A revision of the Malesian monotypic genus Cheilosa Bulme (Euphorbiaceae)

6 Pages·1993·1.4 MB·English

by  Van Welzen, Peter C

BLUMEA 38 (1993) 161-166
A revision of the Malesianmonotypic genus
Cheilosa Bulme (Euphorbiaceae)
Peter+C. van Welzen Roy+A. Banka & Cecilia+D. Leoncito
Summary
The WestMalesian genus Cheilosa Blume has been revised; the variability oftheonly species,
C.montana Blume,willbedescribed. Cheilosa montana combines thetwo former species C.mon-
tanaand C.malayana(Hook.f.) Airy Shaw. Typicalfor Cheilosa arethe presence ofglandsin the
teeth oftheleaves; thyrsoid, mainly unbranched,ramiflorous toterminal inflorescences;absence of
petals; the presence ofadisc; 9or 10 stamens; 3- (rarely 4)-locularovaries withone ovuleper lo-
cule;thick-walled fruits; anaril aroundtheseed; andendosperm.Fascicled hairsare usuallypresenton
thelower surfaceoftheleaves,but arecaducous.The excluded C.whiteana Croizatisprovisionally
transferredasanewspecies toTrigonostemonby Airy Shaw.
Introduction
ThegenusCheilosa, withits typespecies C.montana,were describedby Blume(1825)
on thebasis of Javanese specimens. On the basisof Malayan specimens, Hooker
(1888)describedBaliospermum malayanum, whichwas latertransferredto Cheilosa
by AiryShaw(1963). The latterspecies was said to differfrom C.montana in the
muchwiderleafbase. Hooker(1887) alsopublished thenameBaccaureamalayana
(Jack) King ex Hook, f., onthebasisofafew Malayan specimens andonHedycar-
pus malayanus Jack.Thelatterspecies is arealBaccaurea, while thespecimens ap-
peared tobeC. montana. AiryShaw(1963), using notes ofComer, elegantly showed
thatBaccaureamalayana shouldbetypified by thelost specimen ofJack,thetypeof
Hedycarpus malayanus.
Croizat (1942) describedCheilosawhiteana, onthebasisofafemalespecimen.
Thisspecies probably belongs toadifferentgenus,Trigonostemon(Airy Shaw, 1983).
The genusCheilosa, togetherwith thegenusNeoscortechinia, were placedinthe
'tribe'Cheiloseaeby AiryShaw(1975). Thetwo generaresembleeachotherstrong-
lyand some authorsareoftheopinion they shouldbeunited.AtleastuntilNeoscor-
techiniahas beenrevisedthegenerawillbekept separate,as several differencesexist,
i.e., Neoscortechinia lacks a disc, shows fewer stamens (5 or6insteadof9or 10),
andthewallofthefruitis thinner(Airy Shaw, 1975: 19, 68). Thelattercharacteris
perhaps not distinctive,becausethe Javaneseand Philippine fruitsofCheilosa also
possess arelatively thinfruitwall.
') Rijksherbarium /HortusBotanicus,P.O. Box9514,2300RALeiden,TheNetherlands.
2) PNGForest Research Institute, P.O.Box 314,Lae,PapuaNewGuinea.
L3) wManand. Biosphere,QueenAvenue,Diliman,QuezonCity, P~hilippines.
162 BLUMEA Vol. 38, No. 1, 1993
INFRASPECIFIC VARIATIONOF CHEILOSA MONTANA
Cheilosamontana is very variable.Because ofthis variability within thegenus the
differencebetween C. montana andC. malayana appeared tobenon-existent:the
baseofthe leaves is cuneate not only in Javanese specimens, but also in those of
Sumatraand Borneo. Severalcharacter statesdominatelocally, but theycan usually
befoundinotherareas too. Theleavesin Javaareobovate, mainly ovate inthePhilip-
pines, andelliptic toobovateinthe otherareas. Borneanspecimens havethe largest
leaves. Mostspecimens fromtheMalayPeninsulahaverelatively large teeth along
theleaves, whileinthe otherareas thesearevery shallow. Thespecimens fromthe
Philippines usually showlonginflorescencesasdo severalspecimens fromNBorneo;
allotherspecimens haveshortinflorescences.ThefruitsintheMalay Peninsulacan
betwicethe size as thosein JavaandthePhilippines. Thewallofthefruitis usually
very thickexcept for the JavaneseandPhilippine specimens. Thevariability is sum-
marizedbelow:
Peninsular Sumatra Java Borneo Philippines
Malaysia
Leafshape elliptic to elliptic to obovate elliptic to ovate to
obovate obovate obovate elliptic
Leaflength(cm) 6.8-22 20-23.8 5.6-21 20-32.5 7.3-24.7
Leafbase emarginateto (obtuse to) cuneate emarginate rounded to
broadlycuneate cuneate to cuneate cuneate
Leafdentation usually long shallow shallow shallow shallow
Inflorescence
length(cm) 1.6-5 1-5.2 1.7-6.5 2.5-12 4.3-17
Fruit height(cm) 3.2-5.2 c. 3.5 2.6-3 2.3-4.5 2.2-2.4
Fruitwall
thickness(mm) 3.5-6 c.2 1.5-3.5 3.5-5 1.5-2
CHEILOSA
CheilosaBlume,Bijdr. (1825)613;Paxin Engler& Prantl,Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 5(1890) 90;Pax
& Hoffm.in Engler,Pflanzenr.IV, 147,4(1912) 12;14(1919)50;Backer & Bakh.f.,Fl.Java
1(1963)496;Whitmore,TreeFl. Malaya2(1973)77;Airy Shaw,KewBull. Add. Ser. 4(1975)
68; KewBull. 36 (1981)276. —Typespecies: C.montanaBlume.
