A revision of the shore-fly genus Clasiopella Hendel (Diptera: Ephydridae)

12 Pages·1994·3.9 MB·

by  W N Mathis

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
96(3), 1994, pp. 454-465
A REVISION OF THE SHORE-FLY GENUS CLASIOPELLA HENDEL
(DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE)
Wayne N. Mathis
Department of Entomology, NHB 169, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
20560.
Abstract.—Jhe shore-fly genus Clasiopella Hendel is revised. Clasiopella, now placed
inthetribe Discomyzini (subfamily Discomyzinae), hadbeen monotypic, with C. uncinata
Hendel as itsonly included species. Herein, C. austraisdescribed(Australia. NSW: Careel
Bay, Avalon (mangrove)), and the placement o{Clasiopella in the classification ofEphyd-
ridae is briefly discussed.
Key Words: Diptera, Ephydridae, shore flies, Clasiopella, phylogeny
The classifications ofmost major groups cies in a hitherto monotypicgenus, coupled
oforganismscommonly include monotypic with presentation of rudimentary infor-
genera. The Ephydridae, or shore flies, are mation on the phylogenetic relationships,
no exception, with 20 of 115 genera each arethepriman,'purposesofthispaper,which
represented by a single species (the number concerns the shore-fly genus Clasiopella
may vary depending on the author). Cer- Hendel. Until now, the only included spe-
C
tainly some species are strikingly different, cieswasitstypespecies, uncinata Hendel
with a marked discontinuity between them (1914). Earlier, however, other species had
and otherspecies. Too frequently, however, been described in, or transferred to, Clasi-
this discontinuity, sometimes referred to as opella that have since been shifted to other
"gap" (Michener 1970), has been the pri- genera. Cresson (1925) transferred Ephy-
mary or only basis for establishing mono- grobia nervimaculata Becker (1910) to Cla-
typic genera for these species. From the siopella because of its similarity with Psi-
standpoint ofa phylogenetic classification, lopadiniidiata Cresson (= P. girscluierivon
however, the issue is not simply a matter of Roder (1889)), a species that he also placed
beingdifferent, a phenetic approach. Equal, in Clasiopella (Cresson 1925) but which is
ifnot more important, are the phylogenetic nowinthegenusPsilopaFallen(Wirth 1965,
relationships the so-called genus has with 1968). In the Afrotropical catalog of Dip-
othertaxa,even ifthat information isknown tera, however. Cogan (1980) continued to
on only a rudimentary level. Ifrecognition list E. nervimaculata under Clasiopella. In
of a species as a monotypic genus makes a forthcoming world catalog of shore flies
anothergenus-level group paraphyletic, the (Mathis and Zatwamicki, in preparation),
former should not be recognized. the latter species will be listed under Psi-
The monotypic status of a genus also lopa, following the precedent of Becker
changes with discovery' of additional spe- (1926). Cresson (1939) described Clasi-
cies, although this process alone does not opella metatarsata from specimens collect-
resolve the issue of their phylogenetic re- ed in Panama. Later, he (1941) transferred
lationships. The description of a new spe- that species to Mimapsilopa Cresson as its
VOLUME 96. NUMBER 3 455
type species, then to Psilopa (1944), and logisches Institut (DEI), Eberswalde, Ger-
finally to Helaeomyia Cresson (1946a) with many (Dr. Joachim Ziegler).
synonymy ofMiniapsilopa under the latter
Systematics
genus. Lizarralde de Grosso (1982) resur-
rected Mimapsilopa as a valid genus with A few preliminary remarks are in order
C
metatarsata as its type species. Lastly, to give perspective to this study, including
Frey (1958) named Clasiopella afra from comments on the placement ofClasiopella
specimens collected on the Cape Verde Is- within the classification ofthe Ephydridae.
