A Revision of the Genus Zora (Araneae, Zoridae) in North America

7 Pages·1991·3.8 MB·English

by  David T Corey

1991. TheJournal ofArachnology 19:55-61
A REVISION OF THE GENUS ZORA
(ARANEAE, ZORIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
David T. Corey and Daniel J. Mott*: Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois Uni-
versity, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
Abstract. ThegenusZoraC.L.Koch, 1848inNorthAmericaincludestwospecies:Zora
pumila (Hentz) and Zora hespera new species. Diagnoses, descriptions, distributions, and
natural history notes are presented.
The genus Zora consists ofsmall to medium eraleye), MOQ (median ocularquadrangle). Di-
entelegyne,ecribellatespiders. Theymayberec- mensionsaregivenintheform: range, mean{X)
ognizedbyhavingtwoclawswithclawtufts,dis- and standard error (SE).
tinct longitudinal bands on the cephalothorax, Abbreviationsforcollectionscited intextare:
4-2-2 arrangement of the eyes and a series of AMNH = American Museum of Natural His-
long overlapping spines on the first two tibiae tory, CAS = California Academy of Sciences,
andmetatarsi.Thecolorpatternontheabdomen MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology,
is distinct and, in unfaded specimens, may be USNM =UnitedStatesNationalMuseum,SIUC
useful in distinguishing the species. = Southern Illinois University at Carbondale,
The 17 species in the genus have a Holarctic JAB = Joseph A. Beatty.
distribution with most of the species reported
from Europe and the Middle East. One species Genus Zora C. L. Koch, 1848
iscitedfromtheUnitedStates.Neitherthegenus LycaenaSundevall, 1832:265. Typespeciesbymono-
nor the family has been revised. typy, L. spinimana Sundevall. Preoccupied.
Zora has been placed in the Lycosidae (Dahl HecaergeBlackwall, 1833:193. Type species Lycaena
&Dahl 1927),theCtenidae(Petrunkevitch 1928; spinimana(Sundevall). Preoccupied.
Homann 1947), the Clubionidae (Kaston 1948) Lycodia (lapsus?) Sundevall, 1833:22.
andtheZoridae(Dahl 1912;Tullgren 1945;Leh- DolomedesWalckenaer, 1837:348.(part)(3erace: Ru-
piariae).
tinen 1967;Kaston 1981).Currentlyseveraloth- ZoraC. L. Koch, 1848:91. Type speciesLycaenaspi-
ergenera, whoserelationshipsaredebatable, are nimana Sundevall.
also placed in the Zoridae. Psilothra Gistel, 1848: IX. Proposed replacement for
METHODS Hecaerge, preoccupied.
Katadysas Hentz, 1850:287. Type species by mono-
Specimens were examined and measured un- typy K. pumilusHentz.
derastereodissectingmicroscopewithanocular Thorell, 1869:43.EmendationofKa?ac(y5a5
micrometer mounted in one eyepiece. Microm- Hentz.
eter units were converted to metric units and Diagnosis.— Zora can be distinguished from
theseroundedtothenearest0.01 mm. Drawings most other eight-eyed spiders by the nearly
were made with the aid ofa squared-grid reticle straight anterior eye row, and the strongly re-
in one eyepiece ofthe dissecting microscope. A curvedposterioreyerow, theeyes formingthree
total of 172 specimens was examined. Epigyna rows. They have 2 claws with claw tufts. The
were removed and cleared in clove oil. AME presenceof6-8 pairs oflong, overlappingspines
Abbreviations for eyes: are as follows: on tibiae I and II separate them from the Cten-
(anteriormedianeye),ALE(anteriorlateraleye), idae and Lycosidae.
PME(posteriormedianeye), PLE(posteriorlat- Description.— Smallspiderswithageneralor-
ange-brown color. A wide band extending back
'Presentaddress:DepartmentofMathematicsandSci- from each posterior lateral eye (Figs. 5, 1 1). A
ences, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, North marginalbandoneachsideofthecephalothorax.
Dakota 58601 USA. Carapacehighestintheregionofthoracicgroove.
