A study of the Aklanon dialect. Volume 2. Dictionary of root words and derivations Aklanon to English

402 Pages·2016·24.8 MB·English

by  Sala Reyes V.

Peace Corps

Aklanon

Volume 2 : Dictionary

.
.

DoconisT RESUME

ED 145-704
.
FL'008 976

.
ApTHOR
Salas Reyes, Vicente; And Others
,

TITLE
A Study of, the Aklanon Dialect, Volume Two:
Dictionary (of Root Words and Derivations), Aklanoh

.
,
to English. '
-
,

,
INSTITdTION
Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.

.
PUB DATE
69

NOT
401p.
t

EDRS PRICE
MF-$0483 HC-$22.°9 'Plus Postage.

.
DESCRIPTORS
American English; *Dialect Studies; *Dictionaries;

" Etymology; Form ,Classes (LanquageS); Grammar;-Idioms:

Language Patterns; Language Research; *Morphology*

.
(Languages); Morphophonemics; Reference, Books;

.

..
*Uncommonly Taught Languages; *Vocabulary

IDENTIFIERS
*Aklanon; Philippines

,

.

ABSTRACT

.

ThiS Aklanon-English dictionary Consists of a lisi of

'basic toot words or word bases of Aklaion. The dictionary is designed
to be used both by native speakers of Aklanon and by foreign
learners: For, the former, it can serve to: (1)
establish a uniform

system of 'spelling,
(2) broaden or 'intensify the use and.

understanding of idiomatic standard Amer'ica'n' English, (3) serve As a
reference book for the-standard speech:of Kalibo, (4) ,broaden the.
.

'vocabulary of ,those interested in studying their native language, and'

(5)
inttodude a more linguistically oriented study of Aklanon. For

foreigw_learners, it is useful as a language-fearningtool. The
dictionary is preceded by a discussion of toot words and their
derivations, an outline of the six basic grammatical functions and

.the basic parts.,of speech f Aklanon, a discussion of ..morphophonemic
'change,and an explanation of, the *Conventions fot spelling the

°Aklanon dialect. A short bibliography of relevant references'follows

the dictionary. "(CLK)

.11

co

V

.*
**

,
********************************************************************

.

*
Documents acquired by ERIC include:many informal unpUblished
*

* materials not available frot other sources. 'ERIC makes every.effort *

.* to obtain' the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal .*

* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects, the quality *
*-of the iicrofiche and hardcopy reproduction_ s ERIC makes available
*

.
* via. the ERIC Document Reproduction service (EDRS): EDRS is not
*

* responsible for-the quality of the original document. Reproductions *
* supplied-by EDRS-are the best that can be made fromthe original.' *

'****,******************************************************************

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48
A STUDY OF THE AKLANON DIALECT

'Volume
T.4%Vio

DICTIONA

[of root wods and deriv

AKLANON TO .P.E

Prof. Vicente Salas Reyes
PRESIDENT
Board of Trustees
Northwestern Visayan Colleges
Kalibo, Aklan
[Aklanon Consultant]

Mk. Nicolas L. Prado
ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR
Diviiion of Aklan
'Bureau of Public SChools
[Editor and Consultant]

U.SOEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,

EOUCATION L WELFAIRE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EOUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REP
OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVE0 FRO
THE PERSON OR OROANiZATIONORIG
PIING IT POINTSOF VIEW OR OPINI
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REP
SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUT
EOUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

E-
OF

Kalibo, Aklan

1969

Public Domain

'"
Mr. R. David Paul Zorc
LANGUAGE COORDINATOR
Western Visayan Region
U. S. Peace Corps
Kalibo, Aklan
[Linguistics and Research]

,Other' editors and consultants:
- Mrs. Avelina R. Aranas
- Miss Daisy P. Marasigan
- Miss Ma. Nellie R. Pudo

,Mr. Donald Roberts

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS
MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

ACTT

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) AND
USERS.OF THE ERIC SYSTEM "

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10

,A STUDY OF THE AKLANON DIALECT, Volume Two
AM:ANON TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY
PAGE

C

PREFACE
-

1
I. ALPHABETICAL ORDER in this dictionary
2
II.' THE SPELLING OF TIV ENTRIES.

3
III. INTRODUCTIONHOW .TO UNDERSTAND AND USE THIS
DICTIONARY

4
IV. ROOT WORDS ANDTHEIR DERIVATIONS
7
V. AN OUTLINE OF AKLANON'S SIX BASIC GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTIONS

t.
10
Discussions Of: Topic,, Predicate,Associate, Object, Referent and Verbal
Centers: Aspect, Mode and General Explanation of Focus.
VI. THE BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH IN AKLANON
25
VII. "THE CASE OF THE MISSING LINKS" MORPHOPHONEMIC .
.
CHANGE'

32
NHL CONVENTIONS FOR SPELLING THE.AKLANONDIALECT
35
IX. AKLANON TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY
37
N..
"A"'

39
"B"

69
.
"K"

116
(?-
151

.