Tree, dioecious.Branchletswithrelatively widepith.Stipules early caducous.Leaves
alternate, simple; petiole basally andapicallypulvinate; pulvinusoftenwithtransverse
grooves; bladesymmetric, not punctate,withoutexudate; basecuneate toemarginate;
margin dentateto crenate,withabaxially glandinevery tooth; apexroundedtoobtuse
(to acuminate); lowersurfacewith simple andoften withfascicled hairs, glabrescent;
P.C. vanWelzen,R.A.Banka & CD. Leoncito: Revision ofMalesian Cheilosa 163
venationpinnate, looped atthemargin witha veinfromeveryloop tothegland.Inflo-
rescences ramifloroustoaxillary toterminal, thyrsoidwith 1 toseveralbranchesper
axil; branchesflat,usually unbranched; cymules mono-todichasial, with1-3flowers.
Bracts tothecymules oftenleaf-like;bracts totheflowersoftenwithtwo basalexten-
sionsas ifbracts andbracteoleswereunited.Pedicelselongating infruit.Flowersacti-
nomorphic. Sepals 5 (or 6),free,ovate, imbricate, thin tocoriaceous, marginoften
membranous, sericeous, glabrescent, resistentin fruit.Petals absent.Disc annular,
flat, moreorless5-lobed,hirsute,resistentinfruit.Maleflowers with9or 10stamens
in2whorls; filamentflattened,glabrous; antherbasifixed, opening latrorsly length-
wise, glabrous; connective oftenslightly elongated; pistillode with (2 or) 3 (or 4)
free,hirsuteremnants ofthecarpels. Femaleflowerswithoutstamens;ovary 3-(to
seldom4-)locular; 1 ovuleperlocule, descending, epitropous, anatropous, subapi-
cally attachedto column; style short; stigmas 3,spreading outwards, uppersurface
papillate, apicallysplitapartandrecurved.Fruitarhegma, ovoid(to globular), slightly
triangularin transverse section, outside smooth, tomentose,insidesmooth, glabrous;
columnleftafterdehiscence; mesocarpwoody, cork-likeinappearance;septacom-
plete. Seeds 1-3perfruit,ovoidwithaconvex abaxialsurfaceandaV-shaped, almost
flatadaxialsurface, bothsurfaces with longitudinal keel inthecentre;aril surround-
ing seedcompletely, adnateto seed;endosperm present, witha central longitudinal,
flatembryo.
Distribution Asthespecies.
-
Cheilosa montana Blume - Figs. 1, 2
Cheilosa montanaBlume,Bijdr. (1825)614;Pax & Hoffm.in Engler,Pflanzenr. IV, 147,4(1912)
12,fig.3;Moore,J. Bot.Brit.For. 63 (1925) 104; Backer& Bakh.f.,Fl. Java 1 (1963)496;
Airy Shaw, KewBull. Add. Ser.4(1975)68 (sub C. malayana).— Type:Blume s.n.(L,holo,
sheet no.L 903.155-415;iso in BM,F,L,NSW,P,US,Z), Indonesia,Java.
Baliospermum malayanumHook,f.,Fl. Brit.India5 (1888) 463;Ridley, Fl.Mai. Pen. 3 (1924)
313. —Scortechinia malayanaRidley, Fl.Mai. Pen. 5(1925) 332, in note. — Cheilosa
malayanaCornerex Airy Shaw,KewBull. 16(1963)364;Kew Bull. 20 (1966)49;Whitmore,
Tree Fl. Malaya2 (1973) 77; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 68; Kew Bull. 36
(1981)276. — Type:MaingayKD 1455 (K, holo),Peninsular Malaysia.
