 35630, U.S.A.
LACM Entomology Section, Natural History
Material from the following collections, preceded Museum of Los Angeles, 900 Exposition
by their acronyms, was examined or gleaned from Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007,
published and unpublished records.
U.S.A. (B.V. Brown)
ABMM Angelo B.M. Machado, personal collec- LNK Landessammlungen fiir Naturkunde,
tion, Departemento de Zoologia, Insti- Erbprinzenstrasse 3, 76133, Karlsruhe,
GERMANY
tuto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade (GerhardJurzitza)
Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har-
MA
486, BR-31270-901, BeloFiorizonte,Mi- vard University, Cambridge, 02138,
nas Gerais, BRAZIL U.S.A. (David Furth, Philip Perkins)
ARC Andrew C. Rehn, personal collection, MIZA Museo del InstitutodeZoologiaAgricola
2817 GStreet, Apartment 1,Sacramento, “Francisco Fernandez Yepez,” Maracay,
CA 95816, U.S.A. VENEZUELA (Jiirg De Marmels)
BMNIT British Museum of Natural History, De- MLP Departamento Cientifico de Entomolo-
partment of Entomology, British Muse- gia, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, AR-
um (Natural History), Cromwell Road, GENTINA (Javier Muzon, Natalia von
London SW7 5BD, U.K. (Stephen Ellenrieder)
Brooks, Kelly Jackson) MNHP Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
CC Carl Cook, personal collection, 469 Paris, LaboratoiredEntomologie,45,rue
Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete 5
Buffon, F-75005, Paris, FRANCE (Jean The following additional characters are used in the
LeGrand) keys that follow.
MNRJ Museu Nacional, Deptamento de Ento-
mologia, Museu Nacional, University Males
Federal Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa
Vista, BR-20942-040, Rio de Janeiro, THORAX. The thorax in all male Mnesarete is
BRAZIL (Janira Costa) predominantly metallic red or green with narrow
NHMW
aturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, pale lines along the thoracic sutures (Fig. 99). One
AUSTRIA (Ulrike Aspock) species, M. grisea (Ris), is an exception in having
NVE Natalia von Ellenrieder, personal collec- dark metallic green areas restricted to the anterior
tion, Entomology Section, Natural His- portion of the thorax (Fig. 101).
tory Museum of Los Angeles, 900 Ex- WINGS.Thewings inmostmembersofthethree
position Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA genera treated here are hyaline, often with flashes
90007, U.S.A. of blue iridescence comparable to some Old World
RNHL Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Calopterygidae {Phaon Selys and Vestalis Selys).
Department of Entomology, Rijksmu- Two species {Mnesarete cupraea and M. devillei)
seum van Natuurlijke Historie, Raam- often have a narrow stripe of brown along the sec-
steeg 2, Postbus 9517, NL 2300 RA Lei- ond antenodal space (Fig. 112) and males of M.
den, THE NETHERLANDS (Jan van pruinosa (Hagen in Selys) and some M. lencionii
Tol) Garrison have varying amounts of a milky white
RWG
Rosser W. Garrison, personal collection, area at the base ofthe wings (Fig. 116). The apical
California Department of Food & Agri- wing spot is variable but can be used as a diagnos-
culture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sac- tic character for M. borchgravii (Selys) (Fig. 111).
ramento, CA 95832-1448, U.S.A. The posterior margin of HW at vicinity of CuA
SWD Sidney W. Dunkle, personal collection. in Mnesarete loutoni Garrison is sinuous in both
Biology Department, Collin County sexes (Fig. 115). Allspeciesbuttwo,M. borchgravii
Community College, Spring Creek Cam- and M. lencionii, lack a pterostigma. Species ofOr-
pus, Plano, TX 75074, U.S.A. menophlebia are unique in possessing a dimorphic
TWD Thomas W. Donnelly, personal collec- condition in the pterostigmata between FW and
tion, 2091 Partridge Lane, Binghamton, HW; absent (as in Fig. 110c) to small (Fig. 110a)
NY 13903, U.S.A. in FW, a large polygon in HW (Fig. 110a, b) of
UMMZ University of Michigan, Museum of Zo- males; in females absent in FW (Fig. 110c) and a
HW
ology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, small to medium quadrangle in (Fig. llOd).
