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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 LD3907 1 * - W p Z 3 3 19E>0 Fischer, Jack, 1920- p£ A study of the heterogeneous equi- 0 libria of some aqueous ternary and quaternary systems involving th a llo u sulfate. New York, 1950c 86 typewritten leaves, diagrs., tables. 29cm. Thesis (Ph.Do) - New York Univer sity, Graduate School, 1950. Bibliography: p085-86. C 57 6 56 c Shelf List Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. LIBRARY OP HEW YORi UiJIVXRSTTT UHIV1RSITY PEIG-HTP A Study of tho Heterogeneous Equilibria of eone Aqueous 'Pernary and Quaternary Systems InvoiYing Thallous Sulfate A dissertation In tbe department of oher. ietry submitted to the faoulty of the Graduate School of Arts and oieaoe of He~ York University la partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jack Fisoher 1950 3he author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Professor John E. Kicci, whose thoughtful suggestions and criticism s enabled the work to he carried out. a o i %<2 q 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................................................................. 5 Analytical Procedure ..................................................................... 7 Electrolytic Analysis of Copper .................. 7 Iodimetric Determination of Copper............................ 8 Potent ioretric, Iodimetrio Determinetion of Copper 8 Determination of IhaUiui.i ......................... 10 Determination of S u lfate................................ 13 Reagents .............................................................. 18 C allous Sulfate Standard Salt .............. 18 Preparation of Pure Utallous Sulfate ................. 19 Copper S u lfate............................................................................ 21 Sodium, Ammonium and Potassium S u lfate................ 22 General Experimental Procedure ................ 24 ^ternary System s ................................................................ 27 NagSO4- TLgSO 4-Hp 0, 25* ................................................................ 28 Na.cSO4-TL2SO4-II.2O, 45° ................................................................. 34 Tl2S04-(MH4)2S04-Be0, 25° ......................................................... 34 KCSO4-TL2SO4-H2O, 25° ....................................... 40 TL;.-S04-E2S04-Ea0, 10° 42 &2SO4-I2 SO4-E2O, 45* ................................................. 42 CUSO4- 312304-II2O, 25®............................................................ 84 4 TAHLii OP OU9 3SiKTS Plage CtiS04-(HE4)^S04-H-C, 25° ........................................................ 59 CUSO4-KVSO4-H2C, 25° ................................ 63 Quaternary Systems « ................... 65 Method of S tudy....................... 65 Explanation of 'llables......................... 66 OUSO4-(f®H4)j>SO4-Ti.' 304-E20, 25* ........................................ 67 CuS04-llf.S04-% SO4-U2O, 25* ............................................... 73 Summary .................... 83 s Introduction Systems of thallous sulfate and other sulfates were studied with, the urpose of continuing the investigation of systems involving univalent sulfates, and of comparing the behavior in heterogeneous systems of thallous sulfate with potassium, sodium, ammonium, and silver sulfates. Hie 25* and 45° isotherms of the systeu HpS04-NapS04- HpO were studied in order to compere this system with the system ZigvSC^-lfesSO^HpO, studied by itioci and Simons^-. Ihe 10*, 25* and 45* isotherna of the system K^so^- TIpSC4-KgO were studied to determine whether or not solid solutions fora tetv.esa potassium and thallous sulfate, in view of the sim ilarity in else of potassium and thallous ions* Hie system GUSO4-H pSO4-Iip0, 23* was skiaied at 25“ to determine the solubility relations of the compound H.PSO4. CU3O4.6H2O, vihoi© solubility at 25* was reported by Looke*-. Hi is system is a part of both of the quaternary systems ithioh were studied. 'Jhe quaternary syaten, CUSO4-'UpSO4- (M4)pSC^-HpO, was studied at 25* in order to determine whether or not solid solutions would be formed between CUSO4. (1^14)2-04.6HgO and CUSO4. 33.gSG4.6HpO. Hi® qur si-ternary system &1SO4. HPSO4- CUSO4.(NE^JpSC^-HpO was studied at 25* as part of this work. 6 Sim ilarly, the quaternary system, OuSO^-Hp.SO^KgSO^BgO, was studied at 25* to determine whether or not solid solutions would be formed between GUSO4. lip,SO4.6EgQ and GuSO4.tHpSO4.6BgO* HlO The quasi-ternary system CUSO4. H;>S04-UuSG4.K.gS04-/wae included In this investigation. 7 Analytical Procedure h leotrolytlo Anal yeea of Copper Tha eleotrodepoeltion of copper, on a rotating platinum cathode, was performed frcm a solution acidified with sulfuric acid and nitrio acid, which had been boiled free of nitrogen dioxide. The instrument used for the analysis was the Sergeant, Slowin eleotrolytlo analyzer. Qhe analysis was oheekec using weighed samples of electrolytic "Kchlbaum" copier, which were dissolved in nitric acid. The recovery of the copper was 100.0$. It was found; that when thallous ion was present in a cuprie ion solution it interfered with the electrolytic analysis of copper, ivhen the electrolysis was performed in an alkaline solution a oopioue brown precipitate, which was most likely thallic oxide, was deposited on the anode. The current, which was 2.5 amperes at the sta rt c£ the electrolysis, fell to 0.2-0.3 amperes when the deposition on the anode appeared. In acid solution a alight darkening of the anode, along with marked decrease in the current, was noted. It was thus concluded that the interference of thallous ion with the electrolysis of oopper was due to an anodio reaction, vhich caused a polarization of the electrode. The decrease in current markedly slowed up the deposition of copper. Due to the interference of thallous ion with the eleotrolytlo deposition of copper, and also due to the low percentage of copper 8 in some of the saturated solutions which were analyzed, it was necessary to use some other . e- ns of determining copper in the presence of th&IIium. Iodoaetrlo Determination of Copper She iodo..fctric prooeuure, as described by lolthoff and Scndell , was employed. eighed simples of the Kahlbaum copper were dissolved in n itric acid, followed by n eu tralist ion with NE4.OII, Five ml. of glacial acetic acid were added, followed by the addition of excess El. The liberated iodine was titrated with 0.1N NarSgOg solution, using starch as an indicator. A few drops of nitrobenzene3 viort added to revent adsorption of iodine on the precipitate of cuprous iodide. She standard CuSO^.SE^O powder was again analyzed using the O.IN Na^SgOg standard solution. She iurity of the CvuSC^.SHgO, as before, was found to be 99.9',. OUSO4.5H2O. Potent!oaetrio, lodametrio Determination of Copper Shallivu:. interferes with the observation of the starch iodine end point because of the yellow green preoipit:.,te due to a 00 im.tion of 'HI and Cul. It w s thus necessary to detect the enu point of the iodow.etric analysis potentio etrioally using a Beckman reee- rch model G- pE meter. Platinum and calomel electrodes ’were used as the indie , tor electrodes. She titix tion curve for the ; otantio. etric c.n lysis is shewn on graph I. She inflection in the curve occurs at 0.19