lands. Tsacas (1980) subsequently trans- This genus was recently placed in the tribe
ferred this species to the genus Drosophila Discomyzini, subfamily Discomyzinae (Za-
Fallen (Drosophilidae). Thus, until now twamicki 1992). Zatwamicki characterized
Clasiopella has been monotypic. In addi- Discomyzini by the presence ofdorsal setu-
tion to the new species that is described lae, usuallythreeorfour,on vein R;+3basad
herein, the placement of the genus within ofcrossvein r-m. I first suggested this char-
the classification ofthe Ephydridae will be acter(Mathis 1985)asasynapomorphythat
briefly discussed. grouped Aclocetor Becker, Trypetomima de
Methods.—The descriptive terminology, Meijere, and Eremomusca Mathis. This
with the exceptions noted in Mathis (1986), character isnow known tocharacterizegen-
follows McAlpine (1981). Descriptions are era of the tribe Discomyzini (Zatwarnicki
composite, not based solely on primary 1992, who interprets the absence of these
types. Two venational ratios are used com- setulae in Guttipsilopa Wirth and Rliyso-
monly in the descriptions and are defined phoraCresson, twogenera that are included
here (all ratios are averages ofthree speci- in Discomyzini, to be a secondary loss).
mens): Within Discomyzini. Clasiopella is appar-
entlyrelatedXoActocctorand Trypetomima.
1. Costal Vein Ratio: the straight line dis- especially the latter. These three genera are
tance between the apices of R;+, and
characterized by the following synapomor-
R4+5/distance between the apices of R,
phies: (1) pseudopostocellar setae well de-
and R:
M +3. veloped (setae sometimes inserted within
2. VeiMn Ratio: the straight line distance the ocellar triangle but usually behind) and
along between crossvein dm-cu and
with a divergent and slightly reclinate ori-
r-m/distanceapicad ofcrossvein dm-cu.
entation; (2) fore femur with 2-4 long,
Although most specimens for this study widely spaced, posteriorly directed setae
arein the National Museum ofNatural His- along the posteroventral margin and 2
tory (USNM), the type series of the new smaller, apically curved setae that are in-
species is from the Australian Museum serted just before the apex; (3) alula re-
(AM), Sydney, Australia (Dr. David K. duced, very narrowly developed as a linear
McAlpine) and Australian National Insect band; (4) posteriormargin ofmale fifth ter-
Collection (ANIC), Canberra, Australia (Dr. gite and sometimes the fourth tergite and
Peter S. Cranston). Additional specimens the dorsal margin of epandrium bearing
were borrowed and studied from the Acad- several, conspicuously longer setae.
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Zatwamicki (personal communication) is
(ANSP). Pennsylvania (Dr. Jon K. Gelhaus nowstudyingthephylogeneticrelationships
and Mr. Don Azuma); Hungarian Natural among the lineages that comprise Disco-
History Museum (HNHM), Budapest, myzini and Psilopini, and here, I only list
Hungary (Dr. L. Papp); Zoological Institute and annotate thecharactersthat I have used
(ZIL), Lund University, Lund, Sweden (Dr. todistinguish ClasiopellafromActocetorand
Roy Danielsson): and Deutsches Entomo- Trypetomima. Clasiopella differs from the
456 PROCEEDINGS OFTHE ENTOMOLOGICALSOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
latter two genera by the (1) lack ofa well- Diagnosis.—Small to moderately small
developed supra-alar seta (This seta is pres- shore flies, length 1.40 to 2.40 mm; micro-
ent and well developed in Actocctor, but is tomentum generally sparse or absent, ap-
lackingin Trypetomima. The absence is ap- pearing subshiny to shiny; species mostly
parently a secondary loss in Clasiopella and black; setation well developed.