56 THEJOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
—
Figures. \-l. Z. pumila: 1, 2, male palpus; 1, retrolateralaspect; 2, ventral aspect; 3-7, female; 3, tibiaand
metatarsus leg I; 4, chelicerae; 5, dorsal view offemale; 6, 7, epigynum; 6, dorsal aspect, cleared; 7, ventral
aspect.
COREY & MOTT-REVISION OFAMERICAN ZORA 57
Sternum with a dark spot near each coxa (Fig. 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10; AME-
10). Labium wider than long. The legs heavily AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.10,
spotted,legIVlongest,followedbyI,II,III.Tarsi PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.16; MOQ length
with 2 claws and tufts. Tibiae I and II with 6-8 0.23-0.31 (0.28, 0.01), front width 0.23-0.28
pairs oflong, overlapping ventral spines. Meta- (0.24, 0.01), back width 0.15-0.31 (0.28, 0.02).
tarsi I and II with 2-3 pairs oflong, overlapping Clypeus height 0.05-0.10 (0.09, 0.01). Chelicera
ventral spines. Palpal tarsus offemales and ju- length 0.31-0.54 (0.46, 0.03), width 0.23-0.33
venileswithapairofventralspines.Retromargin (0.27, 0.01). Total lengths of legs; I: 5.28-6.51
ofchelicerae usually with two teeth, promargin (5.74, 0.12), II: 4.92-6.05 (5.45, 0.12), III: 4.21-
usually with 3 teeth. Apical segment ofthe pos- 5.92(5.14, 0.15), IV: 5.38-8.31 (7.39,0.27). To-
terior spinnerets short and indistinct. tal lengthofpalp 1.36-1.95 (1.79, 0.06). Legspi-
Distribution.— Holarctic.Specimenshavebeen nation; tibiae I and II with 6-7 pairs of long,
reportedfromMexicoandBrazilbyMarx(1890) overlapping ventral spines, metatarsi I and II
under the nomina nuda Zora californica and Z. with 2 pairs oflong, overlapping ventral spines.
latithorax. Thelocalitiesarelikelytobeinerror. Females:Measurementsof10specimens(mm).
Total length 4.00-6.00 (4.78, 0.22). Carapace
Zorapumila (Hentz) length 1.29-2.31 (1.94, 0.10), width 1.10-1.80
Figs. 1-7. Map 1 (1.49,0.11). Eye sizes and interdistances AME
Katadysaspumilus Hentz, 1850:287, plate X, fig. 16, 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10; AME-
AME AME-ALE PME-PME
Cat1amdaylseasipmumm.ilTuyspTehodreesltlr,oy1e8d6.9:43. PME-P0L.0E8,0.15, ALE-PL0.E10,0.16; MOQ le0n.g1t3,h
Zorapumila Wolmherg, 1882:156. 0.26-0.35 (0.30, 0.01), front width 0.24-0.31
Z.spinimanaEmerton, 1911:403,plateV, figs. 5a-5b, (0.27, 0.01), back width 0.28-0.37 (0.33, 0.01).
1 female. Not Z. spinimana(Sund.) Clypeus height 0.05-0.13 (0.10, 0.01). Chelicera
Z. pumilus Comstock, 1912:403, fig. 651; 1940:587. length 0.30-0.77 (0.57, 0.04), width 0.26-0.33
fig. 651. (0.30, 0.01). Total length of legs; I: 5.59-6.90
Diagnosis.— Males of Z. pumila are distin- (6.20, 0.15), II: 5.08-6.62 (5.89, 0.19), III: 4.49-
guished from males ofZ. hespera by the larger 6.08(5.41,0.15),IV: 5.46-9.10(8.02,0.36).Total
palp,andtheangularconductor(Fig. 2).Females length of palp 1.62-3.31 (2.25, 0.17). Leg spi-
have sperm ducts coiled anterior to the sper- nation; tibiae I and II with 8 pairs oflong, over-
mathecae (Fig. 6). Zora pumila has been con- lappingventral spines, metatarsi I and II with 3
fusedwiththeEuropeanZoraspinimana(Sund.). pairs oflong, overlapping ventral spines.
