A Science in its Youth (Pre-Marxian Political Economy)

390 Pages·1979·4.672 MB·English

by  A.V. Anikin

Pre-Marxian
Political Ecormmy
by Al ANIKIN
@·
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A SCIENCE IN ITS YOUTH by A.V. Anikin
This book trac·es the link of major modern trends and ideas in
political economy to economic doctrines 'of the past. With high
scholarship warmed by humor, the reader is introduced to a host of
earlier economic thinkers-Boisguillebert, Petty, Quesnay, Turgot,
Smith, Ricardo, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, and many others.
Their ideas are revealed against the background o( the age in
which they. lived and wrote. The author, a professor ·at Moscow
University, is a.n eminent Soviet economist.
Among New World Paperbacks for the Study of Marxist Sources
CAPITAL by Karl Marx (Unabridged) 3-Vols. (00i8)
·ANTl-DUHRING by Frederick Engels (0008)
V.I. LENIN: SELECTED WORKS (0300)
THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY by·Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (0302)
THE ORIGIN OF THE FAMILY by Frederick Engels (0359)
ON THE UNITED STATES by V.I. Lenin (0262)
DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE: A Reader in Marxist Social
Science. H. Selsam, D. Goldway, & H. Martel eds. (0264)
BIRTH OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO. Dirk J. Struik ed. (0320)
ECONOMIC AND PHILOSOPHIC MANUSCRIPTS OF 1844
by Karl Marx. Dirk J. Struik ed. (0053)
ON HISTORICAL MATERIALISM by Karl Marx,
Frederick Engels and V.I. Lenin (0411)
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF MARXISM by G.V. Plekhanov (0073)
THE PEASANT WAR IN GERMANY by Frederick Engels (0152)
PRE-CAPITALIST ECONOMIC FORMATIONS by Karl Marx (0165)
MARX-ENGELS SELECTED WORKS (0184)
THE ROLf: OF FORCE IN HISTORY by Frederick Engels (0172)
CLASS STRUGGLES IN FRANCE by Karl Marx . (0030)
DIALECTICS.OF NATURE by Frederick Engels (0048)
THE POVERTY OF PHILOSOPHY by Karl Marx (0163)
For a complete catalog write
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS
381 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. ·10016
A.ANIKI!\
A SCIENCE
IN ITS
YOUTH
(PR-EMARXIAPNO LITICAL ECONOM�
PROGRESPSU BLISHEI
MOSCOW
ranslaftreodmt heR ussibaynK .M.C ook
irspta perbaecdki tiboynI nternatPiuobnlails h1e9r7s9,
nglitsrha nsla©t i1o9n7 5b yP rogrePsusb lishers
'initnet dhU en ioofnS oviSeotc iaRleipsutb lics
braroyfC ongreCsast alogiinPn ugb licaDtaitoan
nikiAnn,d reVil adimirovich.
A scienicnie t yso uth.
TranslaotfiI oUnn osnta'u ki.
Inclubdiebsl iograrpehfeirceanalc nedsi ndex.
I.E conomi2s.tEs c.o nomics-History.
Title.
B76.A5411937 93 30'.09 78-31568
BN0 -7178-045 p0b3k .
10702-396
---- 6e3o 6oSIBJI.
014(01)-79 06 02000000
CONTENTS
Page
Itnroduction 7
.............................................................................................
Economoifts htPesa satn dt hPer esentM aTriaxmn eHds i.s
PredecessoCresn.t uTrhireese.
ChapIt.e rO r···i····g···i····n···s···· ···························································'··· 19
WhoW ast hFei rEscto noTmhiesV te.rB ye ginnAriinsgt:o tle.
EconoamniCdch sr ematTihseSt ciiceRsne.cc ee iIvtess Name.
PoliEtciocnaoalmn yEd c onomics.
ChapItITe.hrGe o lFde tainsSdhc ienAtniaflitychsM eie sr:c an.t.i.l3 i7s ts
PrimiAtcicvuem u.lT ahtoimoManusn a:n O rdinMaerryc an\il-
isTth.eP ioneMeerrsc.a natnidl iAOsgumer .
ChapItleTlrh. Pe r aiseSwioWrri tlhlPyie at.mt. y.........5.3. ........................