Trypetomima and is a synapomorphy for Head: Normally developed, not trian-
these two genera.); (2) wing uniformly and gularorwithbulgingeyes;antenna in profile
lightly infuscate, mostly hyaline (The wing inserted at dorsal 'A; frons conspicuously
is variously patterned in Actocetorand Try- wider than long; intrafrontal setae absent;
petomima.); (3) posterior margin ofanepi- fronto-orbital setae 2, both well developed,
stemum bearing two larger setae, with the reclinate seta longer, inserted mediad and
ventral setaconspicuously longer, morethan slightly in front of outer, proclinate seta;
twice the length ofthe dorsal seta (The ven- ocellar setae well developed, inserted be-
tral seta in Actocetor and Trypetomima is hind level of anterior ocellus, orientation
slightly less than twice the length ofdorsal usually parallel, sometimes convergent,
seta.); (4) vein R,+, comparatively short, rarelycruciate; pseudopostocellarsetaewell
with acostal vein ratio of0.80 to 0.90 (This developed, length about '/: that of ocellar
vein is longer in Actocetor. and in Trype- setae, orientation divergent at usually less
tomima. where the vein is also short, there than 90°; both innerand outervertical setae
is a stump vein, which is apparently a syn- present, well developed, outer seta about ~h
apomorphy forthe latter.); (5) scutellum as length ofinnerseta; posteriormargin ofver-
longorlongerthanwide,bearingfewsetulae tex angulate, not rounded; posterior ocelli
on disc (In Actocetorand Trypetomima. the situated immediately before vertex. Anten-
scutellum is wider than long, and the disc, na with flagellomere 1 longer than pedicel;
in Actocetor. bears numerous setulae.): scape not exerted, bearinga well-developed
(6) facial setae 2, dorsal pair cruciate, in- seta at dorsoapical comer; arista pectinate,
serted below midheight offace nearthenar- bearing 8-10 dorsal rays. Eye irregularly el-
rowest point of the face and parafacials liptical, higher than wide, with few, incon-
(Thereare4-5 large facial setaeinActocetor. spicuousinterfacetal setulae, appearingbare.
with the dorsalmost seta being inserted Face mostly smooth, without pits or rugos-
above the midheight level. Trypetomima. ity, color ofmicrotomentum variable, with
like Clasiopella. has two facial setae). median, shallow hump near midheight and
slightly dorsad; 2 strong facial setae, ori-
Genus Clasiopella Hendel
entation inclinate, dorsal seta cruciate, in-
Clasiopella Hendel, 1914: 109. Type spe- serted just below midfacial height; probos-
cies: Clasiopella uncinata Hendel, 1914. cis normally developed, not elongate.
original designation.—Cresson, 1945: 68 Thorax: Generally black to deep bluish
[review ofIndoaustralian area], 75 [key]: black, microtomentum mostlythinto most-
1946a: 152 [review, a suspected intro- ly lacking: postprontum with white micro-
duction to the New World]; 1946b: 256 tomentum; scutellum relatively long, width
[review, probable introduction to Africa onlyslightlygreaterthan length. Chaetotaxy
(Kenya)].-Wirth, 1965: 742 [Nearctic asfollows: mesonotal setulaeinregularrows,
catalog]; 1968: 11 [Neotropical cata- rows ended near level ofprescutellar acros-
log].-Cogan and Wirth, 1977: 329 [Ori- tichal seta; prescutellar acrostichal seta well
ental catalog].-Cogan, 1980: 659 [.Af- developed, inserted faranteriad, slightlyan-
rotropicalcatalog].—Tenorio. 1980: 284- teriad oflevel ofsingle, large, dorsocentral
286 [revision].-Mathis, 1989: 643 [Aus- seta, distance between dorsocentral setae
tralasian/Oceanian catalog]. more than that between apical scutellar se-
-
VOLUME 96, NUMBER 3 457
lae;presuturalseta 1,welldeveloped; supra- rowlyrounded,anteroventralmargindrawn
alar seta absent: postalar seta 1, slightly out into a narrow process that curves slight-
shorter than presutural seta; scutellar disc ly medially; surstylus bifurcate externally
sparsely setulose; basal scutellarseta over '/: with a dorsal and ventral process, both ori-
length of apical seta; notopleuron lacking ented medially; aedeagus with apex curved
setulae; anterior and posterior notopleural forward at about 90°; hypandrium broadly
setae equidistant from notopleural suture; bowl shaped, less sclerotized than epan-
anepistemum with 2 large setae at posterior drium. basal portion near attachment with
margin, ventral setaabout 3x lengthofdor- remainderofgenital complex narrowerthan
sal seta; katepisternum with 2 large setae, overall width.