MI 48109-1079, U.S.A. (Mark O’Brien) ABDOMEN. Accessory genitalia in males offer
USNM National Museum of Natural History, useful characters in discriminating among genera
SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,DC and, in some cases, among species. A prominent,
20560, U.S.A. (Oliver S. Elint, Jr.) uprighthairy tubercle on the medial sternalportion
ZMHU Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Univ- of abdominal segment is present in Bryoplathanon
ersitat, 1040 Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, (Fig. 33a-c) but is planar in other genera or, at
GERMANY (Kurt K. Gunther) most, forms a low transverse ridge in some Or-
menophlebia (e.g.. Figs. 36, 38). The genital lobe
SYSTEMATICS on abdominal segment2 is interspecificallyvariable
BIOLOGY in Ormenophlebia (Figs. 35-38) but is uniform in
Mnesarete (e.g.. Fig. 39). Hamular morphology
eLixtttrlaecitsedknnoowtensoffrtohembliooclaoligtyyolfaabenlyssapencdiesi.ncIlhuadveed aaindtseriinorsehpaamrualtiengistahethtihnr,eeblgaedneleirkaetsrterautcetdurheerien;Otrh-e
comments from collectors who have written to me menophlebia (Fig. 34a, b), elongate and bluntly
on the behavior ofcertain species. rounded in Bryoplathanon (Fig. 33d), and narrow-
ly linear in Mnesarete (Fig. 40). The shape and
IMMATURE STAGES structure of the genital ligula allows for the sepa-
rationofBryoplathanon (withaprominenthornon
The descriptions I include here for the larvae of base of segment 1; Fig. 41a) from Mnesarete and
Mnesarete (M. grisea (Ris)) and Ormenophlebia Ormenophlebia (both lacking a horn; Fig. 134b).
gen. nov. (O. imperatrix (McLachlan)) are the first The shape of the distal part of the genital ligula
formembers ofthese two genera. The larva ofBry- (segment 2) is remarkably uniform throughout the
oplathanon gen. nov. has not been described. three genera; it is transverse in two species, Mne-
sarete fuscibasis (Calvert) and M. pudica (Figs.
CHARACTERS 131b, 134b), and emarginate in all other species of
the three genera treated here (Figs. 42b, 44b, 45b,
Most of the characters used in evaluating specific 46b). Rudimentary apical lobes, first reported by
status for Mnesarete are the same as for Hetaerina Kennedy (1916), and later noted by Bechly (1996),
and reference should be made to Garrison (1990). and fully illustrated by Costa (1986), are presentin
6 Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete
M. piidica (Fig. 134b) and also the closely related a poorly developed anterior shoulder (Figs. 78, 79,
M. fuscibasis (Fig. 131b). Some species (e.g., M. 82-86, 88a, 90-94, 97, 98). In two species (M. gri-
hauxtvelli; Fig. 45) have microtrichia along the dis- sea and M. pminosa) the tip is explanate, bilobate,
tal margin of the apical segment. and pale (Figs. 87, 95) and in M. hauxwelli it is
The middorsal carina on abdominal segment 10 dark with two subequal lobes (Fig. 89). Differences
terminates in a sharp spine surpassing the margin are difficult to detect within most species, but I
of the segment in some species (Fig. 21). In others, have attempted to illustrate four or five examples
thespine isabbreviated (Fig. 28),keellike,orabsent for each species taken from the limited number of
(Fig. 104). females. Unfortunately, little bona fide (e.g., col-
CAUDAL APPENDAGES. The shape ofthe cer- lected in tandem or in copula) material has been
cus is so distinctive that identification ofalmost all available, and caution should be used in assigning
species can be easily accomplished through com- some females to species based on the key. Further
parison with the illustrations (Figs. 1-32). The cer- comments about the intersternite are made under
cus in Mnesarete displays a greater range of mor- the species accounts.
phological differences and size than within Hetae- The overall color pattern of the synthorax (me-
rina. Generalized characters are shown in Fig. 6a tallic red, blue, or green) and extent and configu-
andwere discussed by Garrison (1990). Astiffclus- ration ofdarkthoracic stripes allowsforseparation
ter of bristles is present at the base ofthe cercus in among species groups (Figs. 100-103). Coloration
a fewspecies (Figs. 7, 9-13). Theparaproctconsists and shape of the various stripes are subject to in-
ofa medial and a distalprocess. Themedialprocess dividual as well as ontogenetic variation.