Examination of specimens of Z. spinimana Distribution.— Eastern United States from
showed that they are distinct. The tibial apoph- MassachusettssouthtoFlorida,andwesttoMis-
ysis of the male palp of Z. spinimana and Z. souri and Texas.
nemoralis (Blackwall) has a broad base and is Natural history.— This spider hunts in tall
bent distally. The distal end oftibial apophysis grass and bushes during daylight. The egg sac is
in Z. spinimanaisbifurcateand in Z. nemoralis guardedby the female, but no protective retreat
it is truncate. In female Z. spinimana the recep- isbuilt (Kaston 1981). Females havebeen taken
tacles are closer together than in Z. pumila and from January through October, and males from
Z. hesperaandthespermductsturnforwardand AprilthroughJuly.Immaturescanbefoundyear
parallel with the long axis ofthe body at their round.
anteriorend.ThecourseofductsinZ. nemoralis Specimens have been collected in pitfall traps
is different from Z. pumila and Z. hespera. from a pond pine community in central Florida
Description.— Awide marginal band on each (Corey&Taylor 1988)andfromabrushyprairie
sideofcephalothorax,wideparamedialbandex- inJohnsonCo.,Missouri.InNorthCarolinathey
tendingbackfromeachposteriormedianeyeand have been collected in broomsedge and young
athinY-shapedmarkonabdomen.Legsheavily pine litterwith a Berlese funnel. Ajuvenile was
spotted. Chelicerae as in Fig. 4. found in foam skimmed from Indian Creek,
Males: Measurements of 10 specimens (mm). Jackson Co., Illinois.
Total length 3.54-4.10 (3.74, 0.06). Carapace Materialexamined.— USA:Alabama;LeeCo.,
length 1.69-1.95 (1.81, 0.03), width 1.25-1.54 Auburn (N. Banks), immature (MCZ); Madison
(1.40, 0.03). Eye sizes and interdistances AME Co.,MonteSano,December 1940(A.F.Archer),
58 THE JOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
Map 1.—Distribution ofZom in North America.
immature(AMNH). Connecticut;MiddlesexCo., (PECK), 3 immatures (CAS); Phelps Co., Rolla,
Killingworth, 23 June 1935 (B. J. Kaston), 3 fe- Dry Fork Cr., 8-11 May 1951 (HEF, DLF), fe-
males, immature (USNM); New Haven Co., vi- male (CAS); St. Louis, St. Louis Co., 13 May
cinityofNorwalk, 2July 1933 (W. Ivie), female, 1950(W.Dowdy),immature(AMNH).NewJer-
immature (AMNH), Norwalk, August 1933 (W. sey; Atlantic Co., Great Egg Harbour River be-
Gertsch), female (AMNH), Seymour, 30 May tween Penny Pot and Weymouth, 3 May 1947
1965(J.&W.Ivie),female,2immature(AMNH). (H. Van Deusen), female (AMNH); Bergen Co.,
Florida; Orange Co., Univ. of Central Florida Ramsey, 23 June 1934 (W. J. Gertsch), female,
Campus, May 1983 (D. T. Corey), female immature (AMNH), 5 June 1938 (B. J. Kaston),
(USNM). Georgia; Emanuel Co., N ofSwains- 4 females, 3 males, 2 immature(USNM), 5 July
boro, 23 December 1952 (W. Ivie), immature 1938 (W. Gertsch), male and female pieces
(AMNH). Illinois;JacksonCo., R1W,TIOS,S25, (AMNH); Hunterdon Co., Lambertville, May
NW
1/4, 21 March 1975 (R. Parkin), immature 1952 (W. Ivie), male (AMNH), June 1953 (W.