"E" it/

'- '
171
189
PH"

199 ,
N
)
4
.4
223
"L"

238
,
s
"M"

1
49
4%,

265
I
"NG". : .. ... . .
..
271
"0" -.!'U"

274.
er

286
a

A
t
319.
"S"'
.
324
357
7W"

390
393
.
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY

396

*
.
t
.
.
'
ABBREVIATIONiS/AS USED IN THIS TEXT can be fOund on a fold -out,
shr..et on the inside of the back cover.
f.-; ---
.f?
.

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T4,53Yfrr,'m"MIrrwrrIrr":"7""gelromgrsavgre,m*rinwrssFormsraw

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4;

..-

PREFACE

This present book is the result of four years of painstakingresearch and re-edition.

It is a Companion and follow-up volume to the GRAMMAR, published a year agO; but it
Ps far more necessary and practical than itscompanion` volume.

FOR AkLANONS it can serve the following functions:

(1) to establish a uniform system of spelling throughoutthe province;
(2) to broaden or intensify the use and understandingof idiomatic stan-
dard American English, particularity for students andteachers;
(3) to serve as a reference book for the Standard speech[including bor-
rowed-and adopted terms] . of Kalibo - -the, geographical,educational,
financial, mercantile and political center of the.province ofAklan;
(4) to broaden fhe vocabulary and knowltdge of thoseinterested in
studying their own native dialect, since not only common,but alsb
"deep" and foreign words are included as,theyareactually Used;
(5) to introduce a more linguistically oriented studyof the Aklan'on
language in order to break off from a long-standing traditionof "folk
linguistics" and so-called "dialect experts".

FOR FOREIGN LEARNERS twhetlibr-Western orother Filipinos} it has thefodow.-

tug uses:

(1) to help in translating the words of thydialect into the morereach-
able idiom of English;
(2) to indicate the actual use of root words as they occurin current
Aklanon speech;
(3) to act as a pronunciation guide, since, accents andphonemi9 spellings
[with some exceptions] are indicated;
(4) to serveas a list of the most common and several uncommonwords
which could be memorized from,time to time.

FOR LINGUISTS we hope toprovide ano er humble treatment of a hitherto unre-

searched language and enrich the catalog of literatureavailable on the less known dia-
lects and Ianguages of the world. In addition, the word list contained herein' should be
of interest to etymologists as they will note thelarge'number of reflexes or words re-
lated to other Philippine dialects and languages.
.
.

.Neither this dictionary nor its authors purport to havegathered every word in the

Aklanon language, but a major number are certainly represented. Native Speakers who

a
may browse through this book will besurprised at seeing 1.very large representation of
English and Spanish words. Some maybe,tempteito criticize their presence here: How-
ever, one need only eavesdrop on anyconversation
of local people--be .it formal or

informal--and hear for himself the overwhelming number ofborrowed terms in actual
Use. The authors have operates on the principle that the sounds floatingin,Aldanoti air..
make up the total part and parcel of Aklanon sp ech,andshould be represented here.
For those who will be startled to see borrowed fOreign or vulgar word's we ask their.
b

forbearance and understanding in this matter.

- 1 -

PROF. VICENTE SALAS REYES
.

PCV R. DAVID PAUL ZORC
MR. NICOLAS L. PRADO

t

PLEASE ROTE that the letters "m", "k" and "p". haVe 'nen greatly reduced in size
by eliminatuidthe Ma-, Ica-, pa-, and pang- prefixes and listing the words under
each root word. Hence, "matam-11" is foqnd under "Ulm-is", "panindahan" und5h
"tihda(h)".
This will involve some creative thinking on the part of the user, for he

will have to discover a root word before he can look up any entrysin this dictionary.