(basomesal process from Garrison [1990]) is most WINGS. As with males, the presence of a pte-
often rudimentary (e.g.. Fig. 6b) but is well devel- rostigma is diagnostic for Mnesarete borchgravii
oped in Bryoplathanon (Fig. lb, c) and Ormeno- and M. lencionii. Other differences in ratios of
phlebia (Figs. 2-5) and some species of Mnesarete greatest wing width to wing length allow for the
(e.g.. Fig. 15). The distalprocess (calledinferiorap- separation of M. fuscibasis and M. pudica (Figs.
pendage in older literature) ranges from rudimen- 113, 117) from other species (e.g., Figs. 112, 115,
tary (Figs, lid, 13d, 18d) to 0.60 or more the 118).
length of the cercus (e.g.. Figs. 1-10). The tip of ABDOMEN. As in the male, the anteriorlamina
the distal process is variously armed, but in most on abdominal segment 1 forms a prominent, up-
species it is truncate with two or three small dorsal right, hairy tubercle in Bryoplathanon (Fig. 33a-c)
recurved teeth (e.g.. Figs. 20d, 21d). butisinconspicuous inothergenera.Themiddorsal
carina on abdominal segment 10 terminates in a
Females sharp spine surpassing the margin of the segment
in some species (Fig. 21c). In others, the spine is
Unlike the males, I have discovered few reliable abbreviated (Fig. 28c), keellike, or absent (Fig.
characters with which to discriminate amongmany 104). The armature along the posterior margin of
species. Despite the great differences manifested in abdominal segment 10 provides useful characters
the caudal appendages of males of several metallic such as presence or absence of smaller supplemen-
red and green species, females within these groups tary dorsolateral spines (Figs. 106-108).
approach one another closely. The characters elab-
orated below appear subtle and may not always KEY TO GENERA OF CALOPTERYGIDAE OF
work. THE NEW WORLD
HEAD. Coloration of the frons and postclypeus
lisouutsoenfiulainndcMhnareascatreertieziansgtarafpeewDsepeMcairesme[lMsn)e.sarete TmohsetfoilnldoiwviidnugalkseyofshNouelwd aWlolrolwdfoCralpolpatceermyegindtaeo.f
THORAX. The presence (Fig. 49) or absence Keys to the five species of North American Calop-
(Fig. 48) ofa propleural spotlocatedattheanterior teryx are found in Westfall and May (1996).
end ofthe notopleural sutureandpresenceofapro-
thoracic horn (Fig. 67) are helpful in separating 1 Midbasal space without crossveins (Fig.
closelyrelated redmetallicspecies. Theshapeofthe 121 2
)
hind lobe ofthe prothorax (Figs. 50-62, 67-69, 71, 1' Midbasal space with crossveins (Fig. 122)
72), though variable, provides the best discrimina- 3
tory characters among metallic red species pairs. 2(1) IR2 merging with RA near vicinity of distal
However, I have identified some ofthese femalesby end ofquadranglethendivergingposteriorly
supposition (based on presence of co-occurring to upper sector of arculus (RP) in the form
males) and am unsure if I have correctly differen- of an oblique vein two to six cells distal to
tiated between intraspecific and interspecific differ- arculus (Fig. 124), tip of male cercus with
ences. no tuft of bristles; Nearctic North America
The dorsal end of the intersternite (Figs. 74-98), Calopteryx
so important in discriminating amongmostfemales T IR2 paralleling RA briefly before bending
of Hetaerina, is less informative in Mnesarete. In posteriorly and ending on upper sector of
all but a few species it is dark, linear, and possesses arculus (RP) (Fig. 125), tip of male cercus
Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete 7
with a tuft of bristles {Figs. 30, 31); Vene- na (Selys) and Mnesarete williamsoni Gar-
zuela, Guyanas (Fig. 144) Iridictyon rison are exceptions; Fig. 1181; thoracicpat-
3(1') Abdominal segment 1 with anterior lamina tern of both sexes with metallic red, green,
of both sexes in lateral view forming a or gray encompassing most areas of syn-
prominent, upright, hairy tubercle (Fig. thorax resulting in pale tan areas limited to
33a-c); SE Brazil (Fig. 144) fine lines along thoracic sutures of syntho-
Bryoplathanon gen. nov. rax (e.g.. Figs. 99, 103) (except inM. grisea;
3' Abdominal segment 1 with anterior lamina Fig. 101);Venezuela, Colombiasouththrough
N
inconspicuous in lateral view, lacking a tu- Argentina (Fig. 145) Mnesarete
bercle, or forming at most a low transverse
ridge (e.g.. Figs. 35-39) 4 KEY TO SPECIES OF IRIDICTYON
4 (3') Larger metallic green species, abdomen lon-
ger than 60 mm in male (Fig. 129a) and 45 The two species of the South American genus Iri-
mm in female (Fig. 129b); male with genital dictyon Needham and Fisher are keyed and illus-
lobe prominent, clearly differentiated from trated here but are not further discussed.
