A Roman Roadside Settlement at Healam Bridge: The Iron Age to Early Medieval Evidence. Vol. 2

268 Pages·2017·36.571 MB·English

by  Cath Ambrey, David Fell, Richard Fraser, Stuart Ross, Greg Speed, Philip N. Wood

A Roman Roadside Settlement at Healam Bridge:
The Iron Age to Early Medieval Evidence
Volume 2
Artefacts
NAA Monograph Series No. 3
Cath Ambrey, David Fell, Richard Fraser,
Stuart Ross, Greg Speed, and Philip N. Wood

A ROMAN ROADSIDE SETTLEMENT AT
HEALAM BRIDGE
THE IRON AGE TO EARLY MEDIEVAL EVIDENCE
Volume 2: Artefacts
CATH AMBREY, DAVID FELL, RICHARD FRASER, STUART ROSS,
GREG SPEED, AND PHILIP N. WOOD
with contributions by
B. ALBERT, E. ALLISON, D. ALLEN, S. J. ALLEN, M. C. BISHOP, R. BRICKSTOCK,
J. CARROTT, J. CRUSE, C. CUMBERPATCH, S. DAVIS, V. DAVIS, G. DRINKALL,
M. FOREMAN, A. FOSTER, G. GAUNT, A. HALL, K. HARTLEY, P. HOLDER, M. HOLST,
J. B. INNES, D. JAQUES, P. G. JOHNSON, J. JONES, K. KEEFE, R. LEARY, A. J. LONG,
G. MARTIN, G. MONTEIL, Q. MOULD, P. NAYSMITH, C. O’BRIEN, M. M. RUTHERFORD,
D. STARLEY, M. THOMPSON, S. TIBBLES, B. VYNER, A. WALKER, P. WALTON ROGERS,
D. WILLIAMS, AND S. WYNNE
Series Editor: HANNAH RUSS
Illustrations by
CATHERINE CHISMAN, ANDREW DURKIN, DAWN KNOWLES, AND DAMIEN RONAN
MARGARET FINCH AND ROGER SIMPSON (FINDS)
A1 Dishforth to Leeming
NORTHERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES
MONOGRAPH SERIES
Volume 3
Cover image: Excavations at Healam West
Inset 1: Enamelled, heart-shaped stud. A1DB09, RF 444, context 5034, Field 63
Inset 2: Upper, double feed-pipe millstone. A1DB09, RF 28, context 1143, Field 23
Inset 3: Denarius of Julia Maesa, AD 218-222. A1DB09, RF 59, context 5009, Field 63