anterior seta smaller. Halter white to yel- Key to Species of
lowish. Wing mostly hyaline but lightly in- Clasiopell.4 Hendel
fuscate. appearingsmokey, largelyunicolor-
ous(wingsofsome specimens faintlydarker 1. Face, especially toward ventral margin, more
whitish gray microtomentose than frons; legs
toward anterior margin), apical portion of
yellow, exceptapical 1-2 tarsomeres
wing narrowly rounded, with wing length- C. uncinata Hendel
to-width ratio averaging 0.4 (length mea- - Face and frons uniformly with grayto brown-
sured from base of cell bm to apex); vein ishgraymicrotomentum; legsblackishbrown.
Rj+j extended normally to costal margin, except basal tarsomeres yellow (Australia) .
C austra. new species
well separated from costa. lacking a stump
vein, relatively short, making 3rd section Clasiopella uncinata Hendel
(between veins R^+j and R4+5) long com- Figs. 1-20
pared to 2nd section (between veins R, and
Clasiopella uncinata Hendd, 1914; 110.—
R2+3); R stem vein bearing 2-4 setulae dor-
Cresson, 1945: 68 [review, distribution
sally; crossvein dm-cu straight. Legs with
data for Indoaustralian area]; 1946a: 152
forebasitarsusslender,concolorouswith re-
[review, probable introduction to Carib-
mainingtarsomeres; fore femur with row of
bean and Florida]; 1946b: 256 [review,
2-4 long setae along posteroventral margin,
distribution data from Kenya, probable
longest seta (most apical) much longer than —
introduction], 263 [key]. Hardy, 1952:
width offore femur, also bearing 2 smaller,
466 [list].-Adachi. 1952: 353 [list].-
apically curved setae along posteroventral
Wirth. 1965: 742 [Nearcticcatalog]; 1968:
surface near apex.
[Neotropical catalog]; Cogan and
Abdomen: Mostly shiny, blackish, mi- 1 1
Wirth, 1977: 329 [Oriental catalog].
crotomentum generally sparse; 5th tergite
Cogan, 1980: 659 [Afrotropical cata-
ofmale shinier than preceding tergites, al- log].-Tenorio, 1980: 285-286 [revision,
most devoid of microtomentum. anterior
figures of S terminalia and 2 ventral re-
margin with broad, shallow emargination
ceptacle].—Mathis. 1989: 643 [Austral-
dorsomedially, bearing longer setae along
asian/Oceanian catalog].
posterior margin; 5th stemite divided into —
2 narrow,ellipticalstemitesatanteriormar- Psilopagiloipes Becker. 1924: 91. Hennig,
1941: 159 [synonymy].
gin of hypandrium. bearing setae laterally.
Male genitalia symmetrical; epandrium fre- Description.—Small to moderately small
quently flexed upward and outward, expos- shore flies, length 1.4 to 2.2 mm; mostly
ing ventral margin and surstyli; epandrium dark colored except for legs and wings.
enlarged, especially a well-sclerotized area Head (Figs. 1-8): Frons (Fig. 6) with
dorsadofcerealcavity,bearingseveralwell- width about twice height, black, subshiny
developed setae alongdorsal margin; dorsal (especially mesofrons). with thin gray mi-
margin ofepandrium in posteriorview nar- crotomentum, especially anteriorly and on
458 PROCEEDINGS OFTHE ENTOMOLOGICALSOCIETY OFWASHINGTON
Figs. 1-8. Scanning electron micrographs o(Clasiopiilu unctnala (scale length in parenthesis; bar scale for
all photographs = Fig. I). 1. Head, lateral view(0.27 mm). 2, Same, anteriorview(0.27 mm). 3, Face, anterior
view (136 ^m). 4, Left antenna, anterodorsal view (136 ^m). 5, Vertical setae, anlerodorsal view (176 ^m). 6,
Frons, anterodorsal view (136 ^m). 7, Eye and mterfacetal setulae, lateral view (30 /um), 8, Same, enlargement
ofan interfacetal setula, lateral \iew (6 ^m).