L ALPHABETICAL ORDER

For the sake of convenience and to eliminate the doubling of entries,the following

alphabetical order was selected, including: the vernaculatization of foreign.sounds and
the union of the vowel sounds "i - e" and '!o - u". Letters on a hdrizontal line are
alphabetically equivalent.

1.
a
a
.

2.
b

3.
k
c,
'qu,
cu

4."
d
j /dy/

5.
e
(Aklanon fricative consonant]

6.
g

7.
li
j /h/

8.- i
9.
1

10.
in
r'

11.
n
H /ny/

12.
ng

t
13.
o - u

14.
15.
16,
s
z,
c

17.
t
ch /ts/
,

18.
w

.
c19.
y

AN-

In cakes where traditional Aklanon would spell several words identically because of-

omitted accents (stress) or glottal stops, we give first precedence to stress difference
[penultimatestresd precedes final stress) and then to open vowels Rh)) before glottal-
ized vowels [1, as in:

biga(h)
(n)
glowing embqrs

baga'
(n)
Itmg(s)

1120'
(adj)
swollen

lalbo(h)
(n)
pipe, tube
.

tdbo'
(RV7) to sprout, grow; increase

,tub6
(n)
sugar cane

, bobo
(n)
dolt, simpleton, fool

bo-bo'
(RV2)
to pour out

la
a

p

- 2-

a

.

e

v

H.
THE SPELLING OF. THE ENTRIES

.
,

Many readers may well be 'surprised' at the spelling ofsome of thfilent;ies.tn/thjs

dictionary. Since Aklanon is a language where the traditional spelling of wordS)/ery,
very elotiely matches the pronullciation.of the words, the authors have chosen to re-
present even foreign words with ,a native spelling, There isa long-standing tradition
of such a procedure in
written 'language. Even modern English tends-to simplify

its spellineby changinpight" to "nite", '"although" to "althoil and "catalogue"to'
O'catalor. 'Aklanon itself nas freely adopted theEnglish "evacuate" into the more
native and commonly accepted "bakwit ", "vulcanize" into "pabulkit"; the Spanish
"chinelas" to "skies", "horas" to "Bras": and "jabon" to "sabon". 'Since theInsti-
tute of the National Language encourages and practices such in the development of
Filipino,- Aklanons have trprecedent for their own dialect. Hence, although some .
spellings may seem ridiculous or humorous at the present time, theycan eventually
be expected to be popular, vernacularized words, such as

"ice cream"
. /ayskrim/

"jeep"
/dyip/

"hollow block"
haloblak/

.-'nurse"
/nars/

"featherduster"
/pederdas/

o
"floorwax"
/plorwaks/

The authors have also taken a step forward in spelling all the truly Aklanon 'or

Filipino names of towns and places in the correct vernacular spelling, retaining only
the Spanish and American names in the spelling of the original language.It is urged
that the municipal councils of each town adopt such spellings to insure uniformityand
conventionality throughout the province, as in

OLD VERSION
CORRECTED SPELLING

Libacao
Libakaw
'

Cidivo
Kalibo
.

Daguitan
Dagitan

Malinao
Malthaw.

Laguinbanna
Eaginghanwa.

H'owever, "fines of towns and places that are,not native Aklanonwords should retain .
the spelling of the original foreign language; such as in "New Washington", "Numancia",
"ibajay" or "Roxas City".

Traditional Aklanon spelling does not account for three symbols which linguists would

expept in a phonological transcription. We account for them by using the following symj
Dols along with the traditional Aklanon

- Final pronounced, but traditionally Anspelled./h/ is written inas (h), as in:

srmba(h),
tinda(h),
daed.(h)
to show that the /h/ sound will appear when the root is

in:
affixed, as in: simbahan, t dahan, daehon:

- The glottal 'stop, transcribed as )?/ by linguists, has traditionally been spelled

with the hyphen "-" by Altlanons when in the middle of a word,as in: 8i31-0, gae-om,
an-om, bo-bo, us-us, ba-ba,.!
However, it had been unspelled at the end of a word,

except-for a few who used the grave accent IV to signal itspresence. The autho'rs

/

CR

have chosen/to shov the presence ofa fincil glottal stop with the
strophe, ', earth: '

baho',
ba6', tuba'.
In this way, It acts as a clue for the fo eign learner tct_the

cOrrect pronunciation; yet. if does not disturb an Aklanon's reading of the text. Some
linguists had chosen the sym bdI g for the glottal stop, but this has proVen very con-
fusing'tonon-linguists: both native speakers and foreign learners alike.