ISBN (Volume 2): 978-1-910794-10-4
ISBN (Two-part set): 978-1-910794-12-8
ISSN: 2058-6213
Cover design: Pighill
Published by:
Northern Archaeological Associates Ltd
Marwood House
Harmire Enterprise Park
Barnard Castle
County Durham
DL12 8BN
http://naaheritage.com
Copyright © Northern Archaeological Associates Ltd 2017
CONTENTS
Contents ... . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .iii
List of figures .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . v
List of plates ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . vii
List of tables ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgements ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .ix
Preface .... . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .xi
Summary. ................................................................................... 1
Résumé ..................................................................................... 2
Zusammenfassung. ............................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 10 - POTTERY
Late prehistoric and Roman period handmade pottery. ................................................. 4
Roman-British pottery ......................................................................... 16
The samian ................................................................................. 73
The mortaria ............................................................................... 104
The amphorae .............................................................................. 119
Anglo-Saxon pottery ......................................................................... 121
CHAPTER 11 - THE SMALL FINDS
Coins. .................................................................................... 123
Dress accessories and personal items. ............................................................ 125
Military equipment .......................................................................... 151
Fittings and fasteners ......................................................................... 161
Textile manufacture. ......................................................................... 165
Literacy and associated objects ................................................................. 167
Weighing and measuring. ..................................................................... 168
Tools ..................................................................................... 169
Structural ironwork and lead ................................................................... 174
Transport and related finds. .................................................................... 177
Miscellaneous items ......................................................................... 179
Glass vessels ............................................................................... 183
Vessels of other materials and related objects ...................................................... 186
CHAPTER 12 – BUILDING MATERIALS
Ceramic building material. .................................................................... 190
Stone building material ....................................................................... 197
CHAPTER 13 - QUERNS AND MILLSTONES
ntroduction ................................................................................ 199
Chronology ................................................................................ 199
Use wear patterns ........................................................................... 199
Stone sources. .............................................................................. 200
Querns by type ............................................................................. 200
Millstones ................................................................................. 202
Discussion. ................................................................................ 207
Conclusions. ............................................................................... 209
Catalogue ................................................................................. 209
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CHAPTER 14 - THE METALWORKING DEBRIS
Roman period sites .......................................................................... 213
Metalworking debris from Field 107 ............................................................. 222
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................... 232
APPENDIX A ............................................................................. 244
APPENDIX B. ............................................................................ 245
INDEX .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 147 Late prehistoric and Roman period hand made pottery 15
Figure 148 Fields 23 and 25 relative quantities of vessel types 23
Figure 149 Roman pottery (not Healam) 25
Figure 150 Relative proportion of calcite gritted ware and Crambeck grey ware by count 37
Figure 151 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 1-35) 42
Figure 152 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 36-65) 42
Figure 153 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 66-93) 46
Figure 154 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 64-128) 48
Figure 155 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 129-163) 50
Figure 156 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 164-191) 51
Figure 157 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 192-225) 53
Figure 158 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 226-259) 54
Figure 159 Roman pottery (cat. nos. 260-280) 56
Figure 160 Comparison of average weight and brokenness (sherd nos/EVES) values 57
Figure 161 Proportion of burnt sherds by field, phase, and subphase 57
Figure 162 Percentage of samian and amphora at Hadrianic-Antonine sites in the region 65
Figure 163 Ratio of specialist to coarse wares from excavated areas, phases, and subphases 66
Figure 164 Proportions of bowl/dishes to jars at specific sites in the region 66
Figure 165 Ratios of jars to bowls/dishes on fourth century sites 66
Figure 166 Chronological distribution of samian ware from the southern section of Field 63 75
Figure 167 Chronological distribution of samian ware from Field 63 and Field 64 75
Figure 168 Chronological distribution of samian ware from Field 61A 75
Figure 169 Average weight for the samian fabric groups in each sub-phase of Field 63 77
Figure 170 Samian fabrics brokenness index for each phase 77
Figure 171 Occurrence of burnt samian in each sub-phase of Field 63 southern section 77
Figure 172 Samian forms represented in Phases 1a to 1d 80
Figure 173 Samian forms represented in Phases 3b and c 80
Figure 174 Samian forms represented in each phase on Field 61A 81
Figure 175 Samian forms represented in each phase on Field 64 and Field 63 northern section 81
Figure 176 Occurrence of repaired vessels in each sub-phase of Field 63 83
Figure 177 South Gaulish samian rubbings (Cat. no. 1) 85
Figure 178 South Gaulish samian rubbings (Cat. nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18) 86
Figure 179 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Les Martres-de-Veyre (Cat. nos. 29, 30, 35, 36, 39, 43, 46, 47, 48) 87
Figure 180 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Les Martres-de-Veyre (Cat. no. 41) 88
Figure 181 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 51, 52, 53) 89
Figure 182 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 54, 55, 64, 65, 67) 90
Figure 183 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80) 91
Figure 184 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 85, 86, 87, 89, 90) 92
Figure 185 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. no. 91) 93
Figure 186 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 93, 95, 96, 98) 94
Figure 187 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 106, 110, 111, 112, 113) 95
