A survey of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Chichagof Island, Alaska, USA

2006·5.6 MB·English

by  Jozef Slowik

J. Entomol. Soc. Brit.Columbia 103,Dechmbhr2006 61
A
survey ofthe spiders (Arachnida, Araneae)
USA
of ChichagofIsland, Alaska,
JOZEF SLOWIK^
ABSTRACT
A spider survey was conducted over the summer of2003 on ChichagofIsland, Alaska,
USA. Based on this, as well as on data from a preliminary survey in 2002, and two sub-
sequent visits, a preliminary list of 95 spider species is presented for the island. This
survey resulted in 10 new species records for Alaska and 8 species not known to occur
in British Columbia. The data were tested for completeness using Chao 1, Chao 2, boot-
strap, and Michaelis-Menten species richness equations. The number of species ob-
served fell within the variance for both Chao indicators but was below the other two
estimators indicating that more species may still be found. Twenty-two micro and three
macro habitats were defined in the survey. All data were submitted to the Nearctic Spi-
derDatabase andcatalogedonthe DenverMuseumofNature & Science's website.
Key Words: Southeast Alaska, species richness estimators, species list, species diver-
sity
INTRODUCTION
Spiders are a diverse but poorly under- ders may play roles in the control of de-
&
stood animal group in the Pacific North- structive insects (Jennings Pase 1986;
west of North America (Bennett 2001). Maloney etal 2003).
Little spider research has been completed Southeast Alaska provides important
in southeast Alaska (Mann & Gara 1980). resources for three major industries: log-
Species lists are available for British Co- ging, fishing, and tourism. Biodiversity
lumbia (Thorn 1967; West et al. 1984, surveys provide important baseline infor-
1988; Bennett et al 2006) and Yukon Ter- mation to help land resource managers
ritory (Dondale et al 1997) but there are understand and monitor environments util-
none for the southeast Alaskan archipel- ized by these industries. Spiders may pro-
ago. vide a useful survey option because ofthe
Spider surveys may provide an effec- relative ease with which they can be col-
tive means for measuring the impact of lected, preserved, and identified.
habitat degradation or land use change on The objective ofthis study was to docu-
biodiversity. Baseline studies involving ment the spider fauna of northern
spiders as biological indicators have been Chichagof Island, Alaska in a manner that
conducted elsewhere; e.g. AUred (1969) can be replicated on other islands in the
and AUred & Gertsch (1976) documented southeast Alaskan archipelago in an at-
spider diversity in Arizona and Utah after tempt to assemble a comprehensive spider
new power plant installations and in Ne- fauna list for the area. The preliminary
vada at the Nevada Nuclear Test Site. The spider species list and other information
need for spider species lists for use in con- provided here are meant to be resources for
servation decision making has also been future surveys in the area and relevant bio-
expressed (Skerl 1999). In addition, spi- geographic andtaxonomic studies.
'Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver CO
80205, [phone],[email protected]
62 J.Entomol. Soc. Brit.Columbia 103,December2006
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Site. The study site is located at canopy.
W
58.10° N 135.42° in southeast Alaska There are no protected areas within the
on the northeast comer of Chichagof Is- study site and substantial clear-cut logging
land, approximately 100 km west of Jun- on blocks ranging from 0.08 to 40.00 ha
eau (Fig. 1). The study area is located occurred on the island from the early
within the Tongass National Forest, 1980's until 2004. During the survey pe-
Sealaska Corporation land, Huna Totem riod, the resulting second growth areas
Corporation land and Alaska State lands. were relatively young and differed little in
The study site consisted of an area of structure from the naturally occurring
roughly 86,765 ha located around the town shrubby skree areas.
