A. Six years experience on plant identification services: a case study in Herbarium Bogoriense

2012·0.92 MB·English

by  Sumadijaya, Alex

A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY,
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
REINWARDTIA
A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY,
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Vol. 13(4): 317 —389, December 20, 2012
Chief Editor
Kartini Kramadibrata (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Editors
Dedy Darnaedi (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Tukirin Partomihardjo (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Teguh Triono (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Marlina Ardiyani (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University, Japan)
Jun Wen (Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA)
Managing editor
Himmah Rustiami (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Secretary
Endang Tri Utami
Lay out editor
Deden Sumirat Hidayat
Illustrators
Subari
Wahyudi Santoso
Anne Kusumawaty
Reviewers
Ed de Vogel (Netherlands), Henk van der Werff (USA), Irawati (Indonesia), Jan F. Veldkamp (Netherlands), Jens G. Rohwer
(Denmark), Lauren M. Gardiner (UK), Masahiro Kato (Japan), Marshall D. Sunberg (USA), Martin Callmander (USA),
Rugayah (Indonesia), Paul Forster (Australia), Peter Hovenkamp (Netherlands), Ulrich Meve (Germany).
Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to:
HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION,
RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY-LIPI,
CIBINONG 16911, INDONESIA
E-mail: [email protected]
REINWARDTIA
Vol 13, No 4, pp: 347 - 356
SIX YEARS EXPERIENCE ON PLANT IDENTIFICATION SERVICES: A CASE STUDY
IN HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE
Received December 23, 2011; accepted August 30, 2012
ALEX SUMADIJAYA
Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology LIPI. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
E-mail: alexsumadijaya@gmail. com
ABSTRACT
SUMADIJAYA, A. Six years experience on plant identification services: a case study in Herbarium Bogoriense. Rein-
wardtia 13(4): 347-356. — The Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), an integrated part of the Botanical Division, Research
Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, receives plant specimens to be identified on a daily basis. In a six
year period from 2005 to 2010, data were extracted from thousand of identification requests by hundreds of clients. Pat-
terns were observed based on variables such as time, plant groups, client expertises, and taxonomic level. Outputs from
these analysis are being expected to become one of the pillar to build a unifying scheme for botanical research at the
Herbarium Bogoriense by focusing on human resources development to deal with biodiversity issues about frequently
encountered taxa.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Herbarium Bogoriense, ID service, names, specimen.
ABSTRAK
SUMADIJAYA, A. Pengalaman enam tahun dalam pelayanan identifikasi tumbuhan: sebuah studi kasus di Herbarium
Bogoriense. Reinwardtia 13(4): 347-356. — Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), sebagai bagian dari Bidang Botani, Pusat
Penelitian Biologi - LIPI, menerima jasa identifikasi tumbuhan sebagai kegiatan rutin. Data selama enam tahun sejak
2005 sampai 2010, dikumpulkan dari ribuan hasil identifikasi yang diajukan oleh ratusan pengguna. Pencarian pola
pelayanan berdasarkan beberapa faktor antara lain waktu, kelompok tumbuhan, keahlian pengguna serta hirarki tak-
sonomi. Luaran dari analisis ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar untuk membangun sebuah skema yang menyatukan
skema penelitian botani di Herbarium Bogoriense dengan memfokuskan pada pengembangan sumber daya manusia
yang berkaitan dengan keanekaragaman taksa yang sering dijumpai sehari-hari.
Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman hayati, Herbarium Bogoriense, jasa identifikasi, nama, spesimen.
INTRODUCTION (Prasetyo, 2004); 311 clients and 2567 specimens in
2008 (Anonymous, 2009); 332 clients and 2650
Plant Identification Service specimens in 2009 (Anonymous, 2010).