anterior part of abdominal segment 2 (Figs. 1 RP2 arising at or before nodus (Fig. 126); male
35-38); cercus of male in lateral view an- cercus with distal half only a little wider than
gulate at distal half (Figs. 2c, 3c, 5c); pte- basal halfin mediodorsal view (Fig. 30a); wings
rostigmata of FW and FIW dimorphic, in of female hyaline (as in Fig. 119)
males absent (as in Fig. 110c) to small in Iridictyon myersi Needham and Fisher
FW (Fig. 110a), a largepolygoninHW (Fig. r RP, arising distal to nodus (Fig. 127); male cer-
110a, b); in females absent in FW (Fig. cus with distal halfabout twice as wide as basal
H11W0c)(aFingd. allsOmda)l;l tmoomunetdaiiunmouqsuardergainognlseoinf hfaelmfaliendmiemdoiropdhoircs,aleitvhieerwhy(aFliign.e3o1ra)H; Wwinwgisthoaf
Colombia south through Bolivia (Fig. 144) narrow milky band extending posterodistally
Ormenophlebia gen. nov. beyond nodus (Fig. 120)
4' Smaller species, abdomen 42 mm or less in Iridictyon trebbaui Racenis
mm
male, 39 or less in female; male with
Bryoplathanon new genus
genital lobe not prominent, not clearly dif-
ferentiated from anterior part ofabdominal Lai's Hagen in Selys, 1853:27 (in part, groupe:
segment 2 (e.g.. Fig. 39); cercus of male in (L. HYALINA.)”)
lateral view linear or nearly so (e.g.. Figs. Mnesarete: (in part) Davies and Tobin, 1984:12
7c, 10c, 12c, 21c); pterostigmata, ifpresent,
not dimorphic in FW and HW, pterostigma TYPE SPECIES BY ORIGINAL DESIGNA-
HW
iNnorth AmearincoarmsaoluthqutahdrroaungghleN;ANregaerncttiniac TIEOTN.YMLOaiLsOgGloYbi.ferBrHyaog—enGrieneSkelfyosr. swelling; pla-
—
5 thanon, a neuter noun Greek for plate. The ge-
5 (4') Base of wings in male with some degree of neric name refers to the prominent midventral tu-
red spotting (this may be confined to a red bercle on abdominal segment.
wash between red veins; Hetaerina titia DIAGNOSIS. The transference of Mnesarete
(Drury) can be sometimes an exception); globifer to a new genus is justified by two unique
basal wing venation usually red, wing ve- characters: the presence of a prominent, upright,
nation posterior to cubito-anal area usually hairy tubercle on the midventral portion ofabdom-
(but not always) reticulate (Fig. 123) [note: inal sternite 1 (Fig. 33a-c) and the prominenthorn
two males of Hetaerina aurora Ris are an on segment 1 of the genital ligula (Fig. 41a). The
exception; see under “Discussion”];thoracic large size and elongate abdomen is similar to Or-
pattern of both sexes mostly metallic red or menophlebia, but in Ormenophlebia the pterostig-
green with wide pale tan areas between me- mata of FW and HW are dimorphic (Fig. 110), the
tallic markings of synthorax (figs. 66-72 in male cerci are distinctly angulate in lateral view
Garrison [1990]); SE Canada souththrough (Figs. 2-5), and the genital lobes are prominent
N
Argentina (Figs. 35-38).
Hetaerina (see Garrison [1990] for keys) DESCRIPTION. Large metallic green Neotropi-
5' Base of wings in male either hyaline, milky cal calopterygids with long abdomen. Sexes dimor-
white {Mnesarete lencioniiandM. pruinosa; phic in relative length of abdomen (Fig. 128).
Fig. 116), dark brown (most M. fuscibasis; Head as in Mnesarete but larger and with occip-
Fig. 113a), or, ifwith red (M. pudica), then ital tubercles moderately developed; prothoraxand
with wine red color extending beyond no- synthorax as in Mnesarete-, intersternite (Fig. 74) of
dus (Fig. 117a); basal wing venation black female black, with well-developed anterior shoul-
[note: may be reddish in juveniles (recently der slightly deflexed from body, posterior lobe
eclosed adults)], wing venation posterior to curved cephalad; legs long, typical of Calopterygi-
cubito-anal area usually not strongly retic- dae; wings (Fig. 109) as in Mnesarete but longer,
ulate (Fig. 122) [note: Mnesarete smaragdi- hyaline, venation black, 23-29 antenodals in FW,
8 Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete
22-26 in HW, anal area with two rows of cells, Po?o Caldas, 20°46'S 44°35'W [Santos, 1966:66])
FW
pterostigma lacking; tip hyaline, a well-defined to central Rio de Janeiro State (Nova Friburgo,
brownapical spotonHW; tworows ofcells behind 22°16'S 42°32'W) and E Sao Paulo State (Campos
CuA in FW and HW; CuA descending posterodis- do Jordao, 22°44'45"S 45°34'47"W [Costa et al,
tally from tip of CuP and largely paralleling MP, 2000]).