PetSttyr iAdcerso tshseC enturFireosmC. a biBno yt o
LandowTnheerC .o lumbuPso loifEt ciocnaolPm oytl.ii cal
ArithmPeettaitncyGdk r .a uonrWt h,o I vnentSetda tiTshtei cs?
Agea nd Mtahne.
ChapItVeB.ro isguiHliAlsge aebn eRdro tl.,e. . ..................8.2. ..................
TheF renPcoho r.R oTuheJenu dgCer.i amnePd u nishment.
ThTeh eoreBtoiicsigaeunri.atl n Fdlr eebnPcohl iEtciocnaolm y.
ChapVt.Je orh Lna w-AdvenatnuPdrr eorp h.e..t..:..................9...6.. ......
A DangerCoauresae nrdB old ITdheeCa osn.q uoefPs atr is.
TheG reCaotl laLpaswae n.td h 2e0 tChe ntury.
ChapVtIeP.rr e-AEdcaomn o.m.i.c..s..........................1..51.. ...................... ..
The1 t8hC ent.uP.ro yl iEtciocnaoLlmi ykR eosb insoTnhaed es.
ParadoDxoecstM oaorfn devTihlel eF.or omfta htCeil oans sical
SchoDoalv.Hi udm e.
ChapVtIeBIre. n jamin FTrraannkslaiEtncl oaannnotd.mi .icc. s...1.53. ......
Lifaen dW orkFsr.a nktlhEiecn o nomAimesrti.cP aonl itical
EconoamfytF erra nklin.
ChapVtIeIrDI o.c tQoure sannaHdyi Sse c.t. ..........1.5.2. ............................
ThAeg oef E nlightMeandmaedmneePt o.m padPohuyrs'isc ian.
ThNe ewS cieTnhcPee h.y sioDcorcattosr. Q"uZeisgn-aZya'gs" .
5
ChapItXeT.ru rgoti-nTkhMeirn,i asntMdea rn. ......................Ifi...9.. .....
ThinkMeirsn.ti eMra.n .
ChapXt.Ae dra m STmhiSet cho.tS taig.se.h. ................................10.8 ........
ScotlParnodf.eS smsiotSrhm .i itnhF ranTchee". E ocnomic
ManL"a.i ssierze. f a
ChapXtIeA.rd aSmm iTthheC. r eaotfaoS ry st.e.m.. .......................I.. . 9.9.
TheW ealotfNh a tnisDo.i viosfLi aobno Luarb.o Vuarl ue. Classes
andI cnome�C.a pitSamli.t hiaSnmiistmhP.'e sr sonality.
ChapXtIeDIra. v id RTihcGea erndifour.sot mhC ei .t.y............2..1..9.. ......
TheI ndtursiRaelv oluTthieWo ena.l tEhcioensotAm itts hte.
ApproatchhPeer so:b olfeM mo netCairryc ulTahtePi roinn.c i-
ploefC omparCaotsiTtvh.eeM aiBno ok.
ChapXtllelrD .av Riidc aTrhdCeo r.o wnoiftn hSgey st.e..m... . ......2. 4.0. ...
TheP uzzle-VSahlaureoi.un tgt heC akeo,rR icardian
SurpVlaulsu Wei.t hCearp itaMleimsbmoe?frP arliaAm ent.
Picet utorfhM ea nR.i caarndMdo a rx.
ChapXtIeVr. ARriocuan-rdadn odL at.e.r.......................25..6.. ........ .......
The1 t9hC entuMrayl.ta hnudMsa lthusMiaanna insd m.t he
EartThh.eD instiegroaftR iiocna rdiJaonhSints umaM.ri tl l.
TheP oliEtciocnaoolmf Cy o mpromises.
ChapXtVeE.rc onoRmoimca nt.Si icsismmo.n..d..i. .............2..81.. ..............
TheC itiozfe nG enCerviat.io cfCi aspmi taClriissTmeh.se .
HiosrtiFcaatolef S ismonPdriosumd.h on.
ChapXtVeITr.h Sea Syc haoonCldo urnCootn'tsr i.b.u.t.i..o..n.. .3..0..0. ....