Every year, the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) re- The basic function of the service is to provide
ceives hundred of requests for plant identification clients with the scientific name(s) of their plant
(ID) service. Supported by the best qualified techni- specimens. The ID service starts when a client re-
cians (parataxonomists) for identification, as well as quest for plant identification being received by BO
plant taxonomists for validation of the plant names, (delivered by client, courier or sent by mail). The
the institution maintains the status as the national specimen was then identified by parataxonomist to
scientific authority for plant biodiversity in Indone- determine the species name. The next step was val-
sia. It has numerous plant specimens as reference idation of the name by plant taxonomists or often
collections (dried, spirit, and carpology) and be- the curator(s) of the particular taxa. The result is a
come one of the oldest herbaria in the tropics, which written certificate, given to the client, with the sci-
is established in 1817 (Holmgren et al, 1990). entific name(s) of the specimen(s) under family,
The annual report of the Research Center for genus and species names. Most of the requests can
Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (the par- be resolved into the species level, or even the infra-
ent institution) inconsistently mentioned the cumu- species level, although some remain unresolved on-
lative number of specimen which has been deter- ly to genera or family level, or were unidentified.
mined and number of client during each calendar During 6 years, dynamic of the ID services were
year (January 1st to December 31st). Annually, the unrecorded with respect to the feature such as taxo-
number of client and specimen were varies, with the nomic level, time of certificate issue, and field of
following records: 1484 specimens in 2002 expertise of the client. These data change with
(Anonymous, 2003); 2272 specimens in 2003 time, but the pattern, if any, remains unknown. Re-
347
348 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13
suit of data mining and pattern seeking can be used MATERIAL AND METHOD
to focus limited human resources on particular pri-
ority taxa that were frequently accessed. Digital available data extracted from the year of
The clear objectives for the study was to digitize 2005 to 2010. The data were arranged annually,
the data, as well as establish a baseline for quantita- and each year comprised of hundred of request from
tive information of the ID services, and improve the clients.
result. Any defect, mainly dealing with standarisa- The procedure for the data analysis was divided
tion (e.g. for names), can be revised for BO's future into 2 phases. Phase one consisted of copying the
improvement of ID services. In addition, a more data from the certificates (.doc or .docx), then ar-
advanced utilization of the data could be used for ranging it into columns (scientific names, families,
the development of policy issues at local, national, client, and time factor) on a spreadsheet (.xls). The
or international levels. For example, the data can be next step was standardizing the format (e.g. look at
used to identify (potentially) valuable species for nomenclature issues in discussion) for easier sort-
national programs, or for supporting assessments in ing. Data were checked based on client name to
biodiversity. remove any duplicate entries.
Phase 2 involved searching for annual pattern(s)
BO's human resources and plants collection in the data. Data were sorted into alphabetical order
To identify the specimens, parataxonomists rely to extract for scientific names, clients, and time pe-
on the reference of BO's dried collection. BO has riod. In each year, data were filtered for the most
dried collections which comprises 306 families of frequently identified taxa, by ordering from the
Spermatophytes, and more than 30 families and highest rank into the lowest one. The final step was
groups in Pteridophytes. Most collections were col- comparing these data annually to spot any pattern(s)
lected from the Malesia phytogeography region, over the years.
with a smaller number of plant collections from oth-
er region, as a result of voucher deposits from other RESULT AND ANALYSIS
herbaria. Considering variable number of the fami-
lies in flowering plants as mentioned in Heywood The study covered 15,779 specimens from 4,158
(1993) and realizing differences in major plant clas- client requests six years (72 months) period. In to-
sification systems (Brummit, 1992), the taxon tal, there were 3,783 specimens being determined
names being used for identification is based on a (including synonyms), within 1,377 genera and 314
system which has been exclusively developed by families. Taxon determination with cf. status and
the Herbarium Bogoriense. Over time, the system infra-specific level were treated as being part of the
had been influenced by prominent botanists such as appointed species.
F. W. Junghuhn (1809-1864), C. A. Backer (1874 -
1963), and C. G .G. J. van Steenis (1901-1986).
