A Review on Dental Materials

230 Pages·2020·7.314 MB·English

by  Hamid Reza Rezaie, Hassan Beigi Rizi, Mojdeh Mahdi Rezaei Khamseh, Andreas Öchsner

Advanced Structured Materials
Hamid Reza Rezaie
Hassan Beigi Rizi
Mojdeh Mahdi Rezaei Khamseh
Andreas Öchsner
A Review
on Dental
Materials
Advanced Structured Materials
Volume 123
Series Editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of
Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
Common engineering materials reach in many applications their limits and new
developments are required to fulfil increasing demands on engineering materials.
The performance ofmaterials can beincreasedby combiningdifferent materials to
achieve better properties than a single constituent or by shaping the material or
constituents in a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure
mayariseondifferentlengthscales,suchasmicro-,meso-ormacroscale,andoffers
possible applications in quite diverse fields.
Thisbookseriesaddressesthefundamentalrelationshipbetweenmaterialsandtheir
structure on the overall properties (e.g. mechanical, thermal, chemical or magnetic
etc.) and applications.
The topics of Advanced Structured Materials include but are not limited to
(cid:129) classical fibre-reinforced composites (e.g. glass, carbon or Aramid reinforced
plastics)
(cid:129) metal matrix composites (MMCs)
(cid:129) micro porous composites
(cid:129) micro channel materials
(cid:129) multilayered materials
(cid:129) cellular materials (e.g., metallic or polymer foams, sponges, hollow sphere
structures)
(cid:129) porous materials
(cid:129) truss structures
(cid:129) nanocomposite materials
(cid:129) biomaterials
(cid:129) nanoporous metals
(cid:129) concrete
(cid:129) coated materials
(cid:129) smart materials
Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611
Hamid Reza Rezaie Hassan Beigi Rizi
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Mojdeh Mahdi Rezaei Khamseh
(cid:129)
Ö
Andreas chsner
A Review on Dental
Materials
123
HamidReza Rezaie Hassan Beigi Rizi
Department ofEngineering Materials, Department ofEngineering Materials,
Ceramic andBiomaterial Division Ceramic andBiomaterial Division
Iran University of Science Iran University of Science
andTechnology (IUST) andTechnology (IUST)
Tehran,Iran Tehran,Iran
Mojdeh Mahdi RezaeiKhamseh Andreas Öchsner
Department ofEngineering Materials, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering
Ceramic andBiomaterial Division Esslingen University of Applied Sciences
Iran University of Science Esslingen am Neckar,Baden-Württemberg
andTechnology (IUST) Germany
Tehran,Iran
Mechanics, Surfaces andMaterials
Processing(MSMP)
Arts et Metiers ParisTech
Lille,France
ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)
AdvancedStructured Materials
ISBN978-3-030-48930-4 ISBN978-3-030-48931-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48931-1
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Preface
From the past decades, the healthy body has been an important issue at which
taking care of orofacial organs gives a true picture of the long service life of the
body, at which several measures have been employed for fulfilling demands of
better speaking, chewing, tasting, swallowing, biting, and psychosocial wellbeing
abilities. It is clear that the most critical features of the oral cavity are the teeth,
which play a central role in that process. This organ consists of three classified
tissues, the cementum, enamel, and dentin whereat bone and gingival tissue are
supportingparts atwhichdentalcaries,trauma,toothwear,andactivedefects lead
these organs to be faced with harsh conditions. However, improvement of the
mentioneddefectsremainsachallengeinoralhealthforscientistsanddentists.Asa
consequence, reviewing the principals, processing, and application of dental
materials provide a basic understanding for alleviating orofacial organs problems.
This book, firstly, reviews generally the primary biomaterials, and then puts an
emphasis on the basic understanding of the oral cavity and the related problems.
Afterthat,reviewingwidetypesofappliedoperativedentalmaterialslikecements,
ceramics, metals, polymers, and composite is carried out. Then, the third part is
devoted to the understanding of toothpastes and mouthwashes. Besides, nanopar-
ticles and 3D-printing technology for dental materials production are reviewed. In
the last chapter, finally, application of the finite element method as a manner of
simulation in dentistry has been reviewed.
v
Contents
1 Primary Information About Biomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Different Types of Biomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.3 Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.4 Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Tooth Problems and Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Anatomy of Tooth and Related Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Dental Problems Category. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.1 Dental Caries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.2 Noncarious Cervical Lesions (NCCLs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 Dental Restorative Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1 Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.2 General Properties of Dental Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.1.3 Classification of Dental Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1.4 Metal-Ceramics (MCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1.5 All-Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1.6 Dental Ceramics Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2 Cements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.2 Requirements for Choosing the Best Cements . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2.3 Classification of Dental Cements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