Franicnte hA eg eo fB alzSaacyM. a- na nSdc hoFlaacrt.oo fr s
ProducatnidIo nnc om"eSsa.Ly a'wsT "h.eS choCoolu.r not:
HisL ifaen dW orkC.o urnCootn'tsr ibMuatthieotmnia.c al
MethoindE sc onomics.
ChapXtVeIrEI c.o noNmaitci onFarliiesdLmri.i.s .c.t..h ... .....3.2.4. .............
Lisatn dG ermaHni stoOrfyf.iP crei,s ·oEnm,i grTahtei on.
TVatioSnyastlLe ims Lta'tsYe era rTsh.eN atioInnu'dsst rial
EducatPiroont."e ctainodFn riesTemr adTeh.e H istorical
School. RaoS dpbeecCriatasules .:
ChapXtVeIrI TIh.eW onderWfourllo dft hUet opiSsatisn.t -Simon
anFdo ur.i.e..r.. ........ ....... .......................... . ..... ............. .3....4.. .2... .... ..........
FroCmo unttoP aupTehre.T eachSeari.n t-SiTmhoen ism.
HarLdi foefC harFloeusr TiheirMs.a d WoTrhleSd h.a opfe
ThingCso mteo.
ChpatXerI XR.o berta nOEdwa ernEl nylg iSsochi al.i.s.m. ........3..6.6. ... .....
TheM anw itthh Bei Hge arOtw.e ann dP oliEtciocnaolm y.
Owen's ComWmournkiisnmgT.-h CilnaksFesrr osam.U topia
toa S cience.
6
INTRODUCTION
Theraers ec eosro,rr athheurn droefds sc,h olwaorrlikyns
variousa gleoasnt n hgheui stoofer cyo notmhiocu gahnitdit, s
not wtrhiet aeirtm' oas d d ayneott thoe rct ohleil oe.Tnc htis
book bheaewsnr ititne nft ohreom fp opularm easksiiantyg s ,
posstiopb ilnep otihmneot s sta libeinotg raapnhsdic ciaeln tific
detatihelems p;h ahsabises e pnl acoenqd u estwihoinacsrhs e t ill
mostto piicnta hlpe r esdeanyt.
Theb ooiksi ntenfdoetrdh e generwalh om raeyna odte r,
possaenssysp eciaklniosweldeo dfpg oel ietciocnaolSm oym.e
peopalreae c custtootm hedio nfpk o liticala sae d croyn omy
andb oring sYuebttj heeecc to.n osmtircu cotfus roec iety
contanionf se wefra scinpartoibnlgae nmdss ecrtehtasn
natrue.
Inr ecetnitmi ehtsa bse copmaer ticcuolmamroflnoys r c ho­
lairnts h eex actn aatnudsr caile tnocc oensc tehrenm sweiltvhe s
econoqmuiecos ntsi.
Nori si ta ccidetnhtaaatttl h eb eginnoifen cgosn omic
sciewnefc ien odu tstatnhdieinrnwksgh oh ave alnie nfdte lible
marko nh umacnu lture,w iptwehio dpel-e ranging and
origmiinnadlgs r,es acti enatnidlf iitcet raalreyn t.
7
ECONOIMSTOSF T HE PAST
ANDT HEP RESETNITM ES
Economicasl wahpyalssa yaem do sitm oprtapnatri tnt he
lio£fem ankiannddt, h iissp articturlutaeor dlayy .
Marsxa ihdo wa bsuirwtda s mtaoi nttahiatnth a en ecnits
livoenpd o liatnitdch sMe i ddAlgeeo snC atholicism. Mankind
haasl wa"ylsi ovnee dc ono"ma,in cpdso liticss,c ireenlcieg ion,
anadr cto uledx iosntl yt hobena soifes c onomTihcefs a.tc hta t
econowmaiusc nsd evelionpte hpdea stt hmieas i rne ason for
sucvhi eawbso tuhte pseer iods.e cMoondoepmrlinaca ysv s i tal
paritnt hlei voefes a cahn edv eornyoe f u s.