- Alilanon spelling riftely, if ever, accounts for stress. Since, stress is most im-

portant in distinguishing the meaning of words, the authors have endeavored to indicate,
stress as often as possible with the acute accent
Certain stress pairswill show

the importance of suchiaSymliol in, the -accurate transcription of Aklanon, esdecially
for foreign learners:

tab°
(n)

(n)

pito
(RV)

pith
(n)

hapon
(a)-

hap6n
(n)

tabot
(RV)

tab6'
(n)

pipe, tube
sugar cane
to viliistre
seven, 7
afternoon
.hpan[ese]
to fetch, meet
clipper, ladle

Iljo
INTRODUCTION -- HOW TO UNDERSTAND AND USE THIS DICTIONARY

This dictionary is a list of the basic root words or word bases of the Aklanon dia-

lect (considered a language by linguists). If one only wishes to get the general mean-
ing of words it should be relatively simple to use. However, if the reader wishes to
reap the full fruit of all the inforniation contained herein, such as how particular rootb
are used, or how they can grow into other parts of speech, Ave urge him to master the
grammatical explanations which will follow this section.

The authors have endeavored to present the following information in this .dictionary:

1.
The ROOT WORD given first in broad or expapded type, followed.

thereafter by the root word's most important and,comnionly used DERI-
VATIONS.
For example:

t awo (h)
-- kat awohan, kinatawohan, hatawo, etc.

-I n o m
ilimnon, imna, ginainom; etc.

-t inda(h)
tindahan, panindahan, pangpanindahan, etc.

2.
The ETYMOLOGY OR ORIGIN OF THE-WORD, if it is not native

Kalibo Aklanon.
For example:

kabayo'
[Sp]

balcviit
[Eng]

aycis
[T.ag]

boesit
[Ch]

putli'
[Hil]

arigato [Jp]
aeokait [Lib]
takor
[Bkd]

eungaeog [lbj]
baeangag [Oak]

-4-

borrowed or derived from SPANISH
borrowed or derived from ENGLISH
borrowed or derived from TAGALpG
borrowed or derived from CHINESE
borrowed or derived from HILIGAYNON
bOrrowed or derived from JAPANESE
used in the vicinity of LIBAKAW
used bymountain or remote peoples
r

used in the vicinity of D3AJAY
coming from old or "deep" AlcianOn

,

cso
...,
panghingaean 'Nab) developed by the late Dr. Artemio

Nabor of Kallba, Aldan..
\
rugto
[kin)
used ini{inaray-a mixed -areas
.
.
.

--3.- The particUlar.. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORD ifilt is not part of the
J ..commonly accepted speech medium fat the general public, such as: *.

[FE]
a Filipino English translation,', not ,generally known

-
orused by native speakers of English.
\
_
A
-..__

t
[AE]
anAmeiican English tranlatiiin, norielerally
-
t
known or used ,y Filipino speakers. of English.,
.
[Ulm]
an idiom or Idiomatie,'expression cf the Aidanons.

[exprj
an expression or phiase more or \less current to
.
,.
4
<
Alclaiion.

I

.

.
.i

[slg]..
a slang or compoped term used.genek\ally by the
younger generation in their common parlance

..r.

I .
afnong one another.

Ve

O

,

....

[Imp]
a superstitious term or belief.

[W]
a scidntific term
",4,`,1
[cor]
a corruption of some other word, for example,
,. : ..g a Spanish sounding:word from an,English
to..
.
;,...,;\ '
.

4

[gen]
a generally used term; .part of standard itpred .

4%
i
speech.
3

[va]°
a vulgar or indecent term, recorded here far the.
.
benefit of foreigners, and also so
Aklanons, pay
.

4
know the idiomatic E,ngtish equivalents.

4, Some ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 'about a word or its meaning, croie-`'
references to the GRAMMAR, or to other parts of this DICTIONARY. For *"."'
example:

.
;

:tett: ]
a contraction of some other word or phrase:

bi;ona,
[Ctr: pahay-i runal
:
rang
[Ctr: ro akon nga]

j
an abbreviation of some longer form:

mga
(Abr: nlanga)

(Alt: ]
an alternate form for the-word is some other:
rtya
[Alt: rya]

matlaong
[Alt: maton]

halimonon
[Alt: hilamonon]
.