this area enclosing mostly one row ofcells at base. REMARKS. This species appears to be rare in
Abdomen long in male (64-69 mm; Fig. 128a), coUections; I have seen only 20 males and four fe-
shorter in female (42 mm; Fig. 128b); both sexes males. The largest series was apparently those
with prominenthairy midventral tubercleonventer available to Hagen (Hagen in Selys, 1854) whohad
of abdominal segment 1 slightly convex anteriorly, 70 males and two females.
in male (Fig. 33a, b) rounded posteriorly and with BIOLOGY. Frederico Lencioni [in litt.) offersthe
a U-shaped sulcus laterally, in female less promi- following notes regarding the habits of this rare
nent and with narrow arm extending to anterolat- species (abstracted): “. . . sighted six times at Cam-
eral margin of sternite (Fig. 33c). Anterior hamule pos de Jordao, only a male was collected. [Their
(Fig. 33d) erect in ventral view, broadly truncate at flight is] high (more than 4m), fast, strong and
both ends and with medial margin sinuous. Genital wavy (typical ofCalopterygidae), but one spec-
. . .
ligula (Fig. 41) with well-developed dorsal horn at imen landed only few inches above the ground.”
base ofsegment 1 distal portion ofsegment 1 with and “The locality is a mountain forest with Podo-
,
bristles; segment 2 as in Mnesarete, with lateral carpus lamberti Klotz, Araucaria angustifolia
lobes well developed and distal marginemarginate. Kuntze, tree-fern (the great majority covered by
Cercus of male (Fig. 1) linear, medial lobe poorly Zygopetalum maxillare Loddiges), the locality is
developed, bluntly triangular; anterior portion of extremely cold and humid. Other species collected
superior ridge strongly developed, as long as ab- were Forcepsioneura sancta (Hagen in Selys), Flet-
breviated distal fossa; paraproct with well-devel- eragrion sp. nov., Oxyagrion brevistigma Selys,
oped digitlike medial process as long as planar dis- Oxyagrion simile Costa, and Oxyagrion santosi
tal process, its tip acutely rounded and lacking Martins.”
teeth. Abdominal segment 10 in female armedwith OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL:
middorsal spine surpassing tip of segment, no ac- Minas Gerais State, Morro do Ferro, P090 Caldas,
cessory dorsolateral spines; ventrolateral margin of 1541 meters, 20°46'0"S 44°34'W, Feb., 1$
segment 10 with one spine. (ABMM); Rio De Janeiro State, 17 on Petropolis-
DISTRIBUTION. As for species (see Bryopla- Teresopolis Rd., 19 Apr. 1977, (C.M. &c O.S. Flint,
thanonglobifer (HageninSelys) newcombination). Jr.), Id, 19 (USNM); Petropolis,Mt. Mosello, 838
REMARKS. The larva has apparently been col- meters, 22°30'S 43°10'W, 5 Jan. 1969, (N. Dos
lected (Carvalho and Nessimian, 1998) but has not Santos), Id (RWG); Sao Paulo State, Condominio
yet been described. Paradise, Campos do Jordao, 1750 meters,
22°42'28"S 45°35'15"W, 3 Mar. 2003, (F.A.A. Len-
Bryoplathanon globifer (Hagen in Selys) cioni), Id (RWG); same data, 4 Mar. 2003, (F.A.A.
new combination Lencioni), Id (RWG); Fazenda do Bonito, S. da
Figs. 1 (app), 33 (ha), 41 (li), 74 (mt), 109 (wi), Bocaina, S. Jose do Barreiro, 523 meters, 22°37'S
128 (by), 146 (mp) 44°34'W, no date, (Vulcano), 2d, 19 (RWG);
Nova Friburgo, 913 meters, 22°16'S 42°31'W, no
Lais globifer Hagen in Selys, 1853:27 (description date, (C. Beschke), 6d (IRSN); same data, 7d, 29
from at least one pair from “Bresil (Nouv.-Fri- (MCZ).
bourg)”)
Mnesarete globifer: Davies and Tobin, 1984:12 Ormenophlehia new genus
DIAGNOSIS. Both sexes areeasilyrecognizedby —
Lai's McLachlan, 1878:85 (in part)
the prominent, moundlike swelling ontheventerof
Mnesarete: (in part) Davies and Tobin, 1984:13
abdominal segment 1 (Fig. 33a-c). In addition, the
unusual morphology of the male appendages (Fig. TYPE SPECIES BY PRESENTDESIGNATION.