Thew orolfdt odiaasyc tutawldoli yf fewroernlstdo sc,i alist
andc apiteaalcwihis ttih,to sw ne conoamnyid t s poowlni tical
econoTmhye.d evelocpoiunngt wrhiiechsha vfer etehde m­
selvferso cmo lonriualaler ea lspol ayainni gn creasingly
imporrtoalnietnt hweo ralrde nTah.en eedd etcoiw dhei ch
patohfd eveloptmote ankitesb ecomiinncgr eausrignegnlty
fotrh ecsoeu ntAr siteusd.ty h heoi fos rtoyf p olietciocnaolm y
helopnste o u ndersttahpnerd o bloeftm hsme o dewronr ltdo,
unedrstand esccoineaonsamc niei c n tepgarraotlfo neo'wsn
worlodu tlook.
Thec lasosfib cosu rgeois ecpoonloipmtayir,ct ailc ularly
AdamS miatnhd D avRiidc ardot,h fewi ertrsodet e velop the
theortyh eeoc fo noamsy s ay stem ionb jwehclitaciwhvs e
operaitned,e penodfeh nutmlayn bwuiatlr lae,c cestsoi ble
humaunn derdsitnaTgnh.e bye litehvtaehtdee c onopmoilci cy
oft hset astheo unlodgt o a gaitnhsetls aew bsu,rt e sutp on
them.
WillPieatmFt rya,n �Qouiess naanyod t hsecrh ollaairds the
foundaftoitroh nqesu antiatnaatlioyvfsee ic so nopmriocc es­
sesT.h e·ys outgohe tx amitnhee psreo ceasss eksai nodf
metaboalnidtso dm e fiintdesi recatnisdoc nospM ea.rm xa de
useo ft hesicri entific ianch hiitseh veeoomrfeyt n htes
reproduocftt ihoesn o ciparlo duTchteb. a labnectew een
consumer coamnmdmo edainotsfip erso ductthipeor no,p or­
tioonfsa ccumulaantdci oonns umpatnidto hnre,e lations
betwetehdnei ffebrreanntcp hleaasym ositm porptaarnittn
thmeo dern ecaonndeo cmoyn osmtiucd Tiheesw .o rkosf
thepsieo neeresc onoofsm ciice gnacvebe i rttohm odern
economsitca titshteii cmospr,t anocfwe h iccha nnboet
overestimated.
8
Int hef irhsatlo fft he1 t9hc entury eacnoanloymsiics
attemtpote emdp lmoayt haetmimceatlh owdist hwohuitic iths
nowi mposstiocb olnec eoifvt eh ed evelopomfme annty
brancohfee cso nomic Osncei teohnfpec i eo.n eientr hsfi ise ld
wast hFer eneccho noAmnitsotiC noeu rnot.
Thec lasosfib cosu rgepooilsi teiccoanlo amnyd a lso
exponeonfpt esyt -tbouragneduo otipsi saonc iaalniaslmy sed
manoyf t hceo ntradicctaipointesac loiinsnot Tm hye. Swiss
economist wSaisos nmeoo ftn hdfeii rtsott r tyou nderstand
thcea usoefes c onocmriicst ehssec, o uorfbg oeu rgeois society.
Theg reuatto psioacni Saaliinstt- ,SF iomuorniOewre,na nd
thefiorl lomwaedraesp rofocurnidt iocfci aspmi talism and
compiplleadfn ostr h seo ciraelciosnts truscotciioent yo.f
AsV . I. wrLoetn"eiht,neg enioufMs ar xc onspirsetcsi sely
inh ihsa ving fuarnnsiwtseohrq esud e stailornesra adiybs ye d
thfeo remmoisntdo sf manHkiidsno dc.t reimneer gaestd h e
direacntdi mmedicaotnet ionfut ahtet eiaocnsh oifnt ghe
grearteepsrte senotfpa htiilvoesspo oplhiyet,ci ocnaolam nyd
socialism"
.1
Classbiocuarlgpe ooliiset ciocnaolwm ayos n oef t hseo urces
ofM arxiYsemMt.a rx's tweaaascr heivnogl urtyti uornnaing­
poiinnpt o lietciocnaolMm ayr.sx h owtehdac ta pitasa olc iiasl
relatwihoinci,hse ssenttihaeel xlpyl oiotfat thieho inr ed
labooufrp roletaHreie axnpsl.a itnheend a tuorfet his
explaotiiitonnh is tohfes ourryp vlaulsau ned s howtehde
hiosrtictaeln deonfcc ya pitaliasgmg:r atvhaoetfii tosn
antagoncilsactsoisnc t,r adaincdtt ihuoeln tsi mvaitceto ofr y
laboouvrec ra piTthaulMs.a rxe'cso notmhiecoc royn taai ns
dialeucntiiitcbtyao :lt h rejbeocutrsgc eotonhicese potfhi iosn s
predeceasnscdor resa tdievveelleyov pesr ytphoisniwgthi ivceh
thecyr eaTtheeda .io mf t hbioso ikts o r evaeaneldx pltahiins
unity.