Nomenclature Issues
Today, plant taxonomists expertise in BO are Standardization of names is very important,
distributed unequally, most focus on taxa with im- since many taxa have synonyms or alternative
portant ecological functions or economic uses. Sev- names. Different names treated to the same taxon
eral large families have more than one expert could be the result of whether different human re-
(number in parentheses) e.g. Orchidaceae (2), Are- sources (with varying taxonomic backgrounds and
caceae (2), Araceae (2), Zingiberaceae (2), Be- expertise during the validation process) or purely
goniaceae (2), and Poaceae (2). On the contrary, changes in classification. Several widely known
the large collection of Pteridophytes have only 3 families of Compositae, Cruciferae, Gramineae,
experts. The remaining taxonomists focus on Eu- Guttiferae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Palmae, and
phorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Umbelliferae were treated each under nomen alter-
Pandanaceae, Musaceae, Araceae, Lauraceae, Raf- nativum (McNeill et al., 2006), as Asteraceae,
flesiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Bryophytes, and Apiaceae, Poaceae, Clusiaceae, Lamiaceae, Faba-
Basidiomycetes. These staff come from various edu- ceae, Arecaceae and Brassicaceae consecutively.
cation levels, ranging from Bachelors to Doctoral These alternative names were found occasionally
degree, and Professorship. Name validation also contaminating the certificates, sometimes written as
conducted by accessing authorized websites e.g. LLLabiatae= Lamiaceae". These inconsistencies
(www.ipni.org, www.tropicos.org, and are the priority for future improvement. There were
www.theplantlist.org) regularly. also cases such as Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae,
and Mimosaceae which regarded as three different
2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 349
families. It was decided to unify these taxa under Biology (2009) showed different number, with low-
single family in accordance with specimen manage- er client number (332), which might be caused by
ment storage at BO. Typing errors also found, with unfiltered multiple clients, and higher specimen
different character(s) (e.g. Allophilus of Allophyl- number (2,576), which caused by the duplication of
lus) and character inconsistency (e.g. Axonophus specimen input.
compressus of Axonopus compressus).
Synonyms problem were haunting in the analy- Time component
sis, since a name easily becomes synonym under Twelve months period in each year were divided
particular taxa. Here, from 3,783 names given, each into 4 quarters, each with three months interval as
might not represent a unique taxa. Some of these seen in Figure 2. In the first quarter (January -
were discussed in Species section below. March), specimen number were relatively stable,
except for 2009, which increased to 562 in Febru-
Number of specimens and clients ary. The most productive time was during the last
Specimen and client number were slowly in- quarter (October - December) with ca. 400 speci-
creasing in six years, as shown by linear regression mens identified (600 in 2009), except for 2005 and
analysis in Figure 1. This analysis has goal to fore- 2006, when the number dropped dramatically to less
cast and anticipate the bulk of specimen in the fu- than 200 specimens in November and December
ture. It will become a strong justification to im- respectively.
prove the management system for ID services. Each year, the period of minimum specimen
The year of 2006 marked the lowest client num- (less than 100 specimens) was generally 1 month. In
ber, with 604 clients, a slight decrease from 621 the case of 2007, March to May had a low number
clients in 2005. Then, the client number increased in ID service because of the institution relocation
steadily to 645 in 2007, 676 in 2008, expanding to from Bogor to the new location at Cibinong Science
792 in 2009, and reached 819 in 2010. Center. On the following year, the low specimen
Contrary to client numbers, the year of 2006 number might be the result of no extra ordinary ac-
with 2,810 specimens served as the peak point after tivity in the beginning of the year, which was asso-
the increase from 2,032 in the previous year. In the ciated with budget allocation in most institutions.
following years of 2007 and 2008, specimen num- Caution should be noted in the time factor rec-
ber dropped to 2,609 and 2,537 in a row, before orded on the certificate. It was represent the month
reaching up to 2,843 in 2009, and 2,948 in 2010. of the ID service was approved by the institution,
These dynamic figures might correspond to dynam- not the time of specimen arrival at BO. Most cli-
ic number of people who have involved general bio- ents with single specimen received the result as the
diversity issues or focusing on species in their re- same month as the sample arrived. However, some
search project, such as forestry and mining. clients had hundred of specimens. It resulted in the
The annual report of the Research Center for work of ID services that would be extended up to 2
29*8-
I Total specimens
- Linear (Totals peeimens)
I Total clients
- Lineal (clients)
o
2005 2010
Fig 1. Number of clients and specimens varies annually, trends show steady increase with linear regression.