ofHoonah, Alaska (Fig. 1), and is charac- Data Collection. All specimens were
terized as northern temperate rainforest collected by the author during the period
dominated by western hemlock {Tsuga 22 April to 24 August 2003 using one of
hetrophyUa (Raf Sarg.). The area around six methods: beat sheeting, sweep netting,
)
Hoonah and northward to Gustavus is in a sifting moss, head-lamping, pitfall trapping
slight rain shadow for southeast Alaska and casual collection. Because ofthe den-
with an average annual rainfall of 130 cm sity and thickness ofthe forests and clear-
{versus Juneau at 250 cm). The area is cut areas an alternative method of sweep-
dominated by steep, abruptly ascending ing/beating was used in those areas. This
mountains and narrow valleys left by re- method consisted of grabbing either
cent glacial activity with elevations from branches or the top ofa tree and stuffing it
sea level to over 1,180 m. into the sweep net, then beating the branch
In 2002 a preliminary survey was con- or treetop in the net. This method was also
ducted and three general macro-habitats used in shrubby areas where the vegetation
and 22 micro-habitats were defined (Table was too dense to sweep or beat. The head-
1). The micro-habitats were used for com- lamping method consisted ofusing a head-
paring similar sites in the study area and lamp orother light source and lookingboth
for expanding search areas if few or only up and down for eye shine and webs after
immature spiders were found at a given dark. Specimens were deposited directly
site. Each of the 22 micro-habitats is in- into 75% ethanol for preservation. Each
cluded in one of the three macro-habitats: collection occurrence consisted of one
shrubby skree or logged areas, open mus- method and was conducted for one half
keg meadows, and densely treed old hour, although multiple collection occur-
growth forests. The shrubby areas are rences may have occurred in a day or at a
dominated by several species of Vaccinium site.
L. and Rubus L. and devil's club Pitfall traps were sets of230 ml plastic
{Oplopanax horridum (Smith)) growing to cups placed in the ground with the lip of
over 2 m in height. The muskeg areas con- each cup level with the ground surface.
m m
sist oflow shrubs under 0.5 tall {Kalmia Each set consisted of 10 cups placed 1
microphylla (Hook.) Heller) and Andro- apart in a line. The traps were filled with
medapoUfoUa L.) and grasses, with pools 30-60 ml of propylene glycol as a pre-
or slow moving streams. The old growth servative. Traps were covered only ifrain
areas consist mainly of hemlocks {Tsuga was imminent. Pitfall trap specimens were
hetrophyUa and T. mertensiana (Bong.) collected every two days to one week
Carr.) with some Sitka spruce {Picea (dependant upon rainfall) then sorted,
sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and yellow cedar washed and stored in 75% alcohol.
{Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Because ofthe difficulty ofidentifying
Spach) intemiixed and usually have few juvenile spiders only adults were identified
shrubs in the understory and a closed and used for the analyses. Linyphiidae
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit.Columbia 103,Dhchmbbr2006 63
Figure 1. Spider collections sites on ChichagofIsland, Alaska, USA, 2002-2005. Each point
may representmore than onehabitatorcollection occurrence.
were identified by D. J. Buckle Three of the richness equations, Chao
(Saskatoon, Saskatchewan), Philodromidae 1, Chao 2, and bootstrapping require col-
and Thomisidae were identified by F. X. lection occurrence data, which is defined
Haas (Denver, Colorado). All other spiders as each separate occurrence in which spi-
were identified by the author using Roth ders were collected. For the sampling ef-
(1993) or Ubick et ah (2005) and included fort aspect of the Michaelis-Menten equa-
references. Voucher specimens were de- tion each collection occurrence (other than
posited at the Denver Museum ofNature & casual and pitfall trapping) consisted of
Science. Nomenclature follows Platnick one-half hour (as described above). Be-
(2006). See discussions in Crawford cause the movements of spiders are not
(1988), Buckle et al. (2001) and Ubick et well understood, statistical analysis ofeach
al. (2005) regarding linyphiid nomencla- pitfall trap occurrence was arbitrarily at-
ture. tributed one hour of sampling effort fol-
Statistical analysis. Species richness lowing Coddington et al. (1996) (although
was estimated using Chao 1 (Chao 1984), Coddington used leaf litter samples and a
Chao 2 (Chao 1984, 1987), bootstrap Tullgren-funnel). Specimens collected with
&
(Smith van Belle 1984), and Michaelis- methods other than those described above
Menten (Raaijmakers 1987) estimators were considered to be casual occurrences
following Coddington et al. (1996). The and were each attributed five minutes of
Chao 1 estimator is a non-parametric equa- time.
tion using relative abundance data; the Specimen data were submitted to the
Chao 2 estimator is also non-parametric Nearctic Spider Database (http://
but uses presence-absence data. The boot- canadianarachnology.webhop.net) and
strap estimator uses incidence data and the catalogued on the Denver Museum ofNa-
Michaelis-Menten model contrasts sam- ture & Science website (www.dmns.org/
pling effort data and number of species spiders/default.aspx).
observed. See Magurran (2004) for discus- Habitat and collection method were
sion of the various usage and accuracy used to determine general species habitat
issues associated with these estimators. associations: arboreal, ground-dwelling, or
Species accumulation curves were plotted other. These detenninations are speculative
using Estimates (Version 7.5, Colwell but may be helpful in locating species in
2005). similarenvironments.