[Syn:
a synonym or word with roughly the sane meaning'
is some other word:
,

tuenn-an
(Syn: llbro)
.

uhong
[Syn: amamakoe]

kunel
[Syn:' manaj

[Opp: ]
the opposite of the word given it; some ether:

tonton
[Opp: batak]

putt' -
[Opp: itdni]

tugdk
.
[Opp:- hug6t]

intok
[Opp: eagko

1,10.
4

t

[Cf:
confer with or refer to some other word
or entry for additional information:

,nius7an
[Cf: mend()

Altavas
[Cf: Jimeno)

timog
[Cf: hangin]

morado
[Cf: saging)

I
refer to the GRAMMAR (Zorc, de la CrUz),
page [as listed].

)
refer to this DICTIONARY, page [as listed].

There are certain occasions in Aldan on when'a root word is never used in its base
form, but occurs with a prefix. In order td be consistent in listing roots, we list
the root word followed by the prefix which must accompany it, suchas:

'sunsun
'mar
"masunsun"

labtir,
'pang(
"panglabar"

.
hidait Ipag[
"paghidait"

mungayat ]ha(
"haraungayam

,5. THE'PART OF SPEECH OR USE of the word presented. This will be
discussed in more detail in the next unit. However, by way of illustration,
note that a simple abbreviation like "RV2" can reveal a Mt. "I3.V2" means
that the root word is a REGULAR VERB of the SECOND CLASS, that itcan

N be conjugated according to the actor focus formsInaga-,nag-, ma-, etc.

'N43 stress the actor or doer; but that when itis used to stress an object, it

wilktake the forms of the Instrun-Zent Focus verbconjugation. [gins -,

etc. ] .
Hence, any verb root listed as RV2 will emphasize

a dire
object according to the forms described: ibaligya', itus -on, taw-an,'

igbutang, ginaeubbng, etc.

6. THE ENGLISH MEANING of the Visayin word or phrase, basedon stan-
dard
colloquial mid-Western American English. Since ,part of the purpose

of this book is to present idiomatic American English to Aklanons for their'
usein school and\in general coMmuniquesor discussions, certain Aklanon
forms that might bregular when basedoi thegrammar Of the dialect will
be present
because
e English itself revealsa different structure or some

sort of idiom. For ex
le; normally the authors do not list the occurrance

of the causative )pe- for eery verb root, because almostany verb can take
thid causative form. Howev
in those cases where English itself would use'

a different form than the causate, the Aklanon causative construction is.
presented fn order to reseal the English variations. The Aldanofi verbkaon
(eat) has wregular causative form
akaon, but the English causative is

not "let eat" but rather feed". Since
e English evidences such a drastic

change away from the Aklanon "Rom, an try is made to reveal such a phe-
nomenon. The same can be said for the an
ion of.such forms as:

pahue
/ lend
(CV)
hueam /borrow
tam-is / sweet
patara-is
sweeten
(CV)

-\4

/ beard

asawa /-dpouse

pamarbas
ave
(DV)

pangasawa / c rt and 'Barry (DV)

0

r

'+

a

'here are certain occasions.wh e no English.word is known to the authors to

equivalently represent the Aklano term. This is generally the case when the scitai:
fic name of animals, '.plaits, an so on is only approximated or given as a typs,
_;
r._t

,
bolimiw
(n)
[fish - a typepf fish

guY6In
(n)
[ant
a type Dfant
A

apeod
(adj)
playing the flavor of an unripe bananar

tiew
(n)
soft7boned)

In some cases, however, the authors have beei1 able to identify the scientific names

of plants and trees, and so both the general English desdription and the accurate 'scien -1
Mc name are pres ted, such as
.
.

lba'
(n)
' [tree, fruit--very sour] Averrhoa bilimbi L.

tub6
(1)
sugar cane.
Saccharum officinarum

tfingead
(n)
[1
on grass- -used for seasoning] Andropog_on citratus DC

attention of the Filipino reatler that English has a par-

sent in Vihayan namely the occurrence of several

It is imperative to call to

ticular phenomenon *notzenerall
levels of vocabulary, such as scien fu, general and/or vulgar. In such instances,
Aklanon usually has only one term apP icalle which can be medical, polite, or vulgar as
the user Antacis or
situation sugge
.
By way of example, if an American goes to

a doctor, he would dave to speak using po e or scientific terms; "I have beerr'moving
my bowels more often lately."
The same p rson talking.to his friends might oome,but,

with the more Vulgar: "I'm always shitting. " The Aklanon word in either case would
be "pandihe .
The authors have therefore tri
to give as many possible English

