A Rice Village Saga: Three Decades of Green Revolution in the Philippines

293 Pages·2000·1.748 MB·English

by  Yujiro Hayami, Masao Kikuchi (auth.)

A RICE VILLAGE SAGA
Also by Yujiro Hayami
ASIAN VILLAGE ECONOMY AT THE CROSSROADS (with
Masao Kikuchi)
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: An International Perspective
(with V. W. Ruttan)
ANATOMY OF A PEASANT ECONOMY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: From the Poverty to the Wealth of
Nations
Also by Masao Kikuchi
ASIAN VILLAGE ECONOMY AT THE CROSSROADS (with
Yujiro Hayami)
A Rice Village Saga
Three Decades of Green Revolution
in the Philippines
Yujiro Hayami
Professor of International Economics
Aoyama-Gakuin University
Tokyo, Japan
and
Masao Kikuchi
Professor of Agricultural Economics
Chiba University
Chiba, Japan
BARNES & NOBLE
Lanham • Boulder • New York
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PHILIPPINES
First published in Great Britain 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-40590-9 ISBN 978-0-230-59918-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230599185
First published in the United States of America 2000 by
BARNES & NOBLE
4720 Boston Way, Lanham,Maryland 20706
ISBN 978-0-389-21023-8
in association with
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MCPO Box 3127, 1271 Makati City, Philippines
ISBN 978-971-22-0129-5
©Yujiro Hayami and Masao Kikuchi 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-72617-4
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
Contents
List of Tables viii
List of Figures xii
List of Abbreviations xiv
Preface xv
Prologue:The Village Found xvii
1 Approach to a Village 1
Village Profile 3
Modernizing Forces 13
Approach and Data 15
Plan of the Book 19
2 Chronology of the Village 22
Initial Settlement and Land Opening (1880s to Mid-1950s) 23
Transition to Intensive Production (Late 1950s to Mid-1960s) 27
Green Revolution and Land Reform (Late 1960s to Late 1970s) 31
The Lost Decade (1980s) 37
Away from the Agrarian Community (1990s) 40
3 Population Growth and the Evolution of Households 45
Population Statistics 45
Dynamics of Population Growth 47
Population Pressure and Landlessness 52
Occupation,Education and Migration 58
Anecdotes of Four Social Classes 67
4 Agrarian Structure and Land Reform 72
Evolution of Agrarian Systems in the Philippine Rice Bowl 72
Reforms of Land Tenure Relations 82
Emergence of Alternative Markets 89
Changes in the Distribution of Operational Landholdings 96
Equity and Efficiency in Land Reform 99
5 Diffusion of New Rice Technology 103
Laguna in the Green Revolution 103
v
vi Contents
Diffusion of Modern Varieties 106
Rice Yield Trends 109
Purchased Inputs for Rice Production 113
Labour Use in Rice Production 121
Factor Inputs and Factor Shares 124
Rates of Technological Progress 126
Green Revolution on Irrigation 128
6 Community and State in Irrigation Management 129
The National Irrigation System Servicing East
Laguna Village 129
Deterioration in the Service of Irrigation 134
Irrigators’Associations and the NIA 140
Costs and Benefits of the System’s Management 148
Institutional Development versus White Elephant 152
Voice and Exit 159
7 Community and Market in Labour Relations 162
Community Versus Market:A Review of Controversies 162
Work and Income Sharing 166
FromHunusantoGama 170
Digging Out of Tradition 173
Peasants and Estates in Multiple Equilibria 176
FromGamato New Hunusan 179
Efficient Peasants 182
8 Farmers and Middlemen in Rice Marketing 184
Approach 184
Sales of Rice from Farmers 186
Organization of Marketing 190
Prices and Marketing Margins 196
Income and Profit 199
The Evolution of the Rice Market 204
9 The Emergence of Rural-based Industries 207
The Nature of New Village Industries 207
Cottage Workshops and Rural Factories 209
Production Structure of the Metalwork Industry 214
The Activities of Export Contractors 219
Prospects for Rural Entrepreneurs 222