64 J. Entomol.Soc.Brit.Columbia 103,December2006
Table 1.
Habitats sampled forspiders on ChichagofIsland, Alaska, 2002-2005.
Microhabitat Macro- Physical water Canopy
number habitat description
1 Shrubby Shot rock, buildings None Open
2 Shrubby Sitka alder, snake grass Pooled Moderate
3 Open Grass only Running Open
4 Open Grass only Pooled Open
5 Open Low shrubs and grass Pooledornone Open
6 Treed Mossy, shrubby None Moderate
7 Treed Mossy, few shrubs None Moderate
8 Treed Mossy, few shrubs None Closed
9 Open Shot rock, quarry Temporarypools Open
10 Shrubby Shrubby None Moderate
11 Shrubby Shrubby, no alder None Open
12 Shrubby Shrubby, alderpresent None Open
13 Open Muskeg, shrubs, various Pooled, running Open
wVfVClltlpVir, CaILb-'nX-v'VpV ^5\J0\0J1m1L
14 Open Grassy meadows, few None Open
shrubs, no water,
above 500m
15 Open Rocky, shrubby, coastline Tidal Open
debris
16 Open Tall grass Tidal Open
17 Treed Shrubby, treed Running Moderateto closed
18 Treed Few shrubs, low grass None Closed
19 Shrubby Tall grass, shot rock Temporarypools Open to moderate
20 Treed Marshy, tall grass Pooled Moderate to closed
21 Shrubby Shrubby, treed, mossy None Moderate
22 Open Tall grass Pooled Open
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 1,239 adult spiders represent- subsequently. Total survey time including
ing 16 families, 68 genera and 95 species travel and sorting ofpitfall traps was 150
(Appendix 1) was collected and identified hours. Additionally the site was surveyed
from 103 collection occurrences. casually in 2004 and 2005 but no further
The 2003 survey consisted of43 hours species were added to the list.
of collection time accumulated over 40 Based on the habitat and method of
days during the period 22 April to 24 Au- collection; 49 species were classified as
gust and produced 93 of the 95 total spe- ground-dwelling and 34 species as arbo-
cies observed. Agnyphantes arborens real. Twelve species occurred in both gen-
(Emerton) and Tetragnatha externa eral habitat types. Fifty-four species (56%)
(Linnaeus) were collected in 2002 but not and 521 of all spiders (42%) collected
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit.Columbia 103,December2006 65
were linyphiids. Fifty-one ofthe linyphiid 10 species not previously reported from
species were collected in pitfall traps, 13 Alaska (D. J. Buckle, unpublished data)
were collected using others methods as and eight species not known to occur in
well. British Columbia (Bennett et al. 2006)
Expected number of species resulting (Appendix 1). Two ofthese records, Maro
&
from all species accumulation equations ampins Dondale Buckle and Walckenae-
was higher than the observednumber of95 ria redneri Millidge, are the first for either
species, indicating that further sampling area.
should result in more species (Figure 2). All ofthe 13 undetermined species are
However, the observed number fell within linyphiids, five are female erigonines
the variance for both the Chao 1 and Chao (currently unidentifiable), two are known
2 equations (97 ± 7.48 and 104.45 ± 11.58 but undescribed species {Porrhomma sp.