1), long abdomen (Fig. 128a), and presence of a Lais imperatrix McLachlan.—
horn nearthe base ofsegment 1 ofthegenitalligula ETYMOLOGY. Or—meno Greek for stem;phle-
(Fig. 41b) are unique. bia, a feminine noun Greek for vein. The generic
TYPES. I examined eight male and two female name refers to the long, narrow wings.
syntypes in the MCZ and six males in the IRSNB, DIAGNOSIS. The transfer of Mnesarete imper-
all with similar labels. In order to clarify applica- atrix (McLachlan), M. regina (Ris), M. rollinati
tion of the name, I designate as LECTOTYPE a (Martin), and M. saltuum (Ris) to a new genus is
male with the following data: “Neu Freiburg Rio/ justified byfouruniquecharacters:pterostigmataof
Beschre,” “L. globifer/ Hag.,” “Hagen [printed],” FW and HW dimorphic; in FW ofmales absent (as
MCZ HW
“Draw; photo/ Montgomery/ 1961.” 12060. in Fig. 110c) tosmall (Fig. 110a) andin alarge
DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 146). The distribution of polygon (Fig. 110a); in FW of females absent, in
HW
Bryoplathanon globifer encompasses a restricted a small to medium quadrangle; males with
area from S Minas Gerais State (Morro do Ferro, genital lobe prominent, clearly differentiated from
Contributions in Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete 9
anteriorpartofabdominalsegment2 (Figs. 35-38); dominal segment 10 in female armed with middor-
anterior hamule forming a linear semihyaline blade sal spine surpassing tip of segment, no accessory
(Fig. 34a); male cercus angulate at distal half in dorsolateral spines; ventrolateral margin of seg-
lateral view (Figs. 2-5). ment 10 with one spine.
DESCRIPTION. Large metallic green species DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 144). Mountainous re-
(abdomen 60-69 mm in male and 45-49 mm in gions of Colombia south through Bolivia.
female); Neotropical calopterygids ofslender build REMARKS. As noted under various species’ ac-
and long abdomen. Sexes dimorphic. counts, specimens are not well represented in col-
Head brilliant metallic green, with occipital tu- lections except for small series of two species (O.
bercles moderately developed; prothorax as in imperatrix and O. saltuum). A few specimens in
Mnesarete but with middle lobes pronounced, a the major European museums are without precise
curvilinear depression along medial margin ofpro- data and some have been misidentihed; these are
pleuron in both sexes (possible contact point for discussed below. The larva of O. imperatrix, re-
male paraproct on female), hind lobe ofprothorax cently collected from Baeza, Ecuador, is described
prominent, rounded or truncated laterally; inter- below.
sternite (Figs. 75-77) of female black, with poorly BIOLOGY. Collector’s notes under various spe-
developed {Ormenophlebiasaltuum (Ris)) orprom- cies’ accounts indicate that members of this genus
inent anterior shoulder (O. imperatrix), posterior perch on high (above 6 m) branches overhanging
lobe long, slightly curved cephalad; legs long, typ- narrow streams.
icalofCalopterygidae;wings (Fig. 110a) asinMne-
sarete but longer, hyaline, venation black, 27-33 KEY TO SPECIES OE ORMENOPHLEBIA
antenodals in FW, 23-29 in HW, anal area with
two rows of cells, pterostigmata of FW and HW I advise caution when identifying females. Separa-
dimorphic, in males absent (as in Fig. 110c) to tion between females ofOrmenophlebiaimperatrix
small in FW (Fig. 110a) anda large polygoninHW and O. saltuum is straightforward based onmyex-
(Fig. 110a, b); in females absent in FW and a small amination ofseveral females ofboth species. Ihave
to medium quadrangle in HW; wing tips hyaline; seen the only known female of O. regina (partially
usually two, occasionally three, rows of cells be- crushed teneral paralectotype), and I have not yet
hind CuA in FW and HW; CuA descending poste- seen the only known female of O. rollinatihoused
rodistally from tip of CuP and diverging slightly in the Paris Museum.