350 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13
2500
• 2010
• 2009
D2008
• 2007
• 2006
• 2005
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Fig. 2. Client requests within the 6 year period studied. Note the light period (March-April), in contrast to significant
increase in the last quarter (October - December).
- 3 months before the certificate issued. Interesting sporadic requests were made by
BPOM (Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, the
Client expertises National Agency of Drug and Food Control). The
Unfortunately the expertises of the client were institution requested identification of many speci-
not properly recorded, as the data were inconsistent- mens at once, with each specimen was given a
ly noted. On average, 67.37 % of the total client single certificate apart from another, which resulted
(ranging from 59.0% in 2008 to 76.7% in 2009) did in large number of certificates.
not mention their expertise explicitly. Field of ex-
pertises were extracted from the remaining 32.63% Data Dilemma
client who mentioned their domain explicitly. Based on various client backgrounds, the sam-
Some clients did mention their expertise generally ples given for ID services were in variable state.
as Natural Sciences. Natural sciences is a broad Some were severely damaged by fungi, due to im-
domain which can be categorised into pharmacy, proper method of preservation, or lacked of vital
biology, chemistry, mathematics, geography, and parts like flower and inflorescence, which is diffi-
physics. The first three is often to use ID services, cult to be identified. This resulted in unidentified
rather than the last three. This case makes natural specimens, or identified only to family or genera
sciences as a domain lacks of details and produces level.
bias information. Therefore it was not included in To date, the information still leaves several unre-
the analysis. solved questions. One was the lack of information
The dominant clients were pharmacy, followed about which plant parts were used for identification
by biology and chemistry which almost equal in (the plant parts could be twigs, leaves, stems, tu-
number. Medical field increased slowly after ap- bers, flowers, fruits, or the whole plant). Answering
peared in 2005, whereas forestry was up and down this question could help anticipate future obstacles
sporadically from year to year. Other minor fields to successful identification. Second, the exact loca-
were oceanography, anthropology, and geology. tions (island, mountain, beach, forest, or other geo-
Focusing on the institutions, most of the users graphical details), and habitat or sites (plantation,
came from various educational institutions such as roadside, garden, mine, conversion area, or other
Universities (public and private) and Academies of landscape information) of specimens was not rec-
pharmacy, whether as undergraduate or graduate orded, resulting in difficulties to determine the
students, from either Indonesia or overseas. Others origin of specimens.
were from public sector, mainly various Research
Centers in Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Geotech- Future potential
nology, all are parts of Indonesian Institute of Sci- The ID services potentially inform the existence
ences, Veterinary Services, Government Depart- of new species. It can serve as the hunting ground
ments (Forestry, Agriculture), Botanical Gardens, for new species candidate if we focus on unidenti-
National Parks, as well as private companies (Food, fied specimens at families or, and genera level, with
Pharmaceutical, Foundry, Plantation and Agribusi- appropriate generative structure and field notes.
ness, and Forest Concessions). Minority came from New record regarding expansion of distribution
International Groups, International Companies, Non area of certain taxa can be resulted from this activi-
-Governmental Organizations, and Hospitals. ty. In order to do so, a specific task force should be
2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 351
assembled. For temporary, the comparison can be 1.1%) and Fungi (136 specimens, 0.9%) only occur
treated only for the island of Java, which has de- sporadically. The former was absent in 2006 and
tailed inventory of Spermatophytes in Flora of Java. 2007, whereas the latter was absent in 2007 and
The three volume books of Flora of Java serve as 2010. Sargassum granuliforum C. Agardh.
basic list to monitor the plants in this island. (Sargassaceae) represented Thalophytes, had only
single occurrence within the 6 years period, which
Plant group was in 2009. For oceanic species, it was assumed
The division of plants were based on practical that most of the specimen being given to the Re-
reason. Among these groups are: Spermatophytes search Center for Oceanography which focus on
(Seeded plant), Pteridophytes (Fern), Bryophytes marine species.