(SIUC). Massachusetts; Middlesex Co., Hollis- Ivie), immature(AMNH). North Carolina;Dur-
ton, 5 May and 1 July 1923 (J. H. Emerton), 2 hamCo.,Dukeforest,Durham, 11-28April 1935
females, 2 immatures (MCZ), August 1928, fe- (A. M. Chickering), male (MCZ), SE comer of
male (MCZ), 9 September 1928 (N. Banks), im- Co. road 1116 and Chapel Hill Blvd. junction,
mature (MCZ), 15 September 1928 (N. Banks), I October 1963 (J. W. Berry), immature (JAB),
female(MCZ), 16June 1929 (N. Banks), female, II November 1963 (J. W. Berry), immature
3immature(MCZ),Tyngsboro, 16October 1908 (JAB), 1 May 1964 (J. W. Berry), male (JAB), 3
(J. H. Emerton),female(MCZ), 23January 1910 June 1964 (J. W. Berry), female (JAB). Ohio;
(J. H. Emerton), female, immature (MCZ). Mis- Harrison Co., Hopedale, 17 May 1979 (R. Ur-
souri;JohnsonCo., KnobNosterState Park, 15- banek), male (JAB). Pennsylvania; Bucks Co., E
22 May 1978 (Peck), female (CAS), 16-26 May ofJamison, Horseshoe Bend ofNeshaminy Cr.,
1978 (Peck), immature(CAS), 11-16 April 1979 November(W. Ivie), 2 immature(AMNH),Au-
Figures. 8-14.—Z. hespera: 8, 9, male palpus; 8, retrolateral aspect; 9, ventral aspect; 10-14, female; 10,
sternum; 11, dorsal view offemale; 12, chelicerae; 13, 14, epigynum; 13, dorsal aspect, cleared; 14, ventral
aspect.
1,
60 THE JOURNALOFARACHNOLOGY
gust 1953 (W. Ivie), 5 females, 19 immatures AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.08, PME-PME 0.10,
(AMNH), September 1953 (W. Ivie), female, 9 PME-PLE 0.13, ALE-PLE 0.18. MOQ length
immatures (AMNH), October 1953 (W. Ivie), 0.28-0.36 (0.31, 0.01), front width 0.18-0.26
female (AMNH), April 1954 (W. Ivie), 2 im- (0.23, 0.01), back width 0.28-0.36 (0.31, 0.01).
matures (AMNH), May 1954 (W. Ivie), 4 fe- Clypeus height 0.08-0.13 (0.10, 0.01). Chelicera
males, 7 males (AMNH), June 1955 (W. Ivie), length 0.44-0.67 (0.56, 0.02), width 0.20-0.42
1 1 females(CAS). Tennessee;KnoxCo., 29 Jan- (0.30, 0.02). Total lengths of legs; I: 4.03-6.28
uary 1982 (G. Tolbert), immature(CAS). Texas; (5.21, 0.22), II: 4.56-5.82 (4.97, 0.15), III: 3.97-
AndersonCo., 7 mi. EofPalestine, 17July 1938 5.69 (4.58, 0.17), IV: 5.36-7.36 (6.48, 0.17). To-
(Davis), 3 immature (AMNH); Fayette Co., 1 tallengthofpalp 1.56-2.17 (1.89, 0.08). Legspi-
mi. N ofLaGrange, 18 July 1966 (J. &W. Ivie), nation, tibiae I and II with 6-7 pairs of long,
female (AMNH). overlapping ventral spines, metatarsi I and II
with 2 pairs oflong, overlapping ventral spines.
Zora hespera, new species Distribution.— Washington, Oregon, Califor-
Figs. 8-14, Map 1 nia, Idaho, and Arizona.
—
Types. FemaleholotypefromeastofPollock Natural history.— Zora hespera has been col-
Pines,ElDoradoCo.,California,inapineforest, lected throughout the year: adult males taken in
25 June 1953 collectedbyV. Roth. In American April, May, and June, females from February
Museum ofNatural History. through December. They have been found by
Etymology.— Name isderived from the Latin sifting through oak leaves or by using a Berlese
word for west. funnel.
—
Diagnosis.— Malesand femalescan be distin- Materialexamined. Alladultsareparatypes.
guished from Z. purnilaby thegenitalia (Figs. 1 USA:Arizona;Yavapai Co., 5 mi. S ofPrescott,
2, 6, 9, 13, 14). Conductorofmale rounded an- 23 April 1936 (Bishop), 2 immature (AMNH).
teriorly. Sperm ducts in female S-shaped. See Z. California;ElDoradoCo.,Riverton, 15July 1934
purnila for differences between Z. hespera and (W. Ivie), female (AMNH), E Pollock Pines, 25
Z. spinimana and Z. nemoralis. June 1953 (V. Roth), female (AMNH); Los An-
—
Description. Narrowmarginalbandoneach geles Co., Tanbark Flats, San Gabriel Mts., 20
sideofthecephalothorax.Wideparamedialband June 1952 (M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, R. Schram-
extends back from each posterior median eye. mel), female (AMNH); Mariposa Co., Wawona
Wide,lateral,longitudinallightcoloredbandson Camp, Yosemite Park, 17 September 1941 (W.
the abdomen. Chelicerae as in Fig. 12. Ivie), 3 females, 2 immatures (AMNH); Napa
Males: Measurements of 3 specimens (mm). Co., Monticello Dam, 23 October 1957 (R. O.