before paralleling MP, this area enclosing mostly 1 Males 2
two rows of cells at base. T Females 5
Abdomen long in male (60-69 mm), shorter in 2 (1) Paraproct shorter than cercus, extending
female (45-49 mm); venter ofabdominal sternite 1 0.40 (Fig. 4) to 0.75 (Fig. 3) length ofcer-
planar or forming a gently raised transverse ridge, cus, its tip blunt with two short branches,
venteroftergitewithwell-developedlobe (Figs. 35- medial one bluntlypointed, distalonetrun-
38); genital lobe of segment 2 well developed, dif- cate or pointed; cordilleranregionofBoliv-
ferentiated from anterior portion of tergite, lobe ia 3
moderately convex (Figs. 35, 36) to semicircular 2' Paraproct as long as cercus, its tip digitlike
(Fig. 37); anterior hamule (Fig. 34a, b) forming a (Fig. 5) to clublike (Fig. 2); cordilleran re-
thin, semihyaline blade strongly acuminate anteri- gion of Ecuador and Peru 4
orly, its medial margin linear. Genital ligula (Figs. 3 (2) Genital lobe in lateral view strongly bul-
42, 43) lacking dorsal horn at base of segment 1, bous, semicircular, higher than anterior
distal portion ofsegment 1 with bristles; segment2 lamina (Fig. 37); paraproct short, extend-
as in Mnesarete, with lateral lobes and distal mar- ing to 0.40 of cercus; dorsal angulation of
gin emarginate. Dorsal margin of segment 10 in cercus forming a spinose warty process
both sexes ending in a raised truncate carina not (Fig. 4); medial branch of paraproct tip
surpassing emarginate tip oftergite. Cercus ofmale capitate, distal one pointed
(Figs. 2-5) angulate, medial lobe absent, anterior O. rollinati
portion of superior ridge absent (Figs. 2, 4, 5) or 3' Genitallobeinlateralviewmoderatelypro-
developed as an angulate ridge {Ormenophlebiare- duced, as high as anterior lamina (Fig. 36);
gina (Ris); Fig. 3), distal fossa small occupyingdis- paraproct extending to 0.75 ofcercus; dor-
tal 0.30 or less of cercus, dorsomedial portion of sal angulation of cercus lacking a spinose
cercus prominently spinose and in one species {Or- warty process (Fig. 3); medial and distal
menophlebia rollinati (Martin); Fig. 4) withstrong- branches of paraproct tip capitate ....
ly spinose warty process; paraproct with well-de- O. regina
veloped digitlike medial process, distal process in- 4 {T) Genital lobe semicircular, about as high as
terspecifically variable in length and shape, extend- anterior lamina (Fig. 38); ventralmarginof
ing from 0.40 (Fig. 4) to as long as cercus (Figs. 2, cercus notched; paraproctwithtipabruptly
5), its tip digitlike (Fig. 5) to clublike (Fig. 2) or bent medially, its tip digitlike (Fig. 5); cor-
with two short branches, medial one bluntlypoint- dilleran region of Peru (Fig. 148)
ed, distal one truncate or pointed (Figs. 3, 4). Ab- O. saltuum
10 Contributionsin Science, Number 506 Garrison: Synopsis ofMnesarete
4' Genital lobe in lateral view gently raised bia (Meta Dept., Quebrada Subsumes [near Guay-
posteriorly (Fig. 35); ventral margin ofcer- abedal] above the Rio Negro, approx. 4°13'N
cus entire (Fig. 2a, c); tip of paraproct in 73°49'W, see De Marmels [1985:84]) to the cordil-
ventral view forming an enlarged, bulbous leran region of Ecuador south to Zamora Chinchi-
club (Fig. 2d); Colombia, Ecuador (Fig. pe Province (Zamora, 4°52'S 79°9'W).
147) O. imperatrix Unpublished notes by the late B.E. Montgomery
5(1') Lateral margin ofposterior lobe ofprotho- show that he examined one male and two females
MNHP
rax broadly angulate (Fig. 64), anterior identified as Lais imperatrix in the labeled
lobe of intersternite prominent, almost as “Perou” and “MuseumParis/collR. Martin, 1920.”
large as posterior lobe (Fig. 75); Colombia, He states: “These specimens do notconformexact-
Ecuador (Eig. 149) O. imperatrix ly to Ris’ [1918] division (key) of imperatrix, sal-
S' Lateral margin ofposterior lobe ofprotho- tuum, and regina . . . the lobe on the margin ofthe
raxsmoothlycurved (Eigs. 65, 66);anterior genital pouch, as desc[ribed] ... for saltuum’, also
lobe of intersternite vestigial, much smaller appendages” and “These specimens will need fur-
than posterior lobe (Eig. 76) or absent (Eig. therdefinition.” Ihavenotseenthesespecimensbut
77) 6 based on Montgomery’s comments, I suspect that
6' (S') Lateral margin ofposterior lobe ofprotho- these specimens represent O. saltuum. I have also
BMNH
rax not prominent, meeting propleuron at examined a teneral male in the lacking ab-
approximately a straight line when viewed dominal segments 7-10 labeled “Rioja/Amazon”
anterodorsally (Fig. 65) [caution: this char- and identified as }Lais imperatrix by D.E. Kim-
acter may not reliably diagnose females; mins. This male is almost certainly O. regina and
onlyone teneralfemaleknown];cordilleran is discussed under that species.