Cheilosa homaliifoliaMerr.,PhilippJ.Sci., Bot. 8(1913)379;Pax & Hoffm. inEngler, Pflanzenr.
IV, 147, 14(1919)50; Merr.,En.Philipp. 2(1923) 457. — Type: Wenzel 147 (PNH,t;iso in
A,F,G, MO, NSW,US),Philippines, Leyte,Dagami.
Cheilosa spec.: Merr.,J. Str.Br.Roy. As.Soc., spec, issue(1921)346 (Villamil 31,n.v., Borneo,
Sabah=British North Borneo).
Cheilosa homaliifoliaMerr. var. grandifoliaMerr.,En. Philipp.2(1923)457.—Type:BS(Ramos
&Edaho)37282 (PNH,holo, f;iso in K),Philippines, Mindanao,ZamboangaDist.,Malangas.
Cheilosa montanaBlume var. longifoliaS.Moore,J.Bot.Brit.For. 63 (1925) 104.—Type:Forbes
1839 (BM,holo; iso inL), Indonesia,Sumatra,Lampongs,MtTengemoes.
Baccaurea malayanaauct.nonKingexHook,f.:Hook,f.,H.Brit.India 5(1887)374,excl. Hedy-
carpus malayanus Jack;Boerl.,Handl. Fl. Ned.Indie 3, 1(1900)280,in note; Pax &Hoffm. in
Engler,Pflanzenr. IV, 147, 15 (1922) 70; Ridley, Fl. Mai. Pen. 3 (1924) 247; Burkill, Diet.
Econ.Prod. MalayPen. 1 (1935)279;Comer,Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10(1940)290(conclusion).
See noteinAiry Shaw (1963:364).
164 BLUMEA Vol. 38, No. 1, 1993
Fig. 1. Cheilosa montana Blume. a. Habit,x 0.5; b. maleflower,x 6; c. femaleflower, x 6;
d. fruit, x0.5;e.fruit, showingthick wall andone developedseed,x 0.5; f.seedcoveredby aril,
x0.5(a,c: Wenzel 147,MO;b; Wenzel 161,A;d—f:KEP FRI(Whitmore)4165,L).
P.C.vanWelzen,R.A.Banka& C.D. Leoncito: Revision of Malesian Cheilosa 165
Tree,up to28 m high by 50 cm d.b.h.Branchlets rounded,smooth tosomewhat
rough, glabrescent; flowering twigs 2-11 mm thick. Stipules triangular, 1-1.7by
0.6-0.8 mm, sericeous. Leaves:petiole 0.7-8.5 cm long, roundto dorsoventrally
flattened;bladeovatetoobovate,5.6-32.5 by 2.8-16cm; basenarrowly cuneate to
emarginate; margin shallowly (to deeply) laxly dentateto crenate,flat;apex rounded
to obtuse(to acuminate), very apexrounded(to mucronulate); upper surfacesmooth,
glabrous; lower surface smooth, simple hairs somewhat sericeous (to hirsute: see
note), glabrescent, fascicled hairs usually presentespecially nearmidrib; venation
with6-9pairs ofopposite to alternatenerves, tertiary veinspartly scalariform, other
veins widely reticulate.Inflorescences: branches0.5-17cm long, sericeous.Bracts
to cymules elliptic to obovate, 1.4-6by 0.7-1.8mm,coriaceous, apexroundedto
acute, sericeous onboth sides; bracts to the flowers triangular, 0.7-1.5 by 0.4-2
mm,subglabrous tosericeous.Peduncle0.7-2.3 mmlong,infruitup to8 mmlong,
shortsericeousto glabrescent. Maleflowers 2.2-3.5 mmin diam.; sepals 1-1.5by
0.6-1.3mm;filaments0.5-2.8mmlong; anthers0.4-0.8by 0.3-0.7mm.Female
flowers c. 5 mm in diam.; sepals 1.5-3.2by 1.2-2mm; ovary ovoid, 2-4 mm
high, hirsute; style c. 0.5 mm long, hirsute; stigmas 3, 1.1-1.7 mm long, upper
surface glabrous, splitpart0.5-1.2mm long.Fruits 1to 5perinflorescencebranch,
2.2-5.2 by 2-4.3 cm; wall 1.5-6mm thick. Seed 1.5-3.3 by 1.4-2.2 by 0.8-
1.3 cm; arilupto 1.5 mm thick; embryo 9.5-19 by 8-15 mm; plumule andradicle
2-4mm long.
