A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES This page intentionally left blank A SHOR T HIS TOR Y OF T HE M IDDL E AGES BARBARA H. ROSENWEIN FIFTH EDITION Toronto Buffalo London Copyright © University of Toronto Press 2018 utorontopress.com All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system, without prior written consent of the publisher—or in the case of photocopying, a licence from Access Copyright (the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) 320–56 Wellesley Street West, Toronto, Ontario, m5s 2s3—is an infringement of the copyright law. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Rosenwein, Barbara H., author A short history of the Middle Ages / Barbara H. Rosenwein. — Fifth edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. isbn 978-1-4426-3623-1 (hardcover).—isbn 978-1-4426-3622-4 (softcover).— isbn 978-1-4426-3625-5 (html).—isbn 978-1-4426-3624-8 (pdf) 1. Middle Ages. 2. Europe—History—476-1492. I. Title. d117.r67 2018 940.1 c2018-900013-9 c2018-900014-7 We welcome comments and suggestions regarding any aspect of our publications—please feel free to contact us at [email protected] or visit our Internet site at www.utorontopress.com. North America UK, Ireland, and continental Europe 5201 Dufferin Street NBN International North York, Ontario, Canada, m3h 5t8 Estover Road, Plymouth, pl6 7py, uk 2250 Military Road orders phone: 44 (0) 1752 202301 Tonawanda, New York, USA, 14150 orders fax: 44 (0) 1752 202333 orders e-mail: [email protected] orders phone: 1–800–565–9523 orders fax: 1–800–221–9985 orders e-mail: [email protected] Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders; in the event of an error or omission, please notify the publisher. The University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its publishing activities of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund. Printed in Canada. Funded by the Financé par le Government gouvernement of Canada du Canada For Sophie and Natalie 60° 30° 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° Reykjavik ICEL A N D A t D l a N N O c n t A Y E A e i W D a c R E L n O W N 50° GlascowSCOTLAND NOslo S F I 4M300O°°RSOtRraLiatCib osafb tGConibrOSaePltvaOrilRAleTtUlGGaGiTuAsbaa LrgdMaualMsltqoauarui dv(neGSrritdBaPD)iunAesroINAlIgRPiBeEyDarLlrseAueanrNbicelDG BieInassEerloanBlnnfngeaodWLBlssAirotsAadhNiLrr eeDECcaSFeOhuLlRaoxonRREnnnAaNeLdPlioGAvaSnreeLRMiihnrôesAnNETGpeMaodNuenionnBacnDClrheiKrbSssveuUaeuIasrsEirdtNlsNANBCgeilBeneErheoGEmliITSasrLrsTMWHGnDiesueMscPtEIaTIEeUTiROalrDZMylLaRLAdSheIRUiEMNAnrnSreaReXNrlmomLahEpDmTAMosSeGeoSNNBneCiMDPOcLAiaiTiberaAorlIoUaEppyEuplRnClenLoneGHt WRnigDFjsLSicTuenAnsrheeaEhbrasNenNnlMu YjMSCikbTDaeAofEnAuRIApAEENadrIlHerNbUNtienaOatNShCiMmcVTa SZHgCibeRAEeYaeERuRnnBORICrZZnOAMAgEPHaKTSaGOHNrgIA.OANaI rLAgRVSSUTeB PauIbaE&AiNEvnNrBePNdaBNuAaKPsMErIjOOG.SASaeGAdOSRetvLCESrOaiGOoAEsBOtRVlDoaOLulSRVOcBRvBBdkkANaaVYItaeoAlhiIAksKKplAEtpuogAaRileanrIjrlBsNeaA mEGeaPtckOdgUSedóneeCS eaDiWwanLoMansnKufiESsCaGlkraaaaLAesrlAapiILanwaTtvNRhiLiniHavnsgBIBIAUrEAuaAUHAdScTEhTNeMRalVLsrOOIDBiVieIoAnsgLKnsspINDiitoAkatelrasDOntiuAenKsIraVibuuRAMAiSgRsusaheivlvnUainOaskesBdtvASKoepsAilseoanvalIkDaScnrtia.ekN pPere teDSMrEsnobeisupcrroagowpeDtRroovnsektskDConaVGoElTguOabARicRlGiMsIiaEANVGIsoYAolegrurkoeigVvolsragaaUndAsBCtraaakskpuShiaaanmn SaraKaKma AL MALTA Athens Izmir T U R K E Y N.A.R.A. ea G ERIA TUNISIA TripolMi editerraneCreate n SeCayNpriucsosiaBeirut SDYamAalRescpupIsoAEuphrates Tigris Baghdad TehIranR ISRAEL Alexandria Jerusalem Amman I R A Q L I B Y A Cairo JORDAN 20° Kuwait The Medieval World Today Nile KUWAITPersian COatphietra lc ictiiteises E G Y P T Re Medina BAHRAIN QAGTAuRlf d Riyadh Abu Se S A U D I A R A B I A U a 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° Mecca The union of the Roman empire was dissolved; its 70° 80° 90° 100° 110° genius was humbled in the dust; and armies of un- known barbarians, issuing from the frozen regions of the North, had established their victorious reign over the fairest provinces of Europe and Africa. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the 6 0° Roman Empire Yenisey It may very well happen that what seems for one group a period of decline may seem to another the Ob’ Ob’ birth of a new advance. A Edward Hallett Carr, What Is History? I S S 5 0° Tobol O L I A G N Irtysh M O N A T S H K A A Z Almaty 40° U Z BAEnudKar’ yIaS TA NSyrdar’ ya TashkentK Y RBiGshkYekZ S T A CN H YarIkant N A TURKMEANshIkhSabTadAN SamTarHAqDaJinuIdsnKhaIdnSbueT AKNu s h Kabul Islamabad 30° A N Lahore Amritsar Delhi NEPAL P A K I S T AInNdus I A D N I Karachi fu DhabDiubai A r a b i a n S e a 20° UNITED ARAB Muscat EMIRATES O M A N 60° 70° 80° This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Maps • x List of Plates • xi List of Genealogies • xiv List of Figures • xiv Abbreviations, Date Conventions, Website • xv Acknowledgments • xvii chapter one Prelude: The Roman World Transformed (c.300–c.600) • 1 Part I: Three Cultures from One chapter two The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (c.600–c.750) • 41 material culture: forging medieval swords • 74 chapter three Creating New Identities (c.750–c.900) • 81 chapter four Political Communities Reordered (c.900–c.1050) • 113 material culture: the making of an illuminated manuscript • 152 Part II: Diverging Paths chapter five New Configurations (c.1050–c.1150) • 161 chapter six Institutionalizing Aspirations (c.1150–c.1250) • 207 chapter seven Tensions and Reconciliations (c.1250–c.1350) • 251 material culture: the development of islamic ceramics • 294 chapter eight Catastrophe and Creativity (c.1350–c.1500) • 301 Sources • 345 Index • 349