Table Of Content

A Study of Personal and Cultural Values Culture, Mind, and Society The Book Series of the Society for Psychological Anthropology With its book series Culture, Mind, and Society and journal Ethos, the Society for Psychological Anthropology publishes innovative research in c ulture and psychology now emerging from the discipline of anthropology and related fields. As anthropologists seek to bridge gaps between ideation and emotion or agency and structure—and as psychologists, psychiatrists, and medical anthropologists search for ways to engage with cultural meaning and difference— this interdisciplinary terrain is more active than ever. This book series from the Society for Psychological Anthropology e stablishes a forum for the publication of books of the highest quality that illuminate the workings of the human mind, in all of its psychological and biological complexity, within the social, cultural, and political contexts that shape thought, emotion, and experience. Series Editor Douglas Hollan, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles Editorial Board Linda Garro, Department of Anthropology, UCLA Catherine Lutz, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Peggy Miller, Departments of Psychology and Speech Communication, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Robert Paul, Department of Anthropology, Emory University Bradd Shore, Department of Anthropology, Emory University Carol Worthman, Department of Anthropology, Emory University Titles in the Series: Adrie Kusserow, American Individualisms: Child Rearing and Social Class in Three Neighborhoods Naomi Quinn, editor, Finding Culture in Talk: A Collection of Methods Anna Mansson McGinty, Becoming Muslim: Western Women’s Conversions to Islam Roy D’Andrade, A Study of Personal and Cultural Values: American, Japanese, and Vietnamese A Study of Personal and Cultural Values American, Japanese, and Vietnamese Roy D’Andrade A STUDY OF PERSONAL AND CULTURAL VALUES Copyright © Roy D’Andrade, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60299-1 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37141-9 ISBN 978-0-230-61209-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230612099 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: April 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2011 This book is dedicated to Melford E. Spiro, my teacher and friend for many years. Contents List of Figures and Tables ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction—The Initial Puzzle 1 2 The Conceptual Framework 7 3 Questionnaire Construction 13 4 The Three Society Study 21 5 The Organization of Values 27 6 Similarities and Differences 51 7 The Americans 61 8 The Vietnamese 77 9 The Japanese 101 10 Institutionalized Values 121 Apendix 143 Bibliography 161 Index 169 List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Senses of the term value 1 5.1 Principal components analysis of 58 values clusters: combined American, Japanese and Vietnamese data 40 5.2 Recomputed smallest space analysis 70 cultural groups (recomputed from Schwartz [2002]) 42 5.3 Correspondence analysis of political issues: selected data from Ornstein et al. (1988) 46 6.1 Value cluster means for Americans, Japanese, and Vietnamese 52 7.1 Scatter plot for Americans and Japanese 328 value items 62 7.2 Comparison of Americans to Three Society average for 58 value clusters 65 7.3 Comparison of Americans to the “Typical American” for 58 value clusters 69 7.4 American Sample: gender, SES, and religion by individualism/collectivism and altruism/self-interest 74 7.5 Correspondence analysis of Rokeach values by religion 75 8.1 Comparison of Vietnamese to Three Society average on 58 c luster 81 8.2 Vietnamese sample: gender, religion, and generation by i ndividualism/collectivism and altrusim/self-interest 93 8.3 Vietnamese and American NEO facet means 96 9.1 Comparison with Japanese to Three Society average for 58 value clusters 103 10.1 Correspondence analysis of roles and selected value items: American data 128 10.2 Correspondence analysis of 18 evaluative scales and 6 concepts 134 10.3 Three loci of value 140 x List of Figures and Tables Tables 3.1 Kelinger format for Likert scales 15 3.2 Principal components analysis of 12 scales across 20 items 17 3.3 Principal components analysis (unrotated) of 24 rating scales across 10 items (54 UCSD students’ correlations computed across concepts and respondents) 19 5.1 Principal components analysis of 58 value clusters 34 6.1 Comparison between Schwartz value data and American, Japanese, and Vietnamese value data 58 7.1 Religious denominations: American sample 62 7.2 Top 10 of 328 value items: Americans, Japanese, and Vietnamese 63 7.3 Top 20 average correlations with average for market competition, capitalism, and economic growth 66 7.4 American mean ratings for the religion cluster 70 7.5 Religiosity: Virginia sample 72 8.1 Top twenty correlations with going along with group decisions 82 8.2 Top twenty correlations with finding meaning in life 83 8.3 Top twenty correlations with having a closeknit family 85 8.4 Correlations between NEO and values— Vietnamese data 99 9.1 Top 20 correlations with promoting the values of my culture 104 9.2 Top 20 correlations with thinking well of myself 105 10.1 Intercorrelations between five methods of measuring the values of science plus the NORC sample 124 10.2 Top 8 value items (ratings 0 to 4) for 6 occupational roles 132 10.3 Top 8 value items (ratings 0 to 4) for self and intimate roles 132 Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge the help and assistance of April Leininger, Yasusuke Minami, Hidetada Shimizu, Jason Danely, Marcy Ronnenberg, Makoto Swane, James Boster, Kim Romney, and Shalom Schwartz as well as a number of research assistants who made this project possible. The support of the National Science Foundation is also gratefully acknowledged.