Table Of Content

A SURVEY OF THE new testament 5 T H E D I T I O N A SURVEY OF THE new testament r o b e r t h . gundry We want to hear from you. Please send your comments about this book to us in care of [email protected]. Thank you. ZONDERVAN A Survey of the New Testament, Fifth Edition Copyright © 1970, 1981, 1994, 2003, 2012 by Robert H. Gundry Requests for information should be addressed to: Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530 This edition: ISBN 978-0-310-49474-4 (hardcover) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gundry, Robert Horton. A survey of the New Testament / Robert H. Gundry. — 5th Edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-310-49474-4 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Bible. N.T. — Textbooks. I. Title. BS2535.3.G86 2012 225.6 ' 1 — dc23 2012000591 Credits and permissions for illustrations and maps are indicated on pages 8 – 13, which hereby become a part of this copyright page. Scripture references marked niv are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, IncTM. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. Scripture references marked kjv are from the King James Version of the Bible. Any Internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers in this book are offered as a resource. They are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement by Zondervan, nor does Zondervan vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other — except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. Interior design: Matthew Von Zomeren Printed in China 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 /ctc/ 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Illustrations, Maps, and Charts 8 Pronunciation Key 14 Acknowledgments 15 Preface 17 Introduction 19 PART I: Political, Cultural, and Religious Antecedents 1. Intertestamental and New Testament Historical Background 23 2. The Mundane Settings of the New Testament 45 3. The Religious and Philosophical Settings of the New Testament 67 PART II: Literary and Historical Materials 4. The Canon and Text of the New Testament 101 5. The Study of Jesus’ Life 115 6. An Introductory Overview of Jesus’ Public Life and Ministry 135 PART III: The Four Canonical Gospels and Acts 7. Mark: An Apology for the Cruciﬁxion of Jesus 149 8. Matthew: Handbook for a Mixed Church under Persecution 185 9. Luke: A Promotion of Chris tianity in the Greco-Roman World at Large 235 10. John: Believing in Jesus for Eternal Life 285 11. Acts: A Promotion of Chris tianity in the Greco-Roman World at Large (Continued from the Gospel of Luke) 331 PART IV: The Letters 12. The Early Letters of Paul 383 13. The Major Letters of Paul 411 14. The Prison Letters of Paul 453 15. The Pastoral Letters of Paul 481 16. Hebrews: Jesus as Priest 499 17. The Catholic, or General, Letters 515 PART V: The Apocalypse 18. Revelation: Jesus Is Coming! 547 In Retrospect 571 Books in the New Testament: A Summary 572 Glossary of Pronunciations 575 Index of Names and Subjects 580 7 ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND CHARTS Illustrations Harbor at Ptolemais, © Photo Stock-Israel/Alamy 22 – 3 Battle scene on the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, PLBL 25 Portion of the Septuagint in Codex Vaticanus, Carta 26 Coin identifying Antiochus Epiphanes as “God manifest,” Jay King 26 Dionysus, god of wine, with grapes and a goblet, PLBL 28 Bronze equestrian statue of Octavius Augustus, PLBL 31 Nero, PLBL 32 Herodian masonry in first-century Jerusalem, PLBL 33 Side view of Masada, PLBL 35 Colonnaded street in Gerasa, Jordan, Neal Bierling/ZIA 44 – 5 Hellenistic architecture in Gerasa, PLBL 46 Model of an Alexandrian merchant ship, Zev Radovan 48 A Roman road, Connie Gundry Tappy 48 Public bathroom in Sardis, PLBL 49 Remains of a bathhouse in Troas, PLBL 49 An ancient apartment building in Ostia, Italy, Gordon Franz 50 Old village of Yata, neighboring Hebron, Zev Radovan 51 Woman wearing a tunic and cloak, PLBL 52 Cosmetic equipment, Ron E. Tappy 53 A man and his family, PLBL 55 Sidewalk advertisement for a brothel in Ephesus, PLBL 56 A street in