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, A Student's Pocket Companion NEDSBOOKSTORE NoReturnw/olabe FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS FIFTH EDITION Richard Christman J. Halli day A STUDENT'S POCKET COMPANION Richard Christman J. U.S. CoastGuardAcademy to accompany FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS FEFTH EDITION David Haluday UniversityofPittsburgh Robert Resnick RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute Jearl Walker ClevelandState University John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore © & Copyright 1997byJohnWiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproductionortranslationofanypartofthiswork beyondthatpermittedby Sections 107 and 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Actwithoutthe permissionofthecopyrightowneris unlawfiil. Requestsforpermissionorfurther information shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment, & John Wiley Sons, Inc. ISBN0-471-09675-X Printed intheUnited StatesofAmerica 1098765432 Printed andboundby CourierWestford PREFACE A Student'sPocket Companion ioFundamentalsofPhysics, fifth edition, by Halliday, Resnick, and Walker lists the important ideas covered in eachsectionofthetext,witha fewsentencesabouteach, andgivesthe basicequations. Itservesthreepurposes. First,itcanbe takentoclass as a substitute for the text. You mightwant to checkoffthe topics covered A and makeshortnotestoremindyourselfofimportantpoints. wideleft margin and a notes section at the end of each chapter are provided for this purpose. Second, it can be used as a handy reference for ideas and equations while working problem assignments. Third, it can be used to review text material before an exam orwhen you need to recall an idea from a previous chapter. ReadingylStudent'sPocketCompanionisNOTasubstituteforread- ing the text. Some derivations and applications are outlined in^Pocket Student's Companion but they are necessarily shortened. The text con- tains muchmoredetailand muchfullerexplanations. Studythe textwell, preferablybeforeclass,thenuse>4Student'sPocketCompanion toremind yourselfofthe material you have studied. Ifit fails tojogyour memory, A restudytheappropriateportionofthetext. shortvocabularylistispro- vided at the beginning ofeach chapter. In order to understand the material of the chapter you should know the meanings of these words and phrases. Somedefinitionsaregivenin^Student'sPocketCompanion-, for other definitionsyoushould refer to the text. Full understandingofthe ideasoutlined in^Student'sPocketCom- panion willhelpyougreatlyinsolvingproblems. However, problemsolv- ing techniques are not explicitly covered. For help in solving problems refer to the Sample Problems ofthe text, the full sizeStudent's Compan- ion, and the Solutions Manual. Also read the Problem Solving Tactics sections ofthe text. Preface iii Acknowledgements ManygoodpeopleatJohnWiley&Sonshelpedput togethery4 Student'sPocket Companion. Among them, CliffMills, Joan Kalkut, Erica Liu, and Rita Kerrigan were instrumental in the concep- tion, design, and production. Catherine Donovan, in her usual efficient manner, carried out a myriad ofessential tasks. StuartJohnson, the current Physics Editor, has supported the latest edition. Monica Stipanov and Jennifer Bruer have each contributed in a great many ways. I am grateful to them all. I am also grateful to Karen Christman, who care- fully proofread the manuscript. Very special thanks goes to Mary Ellen Christman,whosesupportand encouragementseem to know nobound. J. Richard Christman U.S. Coast GuardAcademy NewLondon, CT 06320 iv Preface TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Measurement 1 Chapter! MotionAlongaStraightLine 5 Chapters Vectors 13 Chapter 4 MotioninT\vo and Three Dimensions 21 — Chapter5 Forceand Motion I 29 — Chapter6 Force and Motion II 37 Chapter 7 KineticEnergyand Work 43 Chapter 8 Potential Energyand ConservationofEnergy ... 