respectively). The Michaelis-Menten #1 and Centromenis sp. #1), five are in
model and the bootstrapping methods pre- genera in need of revision {Agyneta Hull,
dicted 130.72 species and 106.35 ± 7.00 Eularia Chamberlin and Ivie, Oreonetides
species respectively. Strand, Pityohyphantes Simon, Tapinocyba
Species of interest. Diplocephalus Simon) and could not be placed, and one
sphagnicola Eskov 1988, a Siberian spider, species of Wakkenaeria could not be de-
was collected for only the third time in termined. Several larger families were rep-
North America. Several specimens of a resented by surprisingly low numbers of
described but unnamed species of Centro- species: only a single female philodromid,
merus Dahl, previously known only from Tibellns oblongus (Walckenaer) and two
one damaged male collected at Terrace, females of a single salticid species, Evar-
BC in 1920 (van Helsdingen 1973) were chaproszynskii Marusik & Logunov, were
collected. This survey produced records of collected.
iJlLliJliill
93 97 101
-20
CollectionOccurrence
—
Chao1Mean — Chao2Mean Bootstrap—*—Observed
Figure 2. Species accumulation curve for spiders sampled using all methods described in text
on ChichagofIsland, Alaska, USA, 2002-2005 and estimates ofChao 1, Chao 2 andbootstrap-
ping results from statistical analysis using Estimates (Version 7.5, Colwell 2005). Vertical bars
indicate computed variance. Michaelis-Menten analysis results are not displayed.
66 J.Entomol. Soc.Brit.Columbia 103,Decembhr2006
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Don Buckle for help with the viewing this paper. I also thank Robb Ben-
linyphiid determinations and for permis- nett for editorial help and two anonymous
sion to use unpublished data, Rod Craw- reviewers for their useful comments. Spi-
ford for help with collection techniques, der identification work was supported in
Gabriele Bosch for mapping input, Fran part by National Science Foundation grant
Haas for identifying philodromids and DBI-0346378 awarded to Paula E. Gush-
thomisids, andPaula Gushing forhelp with ing.
non-linyphiid identifications and for re-
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APPENDIX
1
Spider species list and collection data Columbia. Detailed collection data for
for Chichagof Island, Alaska USA, sorted each species is accessible on the Nearctic
alphabetically by family, genus, and spe- Spider Database (http://
cies. Habitat numbers refer to Table 1. canadianarachnology.webhop.net) and the
indicates a new record for Alaska; "**" DenverMuseum ofNature & Science web-
indicates a species not listed for British site (www.dmns.org/spiders/defauh.aspx).
Months Collection Habitat
Family/Species Males Females
Adults Found Method Number
Amaurobiidae
Callobiuspictus (Simon, 1884) May-Sept, casual, headlamp, 1, 6, 8 6
pitfall
Cybaeopsiswabritaska (Leech, 1972) April-June headlamp,pitfall 2,3,4,5,13, 65
22
Araneidae
Araneussaevus (L. Koch, 1872) Aug. casual 1 1
Araneustrifolium (Hentz, 1847) July casual, sweep 4, 5, 22
Aranielladisplicata (Hentz, 1847) May-June beat, sweep 4,5,20,22 2
Cyclosaconica (Pallas, 1772) May-June headlamp, sweep 1,4,5,21,22 3
Larinhidespatagiatus (Clerck, 1757) April-May headlamp, sweep 1,4, 5