Scienstoicfiiacil sbi assmeo dnt heec onotmhieco ries of
Marxism-L.eT nhieen xipslmanoaftt ihooern i gainndrso ots
oft hetshee oirsi egsor fei amtp ortiatfnh ceaeyr e betf ou lly
undersatnodco rde atdievveellyo ped.
1V .I .Le ninC,o lleWcotrekVdso ,l1 .9 p,. 2 3.
9
MARX AND PHRIESD ECESSORS
Philospooplhiyt,i cala nedsc coineoncmtoyim fmiucna irsem
thteh rceoem ponpeanrtot fsM arxiTshmep. h ilosoofp hy
Marxiissdm i aleacntdih citasolr imcaatle srimaT.hl eim ain
princoifhp silteo rmiactaelr iiastl hiatsthmd e e velopomfe nt
sociiesbta ys oendc hanigneis te sc onosmtircu cPtoulriet.i cal
econosmtyu dtiheisss t ructaunrdre e,v etahlesl awosf
movemensto coifo -ecfoonrommaitacin odtn hste r ansition
froomn ef ormattoia onno thSecri.e ntific icsto hmem unism
theoorfsy o ciraelvioslt,u t thiweoa nyosf b uildinnge w,t he
communista nsdto hcbeia estsiytc a gaensdf eatuorfte hsi s
society.
Eacho ft hec omponpeanrtto sfM arxiissma lsao
developomfte hnpetr ogreisdseioavfsee a rltiheirn kae rs,
developomfwe onrtls dc ieTnhcees.e ctohmrpeoen peanrtt s
correstpoto hntedh rseoeu rocfeM sa rxiAssm .V . I. Lenin
wrot"eMa,r .x .co.n tiannudce odn summtahtteeh dr meaei n
ideolocguircraeolnft t hsne i neteenth rceepnrteusreyn,t eads
byt hteh rmeoes t advcaonucnetodrf im easn kicnlda:s sical
Germapnh iloscolpahsyEs,ni gclapilos lhi ticala nedc onomy,
Frenscohc ialism wciotFmhrb einnrceehdv olutdioocn-ary
-triinneg se ne.r"a l
1
This famouiss r etvheeasliesad l ilt idsne ptahn d
concretperniemsaisrn it lhwyeo rksM aorfhx i msMealrfx.
descriindb eetldwa ,ii tghr eaanta ilcypatrlo funedvietriyyn,tg h
heo wedt oH egealn dF euerbach,a ndRS imciatrhd o,
Saint-aSnidmF oonu riAemro.n tgh qeu aliwthiiecMsha rx
possewsassea d r emarkaacbaldee cmoincs cientIino usness.
partichuiklsna orw,l eodftg heee c onolmiitce roaftt uhree
eighteaenndft ihr hsatlo fft he ninecteenetnuwtrahis e s
practciocmaplrleyh ensive.
Marxm'asis nc ienwtoirCfkia cp iisstu abl- t"iAtC lreidt ique
ofP olitEiccoanlo mTyh"e.f ourvtohl uomfet hiwso rk,
TheoroifSeu slr upVsal-uieds,e vottoea cd r iticalo fa alnla lysis
precepdoilniget ciocnaolHm eyr.Me a rxm'asim ne thwoadts o
sinogulietn e acwhr itesrc itehneet liefmiewcnh tisc h ihne lp
somdee groeroe t hteors i ovet hper inctiapsoakfcl a pitalist
polietcioocnmay-l tor evetahle olfma owt iooftn h cea pitalist
modeo fp roduc.tA itto hnes amtei mhee s howetdh e
1V .I .L eniCno. llWeocrtkseV,od l 2.1 ,p .5 0.
10