A review of the genus Psenobolus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Costa Rica, an inquiline fig wasp with brachypterous males, with descriptions of two new species

9 Pages·1996·2.8 MB·English

by  W Ramirez-Benavides

J.HYM.RES.
Vol.5,1996,pp.64-72
A Reviewofthe Genus Psenobolus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from
Costa Rica, an Inquiline FigWasp with Brachypterous Males, With
Descriptions ofTwo New Species
WilliamRamirezB.andPaulM.Marsh
(WRB)EscueladeFitotecnia,UniversidaddeCostaRica,SanJose,CostaRica;(PMM)
CooperatingScientist,SystematicEntomologyLaboratory,USDA
(presentaddress:P.O.Box384,NorthNewton,Kansas67117USA)
—
Abstract. Biologicalobservationsandadescriptionoftwonewspeciesofthebraconidgenus
Psenobolusarepresented.Thesewaspswerereared fromthesyconia(figs)ofFicus(Urostigyiia)
Nspop.inidniScaatnioJnosoef,pCaorsatsaiRHiscmawwahserfeoutnhde.yTahpepesaerxetsoodfetvheelonpewassipneqcuiielsinaersewdiitmhorcphhailcc:idthfeigfweamsaplse.s
aretypicalbraconids;themales,however,arebrachypterouswithmanycharactersincommon
withmalesofthechalcodoidIdarnes,alsofoundinthefigs.
INTRODUCTION thejuniorauthor(Marsh)attheU.S.Na-
csrthcelaraTurirdhibeeeneddad,bfnrbrBoayrorcammozRainealli.idfnