A syllabus in practical high school chemistry

86 Pages·02.815 MB·English

by  Washington, Leon Anton

A SYLLABUS IN PRACTICAL HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY
A P ro ject
P resented to
the F aculty of the School of Education
The U niversity of Southern C alifo rn ia
In P a rtia l F u lfillm en t
of the Requirem ents fo r the Degree
M aster of Science in Education
ty
Leon Anton W ashington
August 195°
UMI Number: EP46643
All rights reserved
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This project report, written under the direction
of the candidate's adviser and approved by him,
has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty
of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science in Education.
Adviser
Dean
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
PART I . HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
HOW TO' PROVIDE FOR THE BODY
1. DIET: HOW TO PLAN AND SELECT BALANCEDM EALS . . . 2
1. ALERTNESS: How to pick the foods th a t w ill
supply su ffic ie n t energy .................................................... 2
2. REGULATORY ACTION: How to keep the organs
working properly ......................................................................... 2
3. OTHER NECESSITIES: How to obtain the addi­
tio n a l needs of the b o d y 3
2. COOKING: HOW TO PREPARE FOODS IN THE MOST
DESIRABLE W A Y ................................................... 6
1. TASTEFULNESS: How to make foods p alatab le . . 6
2. CONTAMINATION: How to avoid cooking u te n s ils
th a t w ill p o llu te the f o o d ............................................... 6
3* MISTAKES: How to escape the lo ss of valuable
products of cooking .............................................................. 7
3. SKIN CARE: HOW TO KEEP LOOKING WELL.....................................10
1. PERSPIRATION: How to counteract the unde­
sira b le e ffe c ts of skin s e c r e tio n s ................................10
2. MAKE-UP: How to buy c o s m e tic s ...........................................10
3. HAIR REMOVERS: How to avoid in ju rin g the
skin w ith chem ical d e p i l a t o r i e s .....................................10
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CHAPTER PAGE
4-. GERM KILLERS: HOW TO PROCUREA ND TAKE MEDICINE . 13
1. ADVICE: How to getp ro fessio n al inform ation . 13
2. GOOD JUDGMENT: How to stock your medicine
cabinet . . ........................................................................................13
3* ECONOMY: How to choose high q u a lity , low-
co st r e m e d ie s ...................................................................................14-
4-. HOME TREATMENT: How to take medicine . . . . 14-
5. CLOTHING: HOW TO SELECT AND TAKE CARE OF YOUR
CLOTHES.............................................................................................................17
1. IMITATIONS: How to avoid buying in fe rio r
m a t e r i a l s ..................................................................... 17
2. CHANGING COLORS: How to dye garm ents . . . . 17
3 . COMFORT: How to s e le c t clothing fo r
seasonal w e a r ....................................................................................IS
4-. DETERIORATION: HOW to make clo th es la s t
l o n g e r .................................................................................................IS
6 . PROPER VENTILATION: HOW TO PURIFY AND CONTROL
THE SUPPLY OF A I R ..........................................................................'. 21
1. STAGNATION: How to prevent th a t sluggish
fee lin g caused by b reathin g s t i l l a ir . . . . 21
2. CONTROL OF MOISTURE: How to keep the rig h t
amount of dampness in the a i r ..............................................21
3. TEMPERATURE AND IMPURITIES: How to condition
the a ir fo r c o m f o r t ....................................................................22
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CHAPTER PAGE
k-. OBSTRUCTED BREATHING: How to re sto re normal
r e s p i r a t i o n ................................................. ..................................22
7. DRINKING AND WASHING: HOW TO GET A PURE SUPPLY
OF WATER . ....................................................' ........................... 25
1. RURAL PROBLEM: How to prepare w ater fo r
drinking purposes in the ru ra ls ............................... 25
2. SOFTENING: How to remove the hardness from
w a t e r .......................................................................................26
3- UNPLEASANT ODORS: How to aerate w ater . . . . 26
ABSOLUTE PURITY: How to d i s t i l l w ater . . . . 26
5 . COOLING EFFECT: How to. take advantage of
the heat absorbing power of w a t e r ................26
g. WARMTH: HOW TO PROVIDE A SUITABLE HEATING SYSTEM. 29
1. ECONOMY: How to choose a stove o r furnace
th a t w ill s a tis fy your n e e d s ...............................29
2. KIND OF FUEL: How to pick an appliance fo r
which fu e l is re a d ily a v a i l a b l e .....................29
3. REPAIRS: How to avoid the purchase of
devices th a t are c o stly to m a i n t a i n ..........30
9. STORAGE: HOW TO STOCK FUEL SAFELY..........................33
1. EXPLOSIONS: How to prevent spontaneous
c o m b u stio n .............................................................................33
2. PROTECTION: How to keep stored fu e l from
becoming weathered ................................................................... 33
CHAPTER PACE
10. FIRST AID-: HOW TO ADMINISTER THE INITIAL
TREATMENT IN CASE OF IN JU R Y ..........................................................36
1. BURNS: How to give help in case of heat
i n j u r i e s ...................................................................................................36
2 . SNAKE BITES: How to escape death when b itte n
by harm ful s n a k e s .........................................................................36
11. WASTE: HOW TO HANDLE DISCARDED MATERIALS
ABOUT THE HOME..............................................................................................39
1. GARBAGE: How to d estro y r u b b is h ...............................39
2. SALVAGE: How to recover valuable m aterials
from r e f u s e .........................................................................................39
PART I I . HOME ECONOMY
HOW TO REDUCE THE COST OP UP-KEEP
12. IMPROVEMENTS: HOW TO KEEP YOUR HOME IN A MODERN
CONDITION........................................................................................................lj-3
1. CHOICE: How to make a wise se lec tio n of
m aterials ..............................................................................M-3
2. DECAY: How to preventd e te r io r a tio n ..............................Kk
3 • SAVINGS: How. to make minor r e p a i r s .....................44-
13. ATTRACTIVENESS: HOW TO CHASE DIRT AND STAINS
FROM THE H O M E..............................................................................................47
1. SCOURING: How to se le c t a b r a s iv e s ...................................4-7
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CHAPTER PAGE
2. DELICATE MATERIALS: How to remove d ir t from
m aterials th a t damage e a sily ................................4-7
3 . STAINS: How to se le c t and use chem icals
th a t w ill remove s t a i n s .............................................. .
k. DANGEROUS VAPORS: How to play safe when
using inflamm able liq u id s fo r cleaning
p u rp oses..............................................................................M-9
1^. HAZARDS: HOW TO PREVENT DESTRUCTIVE FIRES . . . . 52
1. CAUTION: How to curb a cc id e n ta l burning of
p r o p e r ty ...........................................................................................52
2. FLAMES: How to put out f i r e s ............................53
3* SMOKE: How to combat the smoke nuisance . . . 53
PART I I I . THE GARDEN
HOW TO GROW BETTER PLANTS
15. PLANTING: HOW TO RAISE A VEGETABLE GARDEN. . . . 58
1. SOIL RICHNESS: How to find out what the
s o il n e e d s ...............................................................................5&
2. SELECTION: How to pick the p la n ts th a t
w ill grow b e st ......................... 59
3 . CULTIVATION: How to g et the s o il ready fo r
p l a n t i n g ...................................................................... 59
k-. PROTECTION: How to take care of the growing
p l a n t s ..........................................................................................60
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CHAPTER PAGE
16. PESTS: HOW TO KILL GARDEN PARASITES............................63
1. CHOICE: How to se le c t the most e ffe c tiv e
type of p o is o n ..........................................................................63
2. SUCCESS: How to apply various measures to
exterm inate p ests ................................................................... 64-
3 . WARNING: How to avoid human in ju ry from
p o i s o n s ................................... 64-
17. THE PAY-OFF: HOW TO HANDLE YOUR DEVELOPED CROP . 66
1. HARVESTING: How to g ath er the vegetables . . 66
2. A GOOD DEAL: How to tre a t surplu s vegetables. 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................71
viii
PREFACE TO TEACHERS
"I passed th a t chem istry exam ination today, Dad. Your
carryin g me over those d e fin itio n s sev eral tim es and coach­
ing me on the working of those calcu latio n s re a lly paid o ff.
I answered a l l of the tru e -fa ls e , m u ltip le-ch o ice, and com­
p le tio n item s on the te s t and a l l of my answers are co rrect
fo r the chem ical c a lc u la tio n s. 'Cramming' fo r an exam ination
may not he a good th in g to do hut i t got me over th is tim e.
B arring any ro u tin e e rro rs th a t I might have made, my aver­
age fo r th is sem ester should he near the top of the c la ss."
These are the words th a t Johnny spoke when he arriv ed
home from school one day. He w ill fin is h high school w ith
high honors. His p aren ts, teach ers, and schoolm ates w ill he
proud of him. Y et, i t is do ubtful w hether Johnny can solve
even one lif e problem w ith the knowledge he has gained from
h is courses.
This is a h y p o th etical example hut i t is ty p ic a l of the
way many su b jects are being taught in the high schools of
today.
The purpose of th is sy llab u s is to avoid such a common
p i t f a l l . C ertain re a l lif e problem s have been se t up and
so lu tio n s fo r them have been worked out. I t is not intended
th a t th is m aterial be su b stitu te d fo r your p resen t course of
stu d y . R ather, the new, fu n ctio n al method of approach is