Parazygielladispar(Kulczyn'ski, May&Aug. casual, headlamp 1 4
1885)
Clubionidae
ClubionapacificaBanks, 1896 April-Aug. headlamp, sweep 1,4, 5, 19, 22 8
Clubionatrivialis C. L. Koch, 1843 May-July beat 4 6
Cybaeidae
CybaeusreticidatusSimon, 1886 April-May& casual, headlamp, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 34 37
Aug.-Oct. pitfall 7,8,10,21
Dictynidae
DictynabrevitarsaEmerton, 1915 May-July beat, sweep 4, 5, 13, 22 11
DictynamajorMenge, 1869 June-July sweep 4,5 10 7
Gnaphosidae
Micariapulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) May-June casual, sweep, 1,4,5 3
pitfall
Sergiolusmontanus (Emerton, 1890) May casual 1
Hahniidae
Antisteabrunnea (Emerton, 1909)* April-July pitfall 3, 4, 5, 8, 22 1 34
Dirksiacinctipes (Banks, 1896) May & Sept. casual, sweep 8, 15 1 1
J
J. Entomol. Soc.Brit.Columbia 103,December2006
APPENDIX 1 (continued)
Months Collection Habitat
Family/Species Males Females
Adults Foiinfi Method IViimlipr'
1
Hannii(i36 (continued)
HahniacinereaEmerton, 1890 May-June pitfall 3,4 3
Neoantisteamagna (Keyserling, April pitfall 2 1
loo/
Linyphiidae
Agnyphantesarboreus (Emerton, July casual, sweep 4, 5, 15 1 1
1915)
Agynetaolivacea (Emerton, 1882)* May-June pitfall 3,4, 5 15
Agynetasp #7 June pitfall 4 2 2
Aphiletamisera (O. Pickard- June pitfall 4,5 1
Cambridge, 1882)
Bathyphantes brevipes (Emerton, May& Sept. beat, headlamp. 1,6, 15, 18, 2 2
1917) pitfall 22
Bathyphantespallidus (Banks, 1892) May-June pitfall, sweep 3,21 1 2
Centromeressp #7* April-May pitfall, sift, sweep 3, 5, 15 2 2
Ceraticelusatriceps (O. Pickard- May pitfall 5 1
Cambridge, 1874)
Ceratinellaacerea Chamber!in& April-May pitfall, sift 8, 15 2
Ivie, 1933*
Ceratinellaornatulaalaskana Cham- May pitfall 3 3
ber!in, 1948
Ceratinops inflatus (Emerton, 1923) May pitfall 7,8 15
Collinsiaksenius (Crosby &Bishop, April-June sweep 17 3
1928)
DiplocephalussphagnicolaEskov, April pitfall 3 1 1
1yoo
Erigonealetris Crosby &Bishop, May-Aug. sweep 4, 14, 16, 19 6 9
1928
Erigoninesp #1 May pitfall 7,8 6
Erigoninesp #3 June-July pitfall 4, 5, 22 3
Erigoninesp iM June pitfall 4, 5 z
Lr<LJr*7irTg/~oiTniliVn1£e?sCfpl ifft// May-June pitfall 4,8 2
Erigoninesp #8 May-June sweep,pitfall 3,4, 15 3
Eulairasp #7 May pitfall 5 1
GrammonotasubarcticaDondale, April-July pitfall 3, 4, 5, 22 3 129
1959 **
Hybauchenidiumcymbadentatum April-June pitfall 3,4,5 8
(Crosby &Bishop, 1935)*
Kaestneriapullata (O. Pickard- April-July casual,pitfall, 3,4, 5, 11, 8
Cambridge, 1863) sift, sweep 15,21
Linyphantespualla Chamberlin& May pitfall 8 1
ivie, Iy4z
MaroampinsDondale &Buckle, May pitfall 4, 5 2 2
2001* & **
Meionetasimplex(Emerton, 1926) June pitfall 4,5 3
Microlinyphiadana (Chamberlin & May-June& sweep 2,4,5, 15, 16. 13 37
.
Ivie, 1943) Sept. 19,21,22
J. Entomol. Soc. Brit.Columbia 103,Dhchmber2006 69
APPENDIX 1 (continued)
^Famil.,y/,S„pec.es Months Collection Habitat Males Females
AdultsFound Method Number
Linyphiidae (continued)
Mythoplastoides erectus (Emerton, April-July pitfall, sift 7,8 1 3
1915)
Nenenedigna(Keyserlmg, IHHo) April-June casual 1 4
Oedothoraxalascensis (Banks, 1900) April-May sweep, beat 0, ID, 1 / Z
**
Oedothoraxtrilobatus (Banks, 1896) April-May pitfall 3 5
**
Oreonetabrunnea (Emerton, 1882) May-June pitfall 3,4,5 24 8