\ meanings, but marking theni yellso that one can
derstand in Which environpaentithe

terms are to be used with English speakers:

ut6t
(n)
flatulence [stf]; bad air [gent; "fart" [vul)

.
bac:a
(n)
penis [stf]; niale-organ [genj; ' ock, prick" [vul)
4

IV.
,ROOT WORDS AND THEIR DERIVATIONS

Root words'or word bases are those words.which carry the principal meaning in

structures like:. tiwo(h)/person, pue6(h)/red;.k4h/eit and the like. Thep are the
basic units of meaning from which most other meaningful words grow--that's why they,
arecalled '!roots'', because other words grow from them-. In English, root words.
are not always very easy to locate. It is difficult, for example, to isolate the root in:
"food, feed, fed, feast",. yet, there is something baste to each. In Aklanon, on the OtheJ
hand; roots axe always prettyaasy to find. There are, first' of all, SIMPLE ROOTS,
such as bilin which tloes not Mange its form in pagbilin,
bilinan,

in: pagkatapus, tumaPus, katapusan.
Simple roote never change theireform; hey

Can ilways be found whole.
But there also are, secondly, REDUCED ROOTS, Which

are root words thit undergo -some sort of change from the simple root form. For ex-,
ample:
.
.

RbOT WORD
NEW FORM
REDUCED ROOT

alto.
adtunan
*adtun

.-buldd
kabukiran
sbujcir

room
ilipmorr

banwa;.
kasimanwa
smanwa

wnwt ,1,..):174.434.,2

0

ti

1

sue6d

tub6ild

hanue6d
)tamaeayran
katubwan-

*nuedd
.smayr
tubw
.

The first step towards understanding what chEingesare taking place ci pendb on
knowing the different types of affixationthe root word can undergo in Aklmon.
4. 4

AFFIXES are syllables attached to the root word. 'Theycan be attar hed tope
root in just about any place: beginning- PREFIXES, middle -
including

REDUPLICATIONS, or end - 'SUFFIXES. *Affixes make itpdssible for ,t root word
to get newer, niorde)q)anded or exparidable meanings. They give form, 'function and
even meaning (beyond the root wores-basic meaning). One current theory maintains
that Philippine languages have root words which,are not members of any particular
part of speech; rather, they are roots whichcan grow into or be used as.parts of.
speech within the 'sentence.
Alone; they have meaning, but not hinction. There is
a good deal of truth in this theory, thoughmore research need be undertaken to see
how well it would describe Aklanon and otherPhilippine languages.

Let us discuss the various affixesone by one:

[pfx)
(I) PREFIXES stand Wore theroot word. They are of two sorts--standirsi
firkins, which are always thevery first part of the word:

na---.
natapue

nag---
nagbasa(h)

pag---
pagkaon

ma - --
maadto

and postpositive prefixes, which oome immediatelybefore the root word, but (can)
follow the standard prefix:
n

ilca
nagakahueog

)pas
ginapaadto

]pang
nagpangasawa
-
.
-
[ifx]
(2) INFIXES are put into the root word, usually afterthe first.consowmt words
that seem, to begin with vowels actually havean unwritten glottal stop for-tbe first con-
sonant]:

-in --
binakae
gbitimok
=

'

(red)
(3) REDUPLICATIONS are the repetition of the firstpart of the root word.
Alclanon has two types of ed4plicatfon--repetition ofthefirst consonant and the first
,vowel of the root word
which is:then infixed into the root word, as-in:
-1/4

umadto
tumindog

huya,

,
bakae
bu6t

. -Id'

makahuhuyal
mabahalcae
kabubut-on
nepumnot

L

f

2
1

=,--":"..c;r:',

.