parafrons: ocelli airanged in equilateral tri- well developed, proclinate. mostly parallel.
angle, withdistancebetween posteriorocelli .•\ntenna brownish black, some specimens
much greater than between either posterior paler toward base of flagellomere 1; arista
ocellus and anterior ocellus; occllar setae (Fig. 4)with 9-1 1 dorsalrays. Facein lateral
VOLUME NUMBER
96. 3 459
Figs. 9-14. Scanningelectron micrographsofClasiopclla uncinutu (scale length in parenthesis; barscale for
all photographs = Fig. 13). 9, Mesonotum, dorsal view (250 ^m). 10, Scutcllum, dorsal view (120 ^m). 11,
Thorax, lateral view (231 ^m). 12, Notopleuron and anepistemum. lateral view (150 ^m). 13, Left fore femur,
postenorview (136 ^m). 14, Male genitalia, lateral view (200Mm).
view generally arched forward, short por- postpronotum, notopleuron, and pleural re-
tion near midhcight and slightly ventrad gion with whitish gray microtomentum,
more protrudent and broadly carinate (best denser on postpronotum and katepister-
seen in profile), black, thinly (dorsal -A) to num. Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa whitish
densely (ventral 'A) invested with white mi- yellow;apicaltarsomeresbrown; fore femur
crotomentum; bearing 2 larger facial setae, (Fig. 13) with 2-3 long setae along postero-
both inclinate, and a smallersetula postero- ventral margin, longer setae greater than
ventrad. Eye height-to-width ratio 0.75. width of femur. Wing hyaline, faintly in-
Gena very short, eye-to-cheek ratio 0.10, fuscate, generally brownish; vein Rj+j rel-
concolorous with ventral portion of face; atively short, costal vein ratio averaging
M
genal seta well developed, length subequal 0.85; vein ratio averaging 0.5.
to inner vertical seta. Clypeus black with Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figs. 14-20):
whitish microtomentum. Palpus black. epandrial process (Fig. 15) extended from
Thorax(Figs. 9-13): Generallybrownish anteroventral angle, comparatively long,
black to black; mesonotum (Fig. 9) sub- curved ventrally; dorsal process ofsurstylus
shiny, moderately invested with brown mi- (Fig. 17) in lateral view not much more
crotomentum, microtomentum extended broadly developed than ventral process,
laterally to dorsal angle of notopleuron; apex ofdorsal process rounded with tooth-
460 PROCEEDINGS OFTHE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 15-20. Structures of the male genitalia of Clasiopella imcinata. 15, Epandnum, lateral view. 16,
Epandnum and cerci, posterior view. 17, Surstylus, lateral view. 18, Clasper. lateral view. 19, Aedeagus and
aedeagal apodeme, lateral view. 20, Hypandrium, ventral view. Scale bar equals0.1 mm.
like medioapical process, median surface of bearing setulae apically and subapically; 2
dorsal process irregular, with 2 pointed greatlyenlarged setaeofclasperinserted lat-
bumps; ventral surstylar process shallowly erad of median lobe, dorsal seta smaller,
sinuous, gradually tapered to acutely point- nearly straight, ventral seta sinuous; gonite
ed apex; aedeagus (Fig. 19) in lateral view more or less triangular in dorsal view, with
curved forward at apical 'A, apex acutely a short, median lobe bearing 2 apical setu-
pointed, bearing subapical, lateral, narrow, lae; basal portion of hypandrium (Fig, 20)
prong-like process with orientation similar very narrow, width less than that of aede-
tothatofapical 'Aofaedeagus,basal portion agus.