Contents vii
10 Income Growth and Distributional Change 226
A Recapitulation 226
Growth of Aggregate Income 228
Income Growth by Household Type and Income Source 232
Changes in Income Distribution and Poverty Incidence 239
Epilogue:Will the Village Remain a Village? 244
Appendix A 245
Appendix B 248
Notes and References 250
Bibliography 255
Glossary 263
Name Index 266
Subject Index 268
List of Tables
01.1 Surveys conducted in East Laguna Village 16
02.1 Major events in rice farming and village life in East
Laguna Village since its settlement 24
03.1 Changes in population and paddy area,
East Laguna Village,1918–97 46
03.2 Birth,death and migration rates in East Laguna Village,
1918–97 49
03.3 Number of households by type,East Laguna Village,
1966–97 survey years 54
03.4 Formation of households by period,East Laguna Village 56
03.5 Distribution of households by type of family,
East Laguna Village,1966,1976,1987 and 1997 57
03.6 Average family size,East Laguna Village,1966,1976,
1987 and 1997 58
03.7 Percentage distribution of economically active
population (13–64 years) East Laguna Village,1974–97,
by major occupation 59
03.8 Percentage distribution of adult population (21–64 years),
East Laguna Village,1966,1976,1987 and 1997,by
educational level 62
03.9 Average number of school years per adult (21–64 years),
East Laguna Village,1966,1976,1987 and 1997,by
household category 63
3.10 Net migration to East Laguna Village,1918–97 65
04.1 Land area and use,East Laguna Village,1976,
1987 and 1995 83
04.2 Distribution of landlords owning paddy fields in
East Laguna Village,1976,1987 and 1995 84
04.3 Distribution of farms by tenure status,East Laguna
Village,1966–95 86
04.4 Distribution of plots by tenure status,East Laguna Village,
1966–95 87
04.5 Changes in average rent and yield per hectare of land under
leasehold tenancy (in paddy),East Laguna Village,1966–95 89
04.6 Shares of income from rice production per hectare
among farmers,hired labourers and land owners,
East Laguna Village,1966–95 90
viii
List of Tables ix
04.7 Transactions and price of paddy land ownership and
tenancy rights,East Laguna Village,1959–96 93
04.8 Transfer of paddy fields through purchase/sale,
East Laguna Village,1960–95 94
04.9 Number of new farmers created within East Laguna
Village by type of land acquisition,1960–95 95
4.10 Size distribution of operational holdings of paddy
field in East Laguna Village,1966–95 97
4.11 Average rice yields per hectare by farm size and by land
tenure class,East Laguna Village,1976,1987 and 1995 101
05.1 Changes in rice varieties planted in East Laguna Village,
1966–96 107
05.2 Average rice yields per hectare by season and total/per
capita rice production in East Laguna Village,1956–96 110
05.3 Rice yield per hectare of top 25 per cent high-yielding
farmers,and yield variation among rice plots,
East Laguna Village,1956–96 112
05.4 Current inputs in rice production,East Laguna Village,
1965–95 114
05.5 Farmers’purchase prices of inputs relative to their sale
price of rice (paddy),East Laguna Village,1966–96 116
05.6 Use of capital services in rice production,
East Laguna Village,1965–95 117
05.7 Holdings of draft animals,machines and tools,
East Laguna Village,1966–96 118
05.8 Dependency on hired capital services in rice production,
East Laguna Village,1965–95 120
05.9 Use of labour in rice production,East Laguna Village,
1965–95 121
5.10 Dependency on hired labour in rice production,
East Laguna Village,1965–95 123
5.11 Indices of real inputs in rice production per hectare,
East Laguna Village,1965–95 125
5.12 Factor shares in rice production per hectare,
East Laguna Village,1966–95 126
5.13 Estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) in rice
production per hectare,East Laguna Village,1965–95
survey years 127
06.1 Length of laterals,service areas,and number of
sub-laterals,villagesand farms in the five laterals of
the NIA system,1996 144