A Stepmatricial Generative Phonology of German

116 Pages·1970·6.656 MB·English

by  James E. Copeland

A STEPMATRICIAL GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY OF GERMAN
JANUA LINGUARUM
STUDIA MEMORIAE
NICOLAI VAN WIJK DEDICATA
edenda curai
C. H. VAN SCHOONEVELD
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
SERIES PRACTICA
91
1970
MOUTON
THE HAGUE • PARIS
A STEPMATRICIAL
GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY
OF GERMAN
by
JAMES E. COPELAND
RICE UNIVERSITY
1970
MOUTON
THE HAGUE • PARIS
© Copyright 1970 in The Netherlands.
Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 72-126051
Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Symbols . 7
List of Cover Symbols 9
0. Introduction and Theoretical Background 11
0.1. A Stepmatricial Partial Grammar 11
0.2. Additional Procedures and Terminology 14
0.21. The Discovery of Phonons 14
0.211. Identification of Features 14
0.212. Identification of Phonons 15
0.22. Determined and Determining Features 16
0.23. Distance and Relative Distance of Characters 17
0.231. Distance 17
0.232. Relative Distance 19
0.3. Plan and Scope of the Analysis 20
1. Phonons 22
1.1. Non-prosodic Phonons 22
1.11. Characters in K and K' 22
1.12. Evidence for Phonons 25
1.2. Prosodic Phonons 32
1.21. Stress Phonons 33
1.22. Intonation Phonons 37
1.221. Terminal Contours 37
1.222. Pitch Levels 38
1.223. Syntactical Stress 39
1.224. Intonations 39
1.30. Determined Features and Articulatory Framework . . . . .. 41
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.31. Labiality 42
1.32. Apicality 44
1.33. Laminality 44
1.34. Dorsality 45
1.35. Glottality 45
1.36. Spirantness 46
1.37. Lowness 46
1.38. Aspiration 47
1.4. List of Characters in K" 47
1.5. Isomorphism of Stepmatricial Systems 48
2. Characters 51
2.1. Universal Set of Characters for German 51
2.2. Distance and Relative Distance 51
3. The Structure of Stepmatrices 53
3.0. Distribution 53
3.1. Microsegments 53
3.11. The Structure of Onsets 55
3.111. Onsets of Length 2 57
3.112. Onsets of Length 3 59
3.12. The Structure of Codas 60
3.121. Codas of Length 2 61
3.122. Codas of Length 3 63
3.123. Codas of Length 4 67
3.124. Codas of Length 5 70
3.3. Horizontal Predictability 71
4. Morphon-To-Stepmatrix 91
4.0. Morphon Alphabet 91
4.1. Optional Rewrite Rules 92
4.2. Realizational Rules 93
Bibliography 106
Index 108
LIST OF SYMBOLS
(stepmatricial notation)
* I 1,1 I (character notation)
Ml / (morphon notation)
|X| (subcharacter notation)
m (determined feature notation)
(X) ± I X|
coterminous with | X |
X
immediately preceding | X |
i * i immediately following | X |
IKI /K/ is composed of components | X | and | Y |
X
Y
101 the null subcharacter
#
nothing
I XI not | X |; the absence of | X |
or (exclusive)
or (inclusive)
'is rewritten as', or 'is realized as', or 'is a constituent of'
# is distinguished from
in env in the environment
{ } (unordered set notation)
A n B the intersection of sets A and B
A uB the union of sets A and B
a e A a belongs to set A
I Ap| Apicality
I Lm | Laminality
IDs | Dorsality
I Gl| Glottality
| Lb | Labiality
LIST OF SYMBOLS
St 1 Stopness
=
Ns | Nasality
=
Sp| Spirantness
=
Lo | Lowness
=
As | Aspiration
=
Sy| Syllabicity
=
Ps 1 Primary Stress
=
Ss | Secondary Stress
=
Cs | Contrastive Stress
=
Hp| High Pitch
=
Mp| Mid Pitch
=
Lp| Low Pitch
=
Tr| Rising Terminal Contour
=
Tf | Falling Terminal Contour
=
Ts| Sustaining Terminal Contour
=
LIST OF COVER SYMBOLS
IXI = the realization of any nonprosodic morphon
IDI = I Ap | y | Ds |
I E I = I Ap | y | Lm |
|F| = | Lb | v | Ds |
= I Lb | y | Ap |
|G|
|H| = I St | y | Ns |
III = | Hp | y | Mp | y | Lp |
IJJ = | Lm | v | Ds |
I M I = (the realization of M/m[)
|N| = (the realization of M/n/)
G1
IQ I
Sp
I K I Lb | v | Lm |
|5| = I Cs | v | Ps | v | Ss |
I T| = I Tf | y | Tr | y | Ts |
|U| Lb | v | Ap | v | Ds |
I W I Gl, Sy, Lb, Ns, Ds, Sy, Sy, Sy, Sy, Sy
Ap Gl Ds GI Ds Gl Ns Ns Ns
Gl Gl Lo Gl Lb Ap Ds
Gl Gl Gl
Lb | v | Ap | v | Lm | v | Ds |
| X|
I Yl = | St | y | Sp |
|Z| = I St | v | Sp | v | Ns |
= [I Cs | v | Ps | v | Ss |] v [| As | v
I -F I
, y
r | :D
A = any nonprosodic morphon
B = M/m, n, rj/
C = M/p, t, k, b, d, g, f, s, g, x, v, z, 2, r, :, w, 1, j, m, n, r)/
D = M/k, g/
I = M/l, 2, 3/
LIST OF COVER SYMBOLS
M/P, b, f, m/
M/p, t, k, b, d, g, f, s, s, x, v, z, z, r, m, n, 1/
all P except M/r/
all P except M/r/ and M/l/
M/ .f v
M/i, e, u, o, y, 0, a/