(Mosses), Lichens and Fungi. Most specimens
were Spermatophytes with 14,540 specimens Families
(92.1%). The Spermatophytes itself divided into The top 10 families based on identified specimen
subgroups of Angiosperm which had significant were marked by Euphorbiaceae as the most speci-
portion with 14,495 specimens (91.8%) and Gym- men (943), followed by Fabaceae (797), Moraceae
nosperms with 45 specimens (0.3%). Angiosperms (combined with Cecropiaceae, 736), Rubiaceae
consist of Dicotyledoneae with 12,162 specimens (593), Zingiberaceae (combined with Costaceae,
(77%) and Monocotyledoneae with 2,333 speci- 588), Myrtaceae (521), Poaceae (502), Asteraceae
mens (14.8%), as seen in Figure 3. Annual dynamic (491), Dipterocarpaceae (359), and Lauraceae
of plant groups were visualised in Figure 4. (358) as seen in Figure 5.
The Dicotyledoneae within Spermatophytes not- To visualize some taxa dynamics, criteria were
ed as the largest proportion of identified plant subjectively defined (more than 50 specimens annu-
group. The result was matched with the prediction, ally from 6 consecutive years). As consequences,
since the majority of flowering plants are within only several of the top ten families being represent-
these groups, which have most frequent interaction ed here. Families with 50 specimens, but without
with people's daily life. consecutive presence within these years or vice ver-
Pteridophytes (612 specimens, 3.9%) ranging sa, were rejected from Figure 6.
from 55 specimens in 2007 to 149 specimens in As the largest family identified with 943 speci-
2009. From 2008, there were more than 100 speci- mens, Euphorbiaceae consisted of various species
mens annually. The group only had a small propor- within 58 genera. Macaranga was the largest genus
tion of the total specimens, but has stable presence with 100 specimens (10.6%), followed by Glochidi-
in each passing year. on with 86 specimens (9.12%), Mallotus with 67
Gymnosperms comprised fewer than 10 speci- specimens (7.1%), Phyllanthus with 60 specimens
mens annually, except for 2008 when there were 16 (6.36%), Antidesma with 57 specimens (6.04%),
specimens. Acalypha with 55 specimens (5.83%), Baccaurea
The rest of the groups had percentages around with 53 specimens (5.62%), and Aporusa with 49
1% of the total specimens. Lichens were a tiny specimens (5.19%). The rest of the genera each
fraction (101 specimens, 0.6 %), ranging from 1 in contributed less than 5 %.
2005 up to 67 in 2006, with less than 15 specimens Fabaceae had 797 specimens, and had the larg-
for the next 4 years. Bryophytes (185 specimens, est number of genera (78) compared to all identified
I Un ID
I Thallophytes
I lichen
I Fungi
I Bryophytes
I Pteridophytes
Angiosp. Monocot
I Angiosp. Dicot
I Gymnosperm
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fig. 3. Percentage of total plant group identified. Percentages only correspond with Dicotyledoneae and
Monocotyledoneae as the largest components. Fern, Lichens, Thallophytes, Fungi and Gymnosperms have very
small proportion shown here.
352 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13
3000
• Thallophytes
• Lichens
2000
• Fungi
• Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes
• Monocot
1000
• Dicot
• Gymnospermae
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Fig. 4. Dynamics of plant groups identified. Thallophytes have very small proportion that is not shown here.
Fabaceae
Moraceae 1
Rubiaceae t
Zinqiberaceae [
Myrtaceae 1
Asteraceae 1
Dipterocarpaceae
Lauraceae
Meliaceae
Clusiaceae
200 400 600 800 1000
Fig. 5. Ten dominant families from 2005 to 2010.