Fieldnotes - Tree, basefluted.Outerbark grey-brown to brown, rathersmooth;
innerbark orange-brown; slashwiththe smelloffresh sugarcane; exudate white.
Wood white(to yellow). Leaves
glossy deep green.Maleflowers
greenish. Fruits velvety greenish
grey; aril outside orange, inside
yellow, oily; seedblack; cotyle-
donsandendosperm white.
Distribution - Malesia: Malay
Peninsula (incl. Singapore), Su-
matra,W Java, Borneo, SPhilip-
pines.
Habitat & Ecology - Primary
and hill forest, swamp forest,
along rivers, on ridges. Soil: yel-
low clay to red sand. Altitude:
from 5 upto 1200m.Flowering:
Feb., June-Nov.;fruiting: April-
Oct. Some branches are hollow Fig. 2.Distribution ofCheilosa montana Blume.
duetoinsects.
Vernacularnames- Malay Peninsula, Selangor: nawe, jahakah. Sumatra, Pa-
lembang area: betihrawang. Borneo, aroundBalikpapan: kepajang hutan, ketapi
danau.
Note-Burley, Tukirinet al. 2478 (Borneo) and BS37282 (Philippines) show
subhirsuteleaves.All otherspecimens are subglabrous or slightly sericeous.
166 BLUMEA Vol. 38,No. 1, 1993
EXCLUDED SPECIES
CheilosawhiteanaCroizat, J. ArnoldArbor. 23(1942) 507; AiryShaw, KewBull.
16(1963) 365, innote. — Type: FB(Curran) 17733(A, holo),Philippines, Luzon,
Prov.ofPampanga, MtArayat =Trigonostemon whiteanus(Croizat) AiryShaw,
Kew Bull. 38 (1983) 68.
Note- Thespecies isknown only fromthetypespecimen. Thelatterpossesses
only afewwitheredfemaleflowers. The species differs fromCheilosa inthatithas
two basalglands on theuppersurface oftheleaf-blade(absent in Cheilosa), petals
(absentinCheilosa), andstigmas whichare onlyslightly split(deeply splitin Cheilo-
sa). Theleavesalsoshow aratherstrongly trinervedleafbase.Thetransferto Trigo-
nostemon is stilldoubtful,becausestronglyovate,crenate leavesarerare inthis genus.
REFERENCES
AiryShaw,H.K. 1963.Notes onMalaysianand otherAsiaticEuphorbiaceae.Kew Bull. 16:364-
365.
AiryShaw,H.K. 1975.TheEuphorbiaceaeofBorneo.KewBull. Add. Series4:19,68.
AiryShaw,H.K. 1983.New combinations inPhilippineEuphorbiaceae.KewBull. 38:68.
Blume,C.L. 1825.BijdragentotdeFlora vanNederlandsch Indie: 613,614.Batavia.
Croizat,L. 1942.New andcritical Euphorbiaceaefromthe tropicalFar East. J. Arnold Arbor.23:
507.
Hooker, J.D. 1887.TheFlora ofBritish India 5:374; 1888: 463. London.
Identification list
Material ofCheilosa montanaBlumestudied:
Blume 224; 2017—BogorBotanical Garden VIII.F.26;IX.A.4 —BoschproefstationT.729 —
BS24373; 35170; 37282—Burley, Tukirin et al. 2478 —CF 2266 —Endert 3624;3626;4807
—FB 17733—Forbes 355; 1839 —Haviland& Hose 3231 —KEP 16069 —KEP FRI4165;
20765—King'scollector5841;6223—Koorders 24199;24496; 33288;40120;40127—Koster-
mans4334;4390; 4571;S3—Leighton24 —Maingay 1363; 1455—Ramos 1664—Richards
1442 —SAN 17406;113512— SF249; 1664;32341;34985; 35170 —Thorenaar 57.T.1.P.91
—Wenzel 147;161;647 —Zollinger1550.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Weare gratefultotheorganisationswhich helpedtoorganisethe fourth 'SEAsian regionaltraining
courseonplant taxonomy',i.e.UNESCO/MAB,LIPI,PuslitbangBiologi,Herbarium Bogoriense,
Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus,and theOfficeforInternational Cooperation,LeidenUniversity.
Wewould liketothankthelecturers,Dedi Damaedi,KuswataKartawinata,Sivarajan,HubertTurner,
Rugayah,UwayWarsita,Rochadi Abdulhadi,Harry Wiriadinata,andRusdyNasution.
We thankDr. P.Baas andDr. M.C.Roosfor theircriticalreadingofthe manuscript.Theexcel-
lentdrawingwas madeby Mr.J.H. vanOs.