Pompeii, Robert H. Gundry 58 Gladiators, Wikimedia Commons 59 Vomitorium at the theater in Miletus, PLBL 59 Surgical instruments and jars for ointment, Zev Radovan 61 Temple of Zeus in Athens, Neal Bierling/ZIA 66 – 7 Zeus, PLBL 68 Temple of Apollo at Delphi, Clinton E. Arnold 69 A magical text, University of Michigan 71 Nag Hammadi books, Carta 72 Greek philosopher depicted on a sarcophagus, PLBL 73 Mosaic in the synagogue at Sardis, PLBL 75 Model of Herod’s temple, William D. Mounce 77 Drawing of Herod’s Temple, Hugh Claycombe 78 Drawing of the temple mount, Hugh Claycombe 79 Fragments of nonbiblical Jewish books, PLBL 82 8 Qumran Caves 4a and 4b, PLBL 84 A mikveh, or pool for ritual washing, in Jericho, PLBL 87 Ruins of the Essene settlement at Qumran, Robert H. Gundry 89 Library of Celsus in Ephesus, PLBL 93 Fortified Monastery of St. John on Patmos, Neal Bierling/ZIA 100 – 01 Papyrus plants, PLBL 105 Greek text in a Bodmer papyrus, Carta 106 Title page of Coverdale’s Bible, Carta 107 The Jordan River, © Duby Tal/Albatross/ www.agefotostock.com 114 – 15 Beginning of the Gospel of Mark, ninth century, The Granger Collection 117 A street in Hierapolis, PLBL 123 Calcified terraces at Hierapolis, PLBL 124 The hill of the Beatitudes, PLBL 134 – 35 Old Medeba map of Jerusalem, PLBL 137 Headwaters of the Jordan River, © Hitmans/ www.Dreamstime.com 148 – 49 Byzantine remains over Peter’s house in Capernaum, PLBL 158 A wineskin, Cheryl Dunn 159 Plowing a rocky field, PLBL 161 Sea of Galilee, PLBL 163 Steep slope near Gergasa, PLBL 164 First-century fishing boat from the Sea of Galilee, Zev Radovan 166 Divorce certificate from the Dead Sea Scrolls © Dr. James C. Martin. Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photographed by permission. 170 A donkey and her colt, PLBL 172 Silver coin with the head of Tiberius Caesar, Zev Radovan 174 Coin showing a radiate crown, Jay King 178 Tomb with a rolling stone-door, William D. Mounce 180 Sea of Galilee, Neal Bierling/ZIA 184 – 85 Testimony Book from Qumran, PLBL 195 Ruins of Nazareth from the Roman period, Neal Bierling/ZIA 198 Mount of Beatitudes, PLBL 201 Oil lamps, Ron E. Tappy 201 Ossuaries, PLBL 206 Mustard plant, Reji Jacob/Wikimedia Commons 209 Farmer plowing his field, PLBL 211 Bronze keys, PLBL 213 Double drachmas used to pay the temple tax, Kim Walton, courtesy of the British Museum 215 A vineyard, Neal Bierling/ZIA 218 9 “The seat of Moses” in a synagogue at Chorazin, PLBL 222 Phylacteries, PLBL 223 A mixed flock of goats and sheep, PLBL 225 Hinnom Valley, site of potter’s field, PLBL 228 Mount Gerizim, PLBL 234 – 35 Tiberius Caesar, PLBL 237 Dice for casting lots, PLBL 245 The Annunciation to Mary by Gabriel, Neal Bierling/ZIA 246 Census papyrus, University of Michigan 247 A stone manger, PLBL 248 Judean wilderness, PLBL 249 Cliff near Nazareth, Zev Radovan 250 Field of grain at harvest time, PLBL 252 Sandals found at Masada, Zev Radovan 254 Mosaic of a woman at Sepphoris, PLBL 255 Capernaum, William D. Mounce 257 A scorpion, © William Dow 259 The canyon between Jerusalem and Jericho, PLBL 260 A fig tree, Zev Radovan 263 Aqueduct and ascent to Machaerus, PLBL 264 A coin-bedecked headdress, Franc & Jean Shor/ National Geographic Stock 265 Ancient signet rings, Zev Radovan 266 Beggars, Connie Gundry Tappy 268 A sycamore tree, PLBL 270 Inner relief of the Arch of Titus, PLBL 273 Golden cup from the Roman period, PLBL 274 Pontius Pilate inscription in Caesarea, William D. Mounce 277 A crucified man’s heel bone, Zev Radovan 279 Roman milestone, Connie Gundry Tappy 280 Saint John’s Basilica in Ephesus, Baker Photo Archive 284 – 85 Rylands fragment of John’s Gospel, Mal Hamilton 286 Ruins of the Pool of Bethzatha, PLBL 287 Sunrise from Mount Sinai, PLBL 295 Jordan River, Connie Gundry Tappy 298 Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, PLBL 302 Model of the Pool of Bethzatha, PLBL 304 Pool of Siloam, Bruce Fisk 306 Menorah carved on stone, PLBL 308 Doorway into a sheepfold, PLBL 309 Perfume bottles, Ron E. Tappy 312 A grapevine carved on a stone, PLBL 315 An olive tree in the Garden of Gethsemane, PLBL 317 Hyssop, PLBL 320 10