ofaedeagus with rounded lobe laterally; ae- Type material.—The lectotype female,
deagal apodeme (Fig, 19) narrowly trian- designated herein, of Clasiopella imcinata
gular in lateral view; clasper (Fig, 18) very islabeled 'Anping[,], Formosa[,] H. Sauter,
distinctive, with a rounded median lobe, VI. 1912/Hendel det,/Syntypus [red]/TY-
ventralprocess,and2greatlyenlargedsetae; PUS [maroon]/DEI EBERSWALDE."
ventral process ofclasperin lateral viewal- [Taiwan. Anping; ST <?9, DEI]/LECTO-
most straight but with irregular margins. TYPE 9 Clasiopella uncinata Hendel by
VOLUME 96, NUMBER 3 461
W.N.Mathis, 1994 [gender, species name, (303. 299); Twin Cays (dock area, east shore
designator, and year handwritten: black ofEast Island). 18 Jan 1987, W. N. Mathis,
submarginal border]. The lectotype is dou- C. Feller (43. 39); Wee Wee Cay. 24 Jan
ble mounted (minuten in a thin, rectangular 1987. W. N. Mathis, C. Feller (19). MEX-
block ofplastic foam), is in good condition ICO. Tabasco: Paraiso (5 km E). 6 May
(apices of wings torn and missing), and is 1985. A. Freidberg. W. N. Mathis (23, 19;
deposited in DEI. A paralectotype female USNM). West Indies. DOMINICA. Grande
(DEI) bears the same locality label data as Savane(pond margin). 20 Mar 1965, W. W.
the lectotype. Wirth (29; USNM). JAMAICA. Falmouth
The holotype male, nota femaleas stated (bay shore), 1 Mar 1969, W. W. Wirth (l9;
in the original description, of Psilopa gi- USNM); Milk River Bath, 1 1 Mar 1970, T.
loipesis labeled "Anpingf.] Formosa X [Oct; Farr. W. W. Wirth (53, 29; USNM). TO-
handwritten] H.Sauter. V. [the Roman nu- BAGO. St. John: Charlotteville (5 km S,
meral "V." forthe month ofMay, hasa line 11°19'N, 60°34'W), Hermitage River and
through it. which I presume cancels it with beach. 11 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (49;
the handwritten "X," or Oct, as the substi- USNM); Speyside (iri8'N, 60'=32'W),
tution] 1912/Beckerdet./gilvipes Beck, [sic!: mouth of Doctor River, 13-15 Jun 1993,
should be giloipes: handwritten]/Holotypus W. N. Mathis (13. 29; USNM). St. Paul:
[red]/TYPUS [maroon]." The holotype is Delaford. Kings Bay (11°16'N, 60°33'W),
double mounted (minuten in a thin, rect- 13 Jun 1993, W. N. Mathis (19; USNM).
angular block of plastic foam), is in good Oriental. SRI LANK.A. Northern Province:
condition (some setae are missing and/or Nay Aru at Pallamandu (10 mi E Mannar),
have theirorientation altered: the specimen 12 Feb 1962. H. Andersson. P. Brinck. L.
is slightly teneral), and is deposited in DEI. Cederholm (13: ZIL). TAIW.AN. Anping,
Other specimens examined.—Afrotropi- Apr-May 1912, Sauter (13. 19; ANSP).
cal: MADAGASCAR. Nosy Be, Beach Am- ]'IETNAM. Homg-Gai. 5 Sep 1963. Pocs
batoloaka, 4-7 Apr 1991. A. Freidberg, F. (13; HNHM).
Kaplan (2<?, 29: USNM): Nosy Be (forest SE Quarantine interceptions from planes.—
Lakobe Res.), 5 Apr 1991. A. Freidberg, GLAM. [variousdates(1938 and 1939)and
F. Kaplan (19: USNM). Australasian/ several planes from many islandsandcoast-
Oceanian: AUSTRALIA. Queensland: al sites within the Pacific Ocean area]. R.