vii
viii Contents
3.3 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3.2 Base Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.3 Noble Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3.4 Amalgam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.3.5 Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.6 Stainless Steels (SS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.3.7 Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.3.8 Nickel–Titanium (Ni–Ti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.4 Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.2 Family of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4.3 Polymeric Films (PMFs) in Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.4.4 Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.5 Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.5.2 Composition of Dental Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.5.3 Classification of Dental Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5.4 Curing Modes of Dental Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.5.5 Longevity and Failure of Dental Composites . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.5.6 Laboratory Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.5.7 Core Build-Up Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.5.8 Low-/Non-Shrinkage Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.5.9 Antibacterial Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.5.10 Fiber-Reinforced Composites (FRCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.5.11 Polymer Infiltrated Ceramic Networks (PICNs) . . . . . . . . 161
3.5.12 Compomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.5.13 Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.5.14 Self-Adhesive Restorative Composites (SACs). . . . . . . . . 164
3.5.15 Self-Healing Composites (SHCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.5.16 Remineralizing Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4 Tooth Pastes and Mouthwashes: The Two Commonly Known
Dental Preventive Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.2 Toothpaste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.3 Mouthwashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5 Nanoparticles (NPs) in Dentistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.2 Family of Nanoparticles in Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Contents ix
6 3D-Printing Technologies for Dental Material Processing. . . . . . . . . 201
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.2 Different 3D-Printing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.2.1 3D-Printing Application in Oral Cavity Restorative
Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7 Application of the Finite Element Method in Dentistry. . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.2 Finite Element Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.3 Application of the FEM in Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Chapter 1
Primary Information About Biomaterials
1.1 Introduction
Biomaterials are known as any substances and materials for the aim of making
devices to replace a section or a function of the body in a safe, dependable, cost-
effective, and physiologically accepted manner, which is provided as synthetic or
natural materials. Synthetic materials have gained attention when the first genera-
tion of materials from 1960 to 1970 was invented for usage inside a human body.
Additionally,ClemsonUniversityAdvisoryBoardsuggestedadefinitionforabioma-
terialwhichis“asystemicallyandpharmacologicallyinertsubstancedesignedfor
implantation within or incorporation with living systems”. According to Fig. 1.1,
a wide variety of devices and materials are applied for treatment of diseases. For
instance,sutures,toothfillings,needles,catheters,boneplates,etc.plus,inancient
civilizations artificial eyes, ears, teeth, noses and also waxes, glues, and tissues in
reconstructingmissingordefectivepartsofthehumanbodywereused[1,2].The
application of biomaterials became practical withthe arrival of an aseptic surgical
technique introduced by Dr. J Lister in the 1860s. Before that, in general, surgical
procedures with or without biomaterials were unsuccessful due to infections. The
infections can be worsened in the presence of biomaterials that as a consequence,
implantscancausearegioninaccessibletoimmunologicallycompetentcellsofthe
body.Thepositivebiocompatibleimplantsbesidesmodernoneswereintheskeletal
system.InTable1.1,historicaleventsofimplantapplicationsarementioned[3].
With reference to the mentioned definitions of the biomaterials, operation, and
applicationofbiomaterialsinmedicineanddentistryrequestabroadrangeofknowl-
edgeandexperienceswithdifferentspecialtiesincludingmaterialsscience(i.e.rela-
tionshipbetweensyntheticandbiologicalmaterialslikemetals,ceramics,polymers,
composites,etc.),biologyandphysiology(e.g.molecularbiology,anatomy,animal,
and human physiology) and clinical sciences (e.g. dentistry, maxillofacial, neuro-
surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, otolaryngology,
plastic and reconstructive surgery, thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, veterinary
medicine,surgery,etc.)[3].
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicense 1
toSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
H.RezaRezaieetal.,AReviewonDentalMaterials,AdvancedStructured
Materials123,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48931-1_1