Total length 2.80-3.14 (2.95, 0.12). Carapace Schuster), immature (AMNH), Toll road on
length 1.40-1.62 (1.27, 0.08), width 1.24-1.32 Mount St. Helena, 31 December 1953 (G. A.
AME
(1.27, 0.03). Eye sizes and interdistances: Marsh, R. O. Schuster, V. Roth), female, 2 im-
0.06, ALE 0.06, PME 0.06, PLE 0.08; AME- matures (AMNH); Orange Co., Santa Ana Mts.,
AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.08, 13 September 1941 (W. Ivie), 3 immatures
PME-PLE 0.11, ALE-PLE 0.16. MOQ length (AMNH); Riverside Co., Idyllwild, San Jacinto
0.14-0.26 (0.22, 0.05), front width 0.16-0.18 Mts., 18 June 1952 (W. J. Gertsch, M. Cazier,
(0.17,0.01),backwidth0.24.Clypeusheight0.06. R. Schrammel), immature (AMNH), 17 March
Chelicera length 0.36-0.42 (0.38, 0.02), width 1957 (1. Newell), female (AMNH); San Bema-
0.20-0.22 (0.21, 0.00). Total lengths of legs; I: dino Co., 1.6 mi. E of Seven Oaks, 23 March
4.00-4.98 (4.49, 0.69), II: 3.80-4.72 (4.26, 0.65), 1958 (1. Newell), female (AMNH), Arrowhead
III:4.58{N= 1),IV: 5.32-5.98(5.65,0.46).Total Lake,6May 1936(Bishop),immature(AMNH);
length of palp 1.64-1.74 (1.68, 0.04). Leg spi- SanDiegoCo., 4.8 mi. SofJulian,26 April 1959
nation tibiae I and II with 6-7 pairs of long, (1. Newell), female (AMNH), Sweetwater River,
overlapping ventral spines, metatarsi I and II 1 1/2 mi. N ofDescanso, 26 March 1967 (E. &
with 2 pairs oflong, overlapping ventral spines. R. Musillo &J. Ivie), female(AMNH); San Ma-
Females;Measurementsof10specimens(mm). teo Co., S ofWoodside, 17 September 1964 (J.
Total length 3.54-6.79 (4.77, 0.37). Carapace &W. Ivie), female(AMNH); SonomaCo., 3 mi.
W
length 1.53-2.13 (1.88, 0.07), width 1.23-1.72 of Glen Ellen, 31 December 1953 (Marsh,
(1.51, 0.05). Eye sizes and interdistances AME Schuster, Roth), immature (AMNH), 15 Feb-
0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10; AME- ruary 1954 (Roth, Schuster), female, immature
COREY & MOTT-REVISION OFAMERICAN ZORA 61
(AMNH), SugarloafRidge State Park, Bald Mt. spiders in threecentral Florida plantcommunities.
Trail (450m), 20 November 1982 (V. F. Lee), J. Arachnol., 16:213-221.
immature (CAS); Yolo Co., 5.4 mi. SW ofWin- Dahl, F. 1912. Arachnoidea. /« Handwort. Naturw.,
(teArsM,N2H9)M,ay231A9p3r9il(FC19R5,9LM(FS.,C.RORSa)m,eiym)m,at2ufree- Dah1l:,4F8.5-&51M4.. Dahl. 1927. SpinnentiereoderArach-
males(AMNH). Idaho;Adams Co., 7 mi. NE of noidea. II. Lycosidae s. lat. (Wolfspinnen im wei-
teren sinne). Tierw. Deuts., 5:1-80.
Council, 17 October 1944(W. Ivie), 3 immature Emerton, J. H. 1911. New spiders from New En-
(AMNH); Idaho Co., Clearwater Creek near gland. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci., 16:385-
Kooskia, 23 August 1940 (W. Ivie), feWmale, im- 407.
mature(AMNH).Oregon;BentonCo., ofCor- Gistel, J. 1848. Naturgeschichte des Tierreichs fur
vallis, 20 March 1937 (JCC), female (AMNH); hohere Schulen. Stuttgart.