Figure 188 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 117, 118) 96
Figure 189 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 119, 122, 123, 125) 97
Figure 190 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 120, 121) 98
Figure 191 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. no. 127) 98
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Figure 192 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 133, 134, 136, 137, 138) 99
Figure 193 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. no. 140) 100
Figure 194 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 173, 176, 177, 179) 101
Figure 195 Central Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 180, 181, 183, 185, 188, 193, 194, 202, 203, 204) 102
Figure 196 Central and East Gaulish samian rubbings, Lezoux (Cat. nos. 209, 210); (222, 223, 228, 229) 104
Figure 197 Healam mortaria by half decade using rim % values 107
Figure 198 Healam Phase 1 mortaria by half decade using rim % values 107
Figure 199 Healam Phase 2 mortaria by half decade using rim % values 107
Figure 200 Healam Phase 3 mortaria by half decade using rim % values 108
Figure 201 Healam Field 63 mortaria by half decade using rim % values 108
Figure 202 Healam Field 61A mortaria by half decade using rim % values 108
Figure 203 Healam Field 64 mortaria by half decade using rim % values 109
Figure 204 Mortaria with stamps 114
Figure 205 Mortaria (cat. nos. 18-35) 116
Figure 206 Mortaria (cat. nos. 36-53) 118
Figure 207 Amphorae (cat. nos. 1-15) 121
Figure 208 Amphorae (cat. nos. 16-23) 122
Figure 209 Anglo-Saxon pottery 123
Figure 210 Statistical summary of the Roman coins 124
Figure 211 Suggested plausible dates of deposition for 95 coins minted before AD 260 124
Figure 212 Colchester, colchester derivatives, and headstud brooches 127
Figure 213 Headstud and trumpet brooch 129
Figure 214 Trumpet and trumpet variant brooches 130
Figure 215 Trumpet variant, knee, disc, and penannular brooch 131
Figure 216 Penannular and crossbow brooches 135
Figure 217 Beads, jet pendant, and glass bangles 138
Figure 218 Glass bangles, copper alloy bracelet, and copper alloy armlet 140
Figure 219 Copper alloy bracelets, jet/shale bangle, and finger rings 142
Figure 220 Hairpins and toilet articles 146
Figure 221 Toilet articles and one piece shoe 148
Figure 222 Hobnails and textile remains from inhumation 5015 150
Figure 223 Roman military equipment 154
Figure 224 Roman military personal fittings and equipment 155
Figure 225 Military diploma RF 462 156
Figure 226 Studs, mounts, fasteners, and key 164
Figure 227 Latch lifter, iron strap fittings, and rings 165
Figure 228 Spindle whorls, needles, and bobbin 167
Figure 229 Stylus and seal boxes 168
Figure 230 Objects used for weighing and measuring 169
Figure 231 Adze, chisels/punches, metalworking set, spud, and knives 172
Figure 232 Anglo-Saxon knives, tanged spatulate tool, and tool handle 173
Figure 233 Hones/whetstones 174
Figure 234 Structural fastenings and lead sheet 176
Figure 235 Cheekpiece and linchpin 179
Figure 236 Bone gaming piece, minature adze, chain, ferrules, and miscellaneous objects 182
Figure 237 Vessel glass 185
Figure 238 Vessels of other materials and related objects 187
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Figure 239 Building materials 193
Figure 240 Saddle, beehive, and disc hand querns 201
Figure 241 Disc hand quern, imported lava quern, and millstone 202
Figure 242 Millstones 204
Figure 243 Large millstone 206
Figure 244 Large millstone and double feed-pipe millstone 208
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 71 Smithing hearth bottom with attached hearth lining Field 63, context 7566 213
Plate 72 Dense slag fragment with chopped wood impression Field 63, context 5019 214
Plate 73 Plate tuyère fragment Field 63, context 7818
LIST OF TABLES
Table 99 Pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman period handmade pottery (excluding Field 63) 5
Table 100 Fabric groups for handmade pottery 9
Table 101 Handmade pottery vessel forms 9
Table 102 Pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman period handmade pottery from Field 63 11
Table 103 Handmade pottery fabric groups from Field 63 (all areas and phases) 14
Table 104 Handmade vessel types from Field 63 (all areas) 14
Table 105 Quantities of Romano-British pottery by field 16
Table 106 Comparison of Crambeck, calcite-gritted and greywares with a group at Piercebridge 22
Table 107 Quantities of pottery from different feature types from Fields 23 and 25 22
Table 108 Fields 23 and 25 relative quantities of Roman-British pottery wares 23
Table 109 Relative quantities of vessel types from Healam stratified groups (using EVES) 59
Table 110 Relative quantities of stratified wares and fabric from Healam by phase 60
Table 111 Relative percentages of vessel types from sites in region 67
Table 112 Ratio of jars to bowls and dishes in Phase 3 using types dated to the fourth century 67
Table 113 Ratio of jars to beakers in Phase 3 using types dated to the fourth century 67
Table 114 Data for all Romano-British pottery available via ADS
Table 115 Data for all coarseware pottery available via ADS
Table 116 Samian fabrics in each field at Healam 73
Table 117 Occurrence of samian vessels with cross-joins or sherds recorded at Healam 76
Table 118 Occurrence of burnt samian in each main field at Healam 76
Table 119 South Gaulish samian forms 78
Table 120 Les Martres-de-Veyre samian forms 78
Table 121 Lezoux samian forms 79
Table 122 East Gaulish samian forms 80
Table 123 Comparison of samian categories present at Castleford vicus, Bainesse and Healam Bridge 82
Table 124 Occurrence of repaired samian in each main field at Healam and their quantitative role 83
Table 125 Mortarium by fabric and date range using rim % values 106
Table 126 Relative quantities of mortaria from different sources 109
Table 127 Anglo-Saxon pottery 123
Table 128 Coin catalogue in appendix, available on ADS
Table 129 Examples of re-use where a tablet from a diploma has been modified in antiquity 158
Table 130 Blue-green bottle fragments 183
Table 131 Indeterminate blue-green glass fragments 184
Table 132 Indeterminate colourless glass fragments 184
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Table 133 Indeterminate coloured glass fragments 184
Table 134 Romano-British ceramic building material by context, Fields 20, 25 and 39 191
Table 135 Romano-British ceramic building material at Healam by context 194
Table 136 Romano-British ceramic building material fabrics at Healam by form 195
Table 137 Romano-British ceramic building material forms at Healam by phase and field 195
Table 138 Ceramic building material fabric type by area 196
Table 139 Summary of quern finds 199
Table 140 Chronology of the dated stones at Healam 199
Table 141 Summary of quern stone lithology 199
Table 142 Proposed criteria for distinguishing between querns and millstones 203
Table 143 Summary of quern stone interpretations using criteria from Table 141 203
Table 144 Summary of small lava quern remnants with no recognisable features 212
Table 145 Bulk metalworking debris Fields 23, 25, and 28 216
Table 146 Bulk metalworking debris, Healam Fields 60, 61A, 62, 63, and 64 217
Table 147 Summary of hammerscale from Fields 61A, 63, and 64 218
Table 148 Smithing hearth bottom (SHBs) dimensions for Fields 63 and 64 219
Table 149 Summary of the main contexts from which slag was recovered 223
Table 150 Evidence for iron smelting and smithing from the key features 224
Table 151 Quantity of finds recovered from the sampled features compared to hand collected 225
Table 152 Magnetic matter recovered from the samples and hand-collected slag 225
Table 153 Radiocarbon dates from the slag in Field 107 225
Table 154 Hearth bottom dimensions and weights 227
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