200
• Dipterocarpaceae
• Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
100
• Moraceae
•Zingiberaceae
Rubiaceae
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Fig. 6. Identification at family level. Only 6 families top dominant are shown. Dipterocarpaceae has a significant
increase at the end of the period. Specimen only showed at Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae & Fabaceae.
2012] SUMADIJAYA: Six years experiences on plant identification services in Herbarium Bogoriense 353
family. The largest genus was Cassia with 56 spec- Similarly to Fabaceae, 49 genera were distributed
imens (7.02%), comprised of 13 species (some were almost equally and resulted on no dominant genus
ornamental plants such as C. fistula L., C. hirsuta with more than 10% proportion of each genera
L., C. multijuga Rich., and C. siamea Lam.). There within family. The largest contributions were
was no dominant genus with more than 10% pro- Gynura (48 specimens, 9.77%), Eupatorium com-
portion. It happened due to almost equal distribu- bined with Chromolaena (35 specimens, 7.12%),
tion of the genera. Some were pulses such as Ara- Blumea (41 specimens, 8.35%), and Pluchea with
chis hypogaea L., Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, Glycine single species of P, indica (L.) Lees. (30 specimens,
max (L.) Merr., Parkia speciosa Hassk., P. timori- 6.1%). The other genera were less than 5% and
ana (DC.) Merr., Phaseolus radiatus L., P. lunatus included of Ageratum, Bidens, Clibadium, Cosmos,
L., P. vulgaris L., Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Elephantopus, Erigeron, Lactuca, Mikania,
Prain ex King, Tamarindus indica L., and Vigna Sonchus, Synedrella, Tagetes, Tridax, and Wedelia.
unguiculata (L.) Walp. Fabaceae also contains for- The rest of the families with more than 100 spec-
ages such as Calopogonium mucunoides Desv., imens annually were economic importance such as
Desmodium spp., and Leucaena leucocephala Rubiaceae (593; medicine, ornamental, and weeds),
(Lam.) De Wit, as well as wayside trees (Dalbergia, Myrtaceae (521; fruit and spices), Lauraceae (358
Pterocarpus indicus Willd.), and even weeds specimens, fruit and spices), Dipterocarpaceae (359
(Mimosapudica L.). specimens, timber trees), Meliaceae (316 speci-
Moraceae, with 737 specimens, was dominated mens, fruit, medicine, and timber) and Clusiaceae
by the giant genus of Ficus (516 specimens, (291 specimens, fruit and medicine).
70.1%), which was discussed further in the genera Largest unidentified specimens belonged to the
section. Meanwhile Artocarpus, known as either a families of Rubiaceae (23), Dipterocarpaceae (17),
vegetable or fruit in daily life, with A. altilis (Park.) Fabaceae (15), Arecaceae (11), and Apocynaceae
Fosberg, A. heterophyllus Lam. and A. Integra (10). Meanwhile, 196 specimens remained uniden-
Merr., consisted of only 143 specimens (19.4%). tified to the family level because specimens were
These 2 genera were making for almost 90% of the incomplete, broken, fragmented, or experienced
specimens of the family. The remaining c. 10% was colour change.
occupied by Morus (34 specimens, 4.6%), with con- Number of ornamental plants such as Araceae
tribution of some minor genera such as Antiaris, (Homalomena, Aglaonema) were less than ex-
Broussonetia, Cecropia, Cudrania, Fatoua, pected. This might be caused by easier access to
Parartocarpus, Poikilospermum, Sloetia, Streblus, popular information from TRUBUS, an agricultural
and Taxotrophis. and hobbyist magazine, which provides infor-
Zingiberaceae, with 588 specimens (Costus, mations for ornamental, medicinal, and other eco-
with 29 specimens also included here). Two genera nomic prospective plants.
of Curcuma and Zingiber occupied more than half An interesting fact was observed in the banana
(59.9%) of the family. Further discussion is in the family. Musaceae had 53 specimens, but only 10
section on genera trends. specimens were identified by using scientific names
Poaceae had 502 specimens. Bamboos as a dis- (M acuminata Colla, M. balbisiana Colla, or M.