ThursdayIsland,TorresStrait, 19 Aug 1949, G. Oakley (83. 309; ANSP. USNM). H.4-
M. Mac'karras (33, 69; ANIC). HAWAII. WAII. Oahu: Honolulu [variousdates (1943
Hawaii: Opaeula Pond. North Kona (Mak- and 1944). several planes] (33. 49; USNM).
alawera and Makalapua), 12 Feb 1970. D. KENYA, "airplane." 17 Dec 1934, C. B.
E. Hardy (13. 19; USNM). Oahu; Kailua (at Symes (13; ANSP). PHILIPPINES. ["Clip-
window near beach). 1 Jun 1946. W. W. per" from Midway]. 22 Oct 1937 (19;
Wirth (39; USNM); Honolulu. C. R. Joyce. ANSP). UNITED ST-iTES. Florida: Mi-
Swezey(29; USNM). COMMONWEALTH ami [apparently from Baranquilla. Colom-
OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA IS- bia] (19; USNM).
LANDS. Saipan(ex. latrine). 3 Sep 1944(1<5: Distribution (locality marked with an as-
USNM). Neotropica: BELIZE. Stann Creek terisk is from the literature).—Afrotropical:
District: Carrie Bow Cay, 18-22 Mar-31 Kenya, Madagascar. Australasian/Oceani-
May 1985. 1988, W. N. Mathis (23. 39); an: Australia (QLD), Guam, Hawaiian Is-
Dangriga (12 km N), 28 Mar 1988. W. N. lands (Hawaii. Midway Island, Molokai,
Mathis (13, 19; USNM); Man ofWar Cay. Oahu), *Northern Marianas. Neotropical:
24 Jun-8-15 Nov 1987. 1989. 1990. C. Belize, Colombia(possibly). Mexico(TAB),
Feller, W. N. & D. Mathis, H. B. Williams West Indies (Dominica, Jamaica, Tobago).
462 PROCEEDINGSOFTHE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
25
Figs. 21-25. StructuresofthemalegenitaliaofC/ai';(i/.v//aa(«/ra. 21,Epandrium,lateralview. 22,Surstylus,
dorsolateralview.23,Aedeagusandaedeagalapodeme,lateralview,24,Hypandnum,ventralview.25,Clasper,
lateral view. Scale barequals 0.1 mm.
Oriental: Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Cresson).Thespecimenscollectedin Belize,
Vietnam. however, were primarily from coastal ma-
Natural history.—This species, although rine habitats. The large series from Man of
apparently originating in the Australasian/ War Cay was found in two habitats. The
Oceanian and/or Oriental Region, is now firstmostlyconsistedofdampleaflitterfrom
widespread in the tropics, occurring in the red mangrove {Rhizophora mangle L.) that
African (first recorded by Cresson 1946b: had accumulated just above the high-tide
256, and reconfirmed here through the re- zone. Thesecond habitat wasadampto wet
cent collecting efforts ofA. Freidberg) and peat/mudareathatbeforedryingwasasmall
New World tropics (primarily in the Carib- pool of brackish water. Along the margins
bean area). Cresson (1945, 1946a, 1946b) ofthepoolwerenumerouspneumatophores
noted that the specimens he studied from ofblackmangrove{Avicenniagerminans(L.)
Midway Island, the Caribbean, and Kenya L.).
were interceptions on airplanes, which is a Remarks.—Externally this species is dis-
further indication that this species was tinguished from C. austrabythemostlyyel-
probably introduced to these areas. low legs (only the apical 1-2 tarsomeres are
Tenorio (1980: 286) found adults on veg- dark brown) and by the comparative differ-
etation along the margins of freshwater ence in color and density of the microto-
ponds, frequently in association with adults mentum onthefaceversusthatonthefrons.
ofPsilopa girschneri von Roder (as P. olga The frons in this species is comparatively
VOLUME 96, NUMBER 3 463
thinly invested, and the microtomentum on erately narrow, width greater than that of
the face gradually becomes denser, appear- aedeagus.
ingmorewhitish. Thestructuresofthe male Type material.—The holotype male is la-
genitalia are also distinctive (see Figs. 14- beled "Australia. N.S.W. Careel Bay, Av-
20 and species description). alon (mangrove), 4 Jun. 1962, D. K.