4

,
.
or. the infixation of some consonant (usually the fricative "e" or a nasal) and the
repetition of the first vowel of the root word
or N41/ ] which is then infixed

into the Toot word, as in:
.
':*;

silak
tigsilf1411t.

tandrn
tigtaeanom

"sake,
nagasaeaka'

fads'
mangingsda;

.
,.

uma(h)
mdnpaLuma(h)

bUlig
mamumulig
,

tahi'
mananahi'
.
.-...

jsfx)
(4) guPPIXES -are put aftertluf root word, its In:

simbat)
'
simbahan

tinda(h)
tindahan.

itdto
adtunan

lipay
malipayon

.
tiWo(h)
tawohon

snefit'
simati

bakAe
bakea

daea(h).
daehon

When we go about the businets of using root words in speech, wefind them growing

with regard to, both meaning, and function. A root word andall of its'subsequeilt possi-
bilities of affixation are what go into the making up of a word's total range, or, more
accurately, WORD RANGE. The word range of any given root isthe root word itself
and all of its derivations. - One of the most productive roots in Aidanonis that of
tawo(h) which indeed has a large word range:

FOR/4
PART OF 'SPEECH
MEANING

.

tawo(h)
ttnawo
katawohan
kinatawohap
isigkatawo
pagkatawo
tawo-tawo
Itinvohon

natawo
nagapakatawo
natawc;han
.

noun

. noun
moon
noun
noun
noun

adjective
verb (ST?,)
:-

verb (CV)

-(RCS)

5

person
personnel
,humanity; human race
-birthday

fellow man'
character; reputation
puppet'
inhabited; enchanted
_born
(bejin birth throes
(be] born in/at
-

e

/Sometimes when we ga from a simple root to various members, of its word range

there is a basic change in sound: a vowel may be droppil or changed,consonants may
be ewitched around or changed:- Such changes will be described anddi;cussed in a
later section (see Unit VII, "THE CASE OF THE MISSING LINKS").

For a native speaker, the problem of finding a root word is simplified in that he

can- derive it from the sense of the longet forniand his ownpersonal experience will,
the dialect. For a foreign learner, understanding the prOblenas of the sound changes
as discussed in Unit VIE will be crucial.

- 9

I

.13
7
1

'
IP
.0
.7.

S

V. AN OUTLINE OF AXLANON'S SIX BASIC GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS

1. THE TOPIC (OR FOCAL POINT) of Aklanon sentences is that element of the

sentence which the speaker fs talking about; emphasizing, or which he considers the
most important. Poi example, in the'following situation:. I
.

.
man
.

buying
bread
for a child
at a store
witjt some money

an Aklanon speaker can discuss or emphasize any one of those elementts [Although it
is unlikely that any single sentence would include all of the given: elements of that
situation]. Using, -then, the topic marker ro [which is only for common nouns] a
sentence could be begun:

Ro eaeald...
Ro nagabakae...
Ro tinapay...
`Ro
Ro baraka...
Ro kwarta...

(Theinan...)
(The one buying, .. )
(The bread...)
(The child...)
(The store...)
(The money...)

depending on what one would want to talk about in the sentence. Of course, . depending
on what one makes the topic of the sentence, the grammar will change, particularily
the verb form; however; we will discuss that lalerin Section 6 under VERB CENTERS
AND FOCUS.
For the present, we only need note that the Aklanon sentence usually has

,
a particular topic position and/or topic function.

-
There are, however, four possible terms for the Aklanon topics, depending on

whether the topic is:
.

1,1. A COMMON NOUN, which is then marked by ro / do.

[Tm]
Ro eaki nagbalde it tinapay.
The-man bought bread.

Ro unga, ginbakean it dulEd ni Lolo. / Grandpa bought candy

for the child.

Mataas ro kahoy. / The tree is tall.
Mande ro mot6r. / The motorbike is
sive.

1, 2. THE NAME OF A PERSON OR A PET, which is then marked by si [singular]

or sanday / say [plural]. ..
,

[Tm]
Nagbaide si Maria it dulsi. / Mary bought [some] candy.
Nag-u11,,.sanday Juan. / John (and his companions) went home.
Maaeam sanclayarlos ag Pedro. / Carl and Peter are smart.

1, 8. A PRONOUN, which then would be any TOPIC PRONOUN FORM: ak6, ikaw,

imiw, 'kami, kits, kam6, Banda.

.$
'

[T/pro]
Mande imaw uanda. /
is dear to them.

Ginbakean karn6 it regalo? / Was a gift bought for you?
Makanta anay ak6.
First' I will sing.

A

W

t

4

4,

;

1

I

a

1
/4

4

r

0.