Columbia Co., Goble, 22 March 1938, female Hentz, N. M. 1850. Descriptions and figures ofthe
(AMNH), 23 April 1938, female, male, imma- AraneidesoftheUnitedStates.BostonJ.Nat.Hist.,
ture (AMNH); Coos Co., Charleston, 17 June 6:271-295.
1952(B.Malkin),male(AMNH);JosephineCo., Holmberg, E. L. 1882. Observations a propos du
Grave Cr., 30 May 1952 (V. Roth), female sous-ordredesAraigneesterritelaires,specialement
du genre nordamericain Catadysas Hentz et de la
(AMNH); Lane Co., 8 mi. S of Divide Guard
sous-familleMecicobothrioidae. Bol. Acad. Arg.,4:
Sta., 27 July 1955 (V. Roth), female (AMNH); 153-174.
MarionCo., St. Benedict, 2 May 1954 (J. Roth), Homann,H. 1947. DieNebenaugenderSpinnen(Ar-
male(AMNH);YamhillCo.,PeavineRidge,near anea). Ztschr. Naturforschg., 2b:161-167.
McMinnville,November-December 1946 (K. M. Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. State
Fender), female, 7 immatures (AMNH). Wash- Geological and Natural History Survey of Con-
ington;Yakima Co., Tieton River, about 10 mi. necticut. Bull. 70.
EofRimrock, 13 September 1965 (J. &W. Ivie), Kaston, B. J. 1981. Spiders of Connecticut. State
immature (AMNH). Geological and Natural History Survey of Con-
necticut. Second edition. Bull. 70.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Koch,C. L. 1848. DieArachniden.VierzehnterBand.
WethankJ. ReiskindfoWresuggestingthisgenus LehNtuinmebne,rPg., 2191607.pp.Classificationofthecribellatespi-
as a subject for revision. are indebted to J. ders and some allied families, with notes on the
A. Beatty for his advice on many problems as evolutionofthesuborderAraneomorpha.Ann.Zool.
they arose. We thankJ. Wunderlich for sending Fenn., 4:199-468.
specimensofZoraspinimana. H. LeviandJ. A. Marx,G. 1890. Arachnidain Scientificresultsofex-
Beattymadecriticalcommentsonanearlierdraft plorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
ofthe manuscript. The following people kindly “Albatross”. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12:207-211.
lent specimens for this revision: J. Coddington, Petrunkevitch,A. 1928. SystemaAranearum.Trans.
tSym,itShosuotnhiearnn,IUllSinNoiastiUonniavlerMsuitsye;umH.; JL.evAi.,BMeaut-- SuniCdnoegnv.naelFclo,tritJcs.uaCtt.tAnic1na8g3d2.o.cAhrStvsselnuStcs.ik.a,N.S2p9Ai:c1nt-d.2l7aR0re.mge.sbSeosck.riSfcni-.
seumofComparativeZoology;N.1.Platnickand Upsal., 171-272.
W. J. Gertsch, American Museum of Natural Sundevall,J.C. 1833. Conspectusarachnidum.Lon-
History; and W. J. Pulawski, California Acade- dini Eothorum.
my ofSciences. Thorell,T. 1869. OnEuropeanspiders. N.Act. Reg.
Soc. Sci. Upsal., 7:1-108.
LITERATURECITED
Tullgren,A. 1945. Svenskspindel fauna 3. Egentliga
Blackwall, J. 1833. Characters ofsome undescribed spindlar. Araneae Fam. 5-7, Clubionidae, Zoridae
genera and species ofAraneidae. Lond. Phil. Mag. och Gnaphosidae. Stockholm.
J. Sci., 3:187-197. Walckenaer, C. A. 1837. Histoire naturelle des in-
Comstock, J. H. 1912. The Spider Book. Garden sects. Apteres. Paris. Tome 1.
City, NewYork. Walker,F. 1851. ListofspiderscapturedbyF.Walker.
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andedited by W. J. Gertsch. New York.
Corey, D. T. &W. K. Taylor. 1988. Groundsurface ManuscriptreceivedJune1990, revisedSeptember1990.