African Studies History, Politics, Economics, and Culture Edited by Molefi Asante Temple University A Routledge Series African Studies History, Politics, Economics, and Culture Molefi Asante, General Editor The Athens of West Africa Law, Morality and International A History of International Education Armed Intervention at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, The United Nations and ECOWAS in Sierra Leone Liberia Daniel J. Paracka, Jr. Mourtada Déme The Yorùbá Traditional Healers of The Hidden Debate Nigeria The Truth Revealed about the Battle Mary Olufunmilayo Adekson over Affirmative Action in South Africa and the United States The ‘Civil Society’ Problematique Akil Kokayi Khalfani Deconstructing Civility and Southern Nigeria’s Ethnic Radicalization Britain, Leftist Nationalists and Adedayo Oluwakayode Adekson the Transfer of Power in Nigeria, (cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:112)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:21) Maat, the Moral Ideal in Ancient Hakeem Ibikunle Tijani Egypt A Study in Classical African Ethics Western-Educated Elites in Kenya, Maulana Karenga (cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:16)(cid:112)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:19) The African American Factor Igbo Women and Economic Jim C. Harper, II Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, (cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:16)(cid:112)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:16) Africa and IMF Conditionality Gloria Chuku The Unevenness of Compliance, 1983–2000 Kwame Nkrumah’s Politico- Kwame Akonor Cultural Thought and Policies An African-Centered Paradigm for the African Cultural Values Second Phase of the African Revolution Igbo Political Leadership in Colonial Kwame Botwe-Asamoah Nigeria, 1900–1966 Raphael Chijioke Njoku Non-Traditional Occupations, Empowerment and Women A Roadmap for Understanding A Case of Togolese Women African Politics Ayélé Léa Adubra Leadership and Political Integration in Nigeria Contending Political Paradigms Victor Oguejiofor Okafor in Africa Rationality and the Politics of Democratization in Kenya and Zambia Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o A Roadmap for Understanding African Politics Leadership and Political Integration in Nigeria Victor Oguejiofor Okafor Routledge New York & London Routledge Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Routledgeisanimprint ofTaylor & FrancisGroup, anInformabusiness Transferred to Digital Printing 2008 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-98106-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-98106-4 (Hardcover) No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Okafor, Victor Oguejiofor. A roadmap for understanding African politics : leadership and political integration in Nigeria / by Victor Oguejiofor Okafor. p. cm. -- (African studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-98106-9 (alk. paper) 1. Nigeria--Politics and government--20th century. 2. Political leadership--Nigeria--History--20th century. I. Title. II. Series: African studies (Routledge (Firm)) JQ3096.O446 2006 320.9669--dc22 2006013367 ___________________________________________________________________________ Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the Routledge Web site at http://www.routledge-ny.com This work is dedicated to my parents, Ugochukwutubelu Chukwuma Okafor and Mrs. Grace Ifeoma Okafor (nee Okagbue). This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures and Tables ix Preface xi Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Post-Colonial Political Leadership in Nigeria 9 Chapter Three Leadership and Political Integration in Africa: A Literature Review 39 Chapter Four State Creation: A Tool for Political Integration in Nigeria 91 Chapter Five An Afrocentric/Africa-centered Theory of Leadership and Political Integration 121 Chapter Six A Comparative Summary and Recommendations 179 Chapter Seven Babangida’s Scuttling of the June 12, 1993 Presidential Election: A Postscript 199 vii viii Contents Chapter Eight Implications for African Political Leadership 209 Notes 213 Bibliography 241 Index 247 List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 2.1. Map of Africa 35 4.1. Map Showing Thirty-six States of Nigeria 117 TABLES 4.1 Nigeria’s Evolution to Thirty-six States 92 ix