McAlpine [handwritten]/Aust. Mus. Col-
ClasiopellaFiaguss.tr2a1,-N25ew Species Tl[erYcedtP;ioEns,pCelc[airseeisdopnewlailtmaheabualsnatdrcakg<e5bnoWdre.dreNrh.a]n/MdHawOtrLhiOit-s-
C
Description.—As in description of uu- ten]." The allotype female and seven para-
cinata except as follows: small to moder- types (1(3, 69; AM, USNM) bear the same
ately small shore flies, length 1.95 to 2.4 locality data as the holotype but with the
mm; generally blackish brown. same or other dates. Other paratypes are as
Head: Frons and face densely and uni- follows: AUSTRALIA. New South Wales:
formly invested with gray to grayish brown Mactesville, 3 Dec 1961, D, K. McAlpine
microtomentum. (1<?, 49; AM, USNM); Nelligen (tidal flat),
Thorax: Legs, except basal tarsomeres, 1 Feb 1973, D. H. Colless (1<?; ANIC).
entirely blackish brown; basal 3-4 tarso- NorthernTerritory: Batten Point(30 imNE
meres yellow to brownish yellow, apical 1- by E of Borroloola). 19 Apr 1976, D. H.
2 tarsomeres brown. Costal vein ratio av- Colless (19; ANIC). Queensland: Cairns, 19
M
eraging 0.90; vein ratio averaging 0.60. Apr 1957, W. W. Wirth (13; USNM). The
Abdomen: Tergites black, shiny; 5th ter- holotype is double mounted (glued to a pa-
gite ofmale with 2 small, oval tergiteswith- per point), is in good condition, and is de-
in broad, dorsomedial emargination. Male posited in the Australian Museum.
genitalia (Figs. 21-25): epandrial process Etymology.—The species epithet, austra.
(Fig. 21; at anteroventral angle) relatively refers to the distribution of this species in
short and straight; surstylus (Fig. 22) with the southern hemisphere.
cuticular microtrichiae; dorsal process of Remarks.—This species is easily distin-
surstylus in lateral viewmuch morebroadly guished from C. iincinala by the dark col-
developedthanventralprocess,apexofdor- ored legs, especially the femora and tibiae,
sal process appearing blunt to concave, and by the uniform investment and color
bearingnumeroussetulaeinconcavity; ven- ofthemicrotomentum onthefaceand frons.
tral surstylar process relatively short, thick, The structures ofthe male genitalia are also
with sharply tapered apex; surstylus also distinctive (see Figs. 21-25 and species de-
with a median process, short, rounded, scription).
bearingapicalsetulae;aedeagus(Fig. 23)an-
gularly curved, without lateral prongs, an-
Acknowledgments
gulate at apical 'A, curved forward in lateral
view, base with shallow lobe laterally; ae- I amgrateful to PhilipJ. Clausen, Amnon
deagal apodeme (Fig. 23)triangular: clasper Freidberg, Allen L. Norrbom, Tadeusz Za-
(Fig. 25) in lateral view with a long, narrow twamicki, and Robert V. Peterson for re-
process, base of process very shallowly viewing this paper and contributing to its
arched, apical 'A-'/:distinctlycurved, blunt- improvement. T. Zatwamicki provided the
ly rounded, bearing setulae along inner sur- locality data for specimens from ANIC,
face ofcurvature; base ofclasper bearing 2 HHM, andZIL. To my colleaguesand their
shortsetae,neitherenlarged;goniteasimple institutions (listed previously) who loaned
sclerite, lacking a lobe that bears setulae; specimens, I express my sincere thanks.
basal portion ofhypandrium (Fig. 24) mod- Without theircooperation this study would