Oreonetidesrectangulatus (Emerton, April-May pitfall 3 3
1913)**
Oreonetidessp #7 May pitfall 3 1
Pelecopsissculpta (Emerton, 1917) May-July pitfall 4,5 9 4
Pityohyphantessp #1 April-Aug. casual, beat, head-•1,4, 5, 19, 10
lamp, sweep 21
Pocadicnemispumila (Blackwall, April-June pitfall, sift 3,4, 5, 11, 12 5
1841) 11J^, Z911
Porrhommasp #7 June sweep 4,5 1
Satilatlas insolensMillidge, 1981** May pitfall 3 2
Sciastestruncatus (Emerton, 1882) April-May pitfall 7 3
Sisicotusnesides (Chamber/in, 1921) April-June pitfall, sift, sweep 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 18 20
18, 22
Sisisrotundus (Emerton, 1925) April-May pitfall 3, 8 1 1
Symmigmaminimum (Emerton, 1923) Mav-Tunp pitfall 4, 5, 8 2
lacnygynaursma (Bishop & Crosby, May-June beat, sweep 4, 5, 18 4
1yjo)
lapinocybaaietrichi Crosby & May-July pitiall, silt 6, 8 4 2
tsisnop, jyjj
Tapinocybasp #7 May-June pittall 4 4 1
Tenuiphanteszelatus (Zorsch, 1937) April-June casual, pittall sitt O^, 1/, 6Q, ZT)Z z Or
WalckenaeriaColumbia Millidge, April-June pitfall, sift 7, 8, 13, 21 2 2
1983*
Wa&lcIkvieen,ae1r9i39a)cornuella (Chamberlin April-May sweep, pitfall 11, 7/, O9, Q7, 11oC Jc J
Walckenaeriadirecta (O. Pickard- May-June pi'tjt.^al1l1 J1, 4A, 0 1 5I
Cambridge, 1874)
Walckenaeriaexigua Millidge, 1983* June pitfall 4 4
WalckenaeriaredneriMillidge, April-May pitfall, sweep 3, 4, 5, 16 18 3
1983* & **
Walckenaeriaspiralis (Emerton, June pitfall 4,5 3 3
looZj
Walckenaeriasp #7 Oct. pitfall 8 1
Wubanapacifica (Banks, 1896)* April-May pitfall / z
Lycosidae
Alopecosaaculeata (Clerck, 1757) May-June pitfall 4 2
PardosadorsuncataLowrie &Don- April-June headlamp,pitfall, 1,2,3,4, 5, 45 31
dale, 1981 sweep 16, 18, 20,
21,22
70 J. Entomol. Soc. Brit.Columbia 103,December2006
APPENDIX
1 (continued)
Months Collection Habitat
Family/Species Males Females
Adults Found Method Number
Lycosidae (continued)
PardosamoestaBanks, 1892 May-July sweep,pitfall 3,4, 5, 18, 72 30
21
Piratapiraticus (Clerck, 1757) June-July casual,pitfall, 4,5,21,22 13 5
sweep
Trochosaterhcola Thorell, 1856 April-June casual,pitfall, 3,4, 5, 16 36 14
sweep
Philodromidae
Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer, 1802) June sweep 4,5 1
Pimoidae
Pimoaaltioculata (Keyserling, 1886) May&Aug. casual, headlamp 1,17 3
Salticidae
EvarchaproszynskiiMarusik& June sweep 4,5 2
Logitnov, 1998
Tetragnathidae
Tetragnathaextensa (Linnaeus, 1758) July sweep 4,5 1
TetragnathalaboriosaHentz, 1850 May-July beat, sweep 4,5, 11, 18, 37 46
19,21,22
Tetragnathaversicolor Walckenaer, May-Aug. casual, sweep 4, 5, 19 5
1842
Theridiidae
Robertus vigerens (Chamberlin & April-June pitfall, sweep 3, 4, 5, 18 9
Ivie, 1933)
Rugathodessexpunctatus (Emerton, April-July beat, casual, 2,4, 5, 11, 30
1882) sweep 15, 16, l:
19, 20
Theonoestridula Crosby, 1906** April-May pitfall 3
Theridionsaanichum Chamberlin & May-July sweep 4,5
Ivie, 1947
Thomisidae
Bassanianautahensis (Gertsch, 1932) Aug. headlamp 1
Misumenavatia(Clerck, 1757) May-July sweep 5,21,22 3
OzyptilapacificaBanks, 1895 April pitfall 3 4
Xysticus luctuosus (Blackwall, 1836) April-June pitfall 4,5,21 12
Xysticuspretiosus Gertsch, 1934 May & Sept. casual, headlamp 1 3
Uloboridae
Hyptiotesgertschi Chamberlin & Aug.-Sept. casual, headlamp 1, 7
'ivie, 1935