tinct group consisted of 58 specimens (11.55%). paradisiaca L.). The rest were identified as either
Oryza sativa L., a staple food in Indonesia, had 32 Musa "ABB" (followed by local names, mainly
specimens, with 4 specimens identified to the infra- kepok, with other variants such as nangka, uli, lam-
specific level i.e. O. sativa f. glutinosa Blanco pung, raja sereh, tanduk), or Musa
(recognized as sticky rice). Zea mays L. had 13 "AAA" (followed by local names, mainly ambon,
specimens. The sugar cane, Saccharum, occured and with other variants such as mas, barangan, am-
with 3 species (S. edule Hassk, S. officinarum L., bon lumut, and giant cavendish). It was illustrating
and S. spontaneum L.) of 7 specimens. Axonopus the use of two systems which were 1.) a botanical
compressus (Sw.) Beauv., an exotic species from binomial nomenclature of species name for wild
South America now commonly used as lawn grass, type, and 2.) a standardized genotype based with
had 23 specimens. It has polymorphic appearance, local names on recognized cultivated variants.
contributed to different vernacular names such as Most of the specimens that have been identified
jukut pait, suket pait, papaitan, or rumput gajah were banana cultivars and some of them were not
mini. The essential oil producer Cymbopogon was using the current system. Classification and nomen-
recorded with 2 species of 26 specimens. The dom- clature of banana cultivars have been a long com-
inant weeds genera encountered were Imperata, plicated issue. Today, the three tiers system using
Panicum, Paspalum, and Pennisetum. species, genome group, and cultivar are being
Weedy Asteraceae consisted of 491 specimens. adopted. The edible diploid and triploid which were
354 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13
derivatived from Musa acuminata Colla and Musa secutive years (Figure 8).
balbisiana Colla uses the scientific name of their Ficus had the highest number with 514 speci-
respective wild parents. Whereas the hybrids will mens. Two dominant taxa, each with significant
be classified under Musa x paradisiaca L. as recog- portions of the total were F. sinuata Thunb. (31
nized by International Code of Nomenclature for specimens) and F. fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume (27
Cultivated Plants. specimens). Fifty two specimens (10.11%) re-
mained unidentified and was the highest unidenti-
Genera fied genus in ID services. It might be caused by
Ten largest genera were identified as Ficus (514 polymorphic species appearance and sterile speci-
specimens), Syzygium (341 specimens), Shorea mens which made difficulties in ID service.
(264 specimens), Piper (261 specimens), Curcuma Next genus was Syzygium with 20 specimens in
(199 specimens), Garcinia (172 specimens), Zingi- 2005, increasing to more than 50 specimens in the
ber (148 specimens), Artocarpus (143 specimens), following year. It showed steady progress through
Litsea (130 specimens), and Aglaia (110 specimens) the rest of the period and included a variety of spe-
as shown in Figure 7. cies. Syzygium had variable species with 341 speci-
With similar rules as for the families, criteria mens (65.45%) from the rest of Myrtaceae. Psidi-
were subjectively being customised to identify gen- um, an exotic plant in Indonesia with only a single
era dynamic. The criteria was the number which species (Psidium guajava L.) followed it with 57
must exceed 15 specimens annually within 6 con- specimens (10.94%).
Ficus 1514
Syzygium 1341
Shorea ]264
Piper 1261
Curcuma 199
Garcinia ^172
Zingiber ]148
Artocarpus 143
Litsea 130
Aglaia 3110
200 400 600
specimen number
Fig. 7. Ten dominant genera from 2005 to 2010.
150
138
100
• Curcuma
1 Ficus
Piper
• Shorea
Syzygium
2005 2OO6 2007 2008 2009 201 O
Fig. 8. Identifications at Genera level. The graphic is shown the largest 5 families dominant with specimen number,
except for Curcuma.