49 Chapter 9 Systems ofParticles 59 Chapter 10 Collisions 67 Chapter 11 Rotation 73 Chapter 12 Rolling,Tbrque, andAngularMomentum 81 Chapter 13 Equilibrium and Elasticity 89 Chapter 14 Gravitation 95 Chapter 15 Fluids 103 Chapter 16 Oscillations Ill — Chapter 17 Waves I 119 — Chapter 18 Waves II 127 Chapter 19 Tbmperature, Heat, and the FirstLawofThermodynamics 135 Chapter 20 The KineticTheoryofGases 145 Chapter 21 Entropyand the Second Law ofThermodynamics 153 Chapter22 Electric Charge 161 Chapter 23 ElectricFields 165 Chapter 24 Gauss* Law 171 TableofContents Chapter 25 ElectricPotential 179 Chapter 26 Capacitance 187 Chapter 27 Currentand Resistance 193 Chapter 28 Circuits 201 Chapter 29 MagneticFields 207 Chapter 30 MagneticFields Due to Currents 215 Chapter 31 Inductionand Inductance 221 Chapter32 MagnetismofMatter; Maxwell's Equations 233 . . . Chapter33 ElectromagneticOscillations and Alternating Current 245 Chapter34 ElectromagneticWaves 255 Chapter 35 Images 265 Chapter 36 Interference 275 Chapter 37 Diffraction 283 Chapter 38 Relativity 291 Chapter 39 Photons and MatterWaves 301 Chapter 40 MoreAboutMatterWaves 311 Chapter41 All AboutAtoms 319 Chapter 42 ConductionofElectricityinSolids 329 Chapter 43 NuclearPhysics 337 Chapter 44 Energy from the Nucleus 343 Chapter 45 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang 349 vi TableofContents Chapter 1 MEASUREMENT Physics is an experimental science and relies strongly on accurate mea- surements ofphysical quantities. All measurementsarecomparisons, ei- therdirectorindirect,withstandards. Thismeansthatforeveryquantity you must not only have a qualitative understanding ofwhat the quantity represents but also an understanding of how it is measured. A length measurement is a familiar example. You should know that the length ofan object represents its extent in space and also that length might be measured by comparison with a meter stick, say, whose length is accu- rately known in terms ofthe SI standard for the meter. Make a point of understandingboth aspects ofeach newquantityas it is introduced. ImportantConcepts n n unit conversion factor n D standard meter n D base quantity second D (base unit, base standard) kilogram n D International SystemofUnits atomic mass unit 1-1 Measuring Things n A unitisawell-definedquantitywithwhichotherquantities are compared in a measurement. Examples: the unit of length is the meter, the unit oftime is thesecond, the unit ofmass is the kilogram. n Some units are defined in terms of others. For example, the unitforspeedisthemeterpersecond. Othersare base unitsandaredefinedintermsofstandards. Ideally,astan- dard should be accessible and invariable. n A systemofunits consistsofa unitforeach physical quantity, organizedsothatall can be derived fromasmall num- berofindependentbase units. Chapter1: Measurement 1 1-2 TheInternational System ofUnits n This system is called the SI system (previously, the metric system). n ThethreeInternationalSystembaseunitsusedinmechan- ics are: length: meter (abbreviation: m) time: second (abbreviation: s) mass: kilogram (abbreviation: kg) D SI prefixes are used to represent powers of ten. The fol- lowingare used the most: Prefix PowerofTbn Svmbol kilo: 10^ k M mega: 10^ centi: 10-2 c 10-3 m milli: micro: 10-6 f^ nano: 10-9 n 10-12 pico: P Memorizethem. Whenevaluatinganalgebraicexpression, substitute the value using the appropriate power of ten. That is, for example, if a length is given as 25/im, substitute 25 X 10-6m. Qj^g catch: the SI unit for mass is the kilogram. Thus, a mass of25kg is substituted directly, whilea massof25gis substituted as25 x 10"^kg. 1-3 Changing Units n There are usually several common units for each physical quantity. For example, length can be measured in meters, feet,yards, miles, lightyears, and otherunits. 2 Chapter1: Measurement