region of Bolivia (Fig. 149) . . . O. regina REMARKS. The red-veinedconditionmentioned
6' (S') Lateral margin ofposterior lobe ofprotho- in the original description (“Wings hyaline, but
rax prominent, meeting propleuron at an having a slight reddish appearance in consequence
angle (Eig. 66); cordilleran region of Peru of the reticulation being wholly bright red [italics
(Eig. 148) O. saltuum are McLachlan’s], excepting the entire costal ner-
vure which is black.”) is characteristic of teneral
Ormenophlehia imperatrix (McLachlan) and juvenile specimens of this genus and of Mne-
new combination sarete and should not be considered a diagnostic
Eigs. 2 (app), 34 (ha), 35(ha), 64 (pth), 75 (int), character.
129 (by), 147 (mp), 135, 136a (larva) This species appears to be the most common
Lais imperatrix McLachlan, 1878:85-86 (descrip- member of the genus in collections. I identified a
series ofspecimens fromAbitagua in Pastaza Prov.,
tion of 9 from Intaj, Ecuador); Ris, 1918:43 (de- Ecuador (H27'S 78°9'W, 1200 meters) collectedby
scription of 1(3 from Susumuco, Colombia) William Clarke-Mcintyre during 1939-41 in the
Mnesarete imperatrix: Davies and Tobin, 1984:13 UMMZ. The species has recently (1980, 1997)
DIAGNOSIS. Males are easily distinguished been collected by J. Daigle, S.W Dunkle, and K.J.
from congeners by the morphology of the caudal Tennessen in Napo Prov. (small stream 5 km S of
appendages (long, clublike distal process of para- Baeza, 1796 m; small stream 17 km E of Cuyujua
proct) as given in the key. The low but clearly pro- on road to Chaco, both approx. 0°27'S 77°53'W).
nounced genital lobe (Eig. 35) is not as prominent J. Daigle kindly supplied these notes on its biology:
as those in Ormenophlehia rollinati (Eig. 37) or O. “Males not wary . . . act like Calopteryx maculata
saltuum (Eig. 38) but is similar to that of O. regina (Beauvois) in the USA. Young females with red[-
(Fig. 36). The lateral margin ofthe hind lobe ofthe veined] wings perched 3-3.5 m high on small trees
prothorax in females and males is roundlyangulate at head of openings on steep, narrow, and shady
(as in Fig. 64), not smoothly curved as in the other bedrock streams. Stream width about 3 m and 30
known species (males of O. regina, O. rollinati, cm deep with rock, gravel and some mudholes. Re-
and O. saltuum, and females of O. regina and O. stricted to highelevations inmontaneforest(1600-
saltuum’. Figs. 65, 66). Femaleintersternite (Fig. 75) 1800 m). Not seen with other Mnesarete spp. Seen
has a prominent anterior shoulder almost as long with Argia medullaris Hagen in Selys, Teinopoda-
as posterior lobe (poorly developed shoulder in O. grion setigerum (Selys), and Rhionaeshna brevicer-
regina and O. saltuum'. Figs. 76, 77). cia (Muzon and von Ellenrieder, 2001).”
TYPES. McLachlan (1878) originally described LARVA (last larval stadium specimens; some
this species from four “tolerably mature” females with swollen wing pads; Eig. 135a). Head in dorsal
fromwhich a lectotypewas designated byKimmins view (Eig. 135a, c) tan with posterolateral margin
(1969:305). I illustrate the lateral margin of the broadly convex; in lateral view (Fig. 135b) with
prothoracic posterior lobe (Eig. 77) of a paralec- postocular tubercle and with irregular longitudinal
totype from the BMNH. dark stripe posterior to compound eye. Antenna
DISTRIBUTION (Eig. 147). Ormenophlehiaim- (Fig. 136a) approximately 1.5X longer than head,
peratrix is the most northerly distributed represen- with seven segments, segment 1 the longest; pre-
tative ofthis genus, occurring from central Colom- mentum (Fig. 135d) petiolate, strongly projecting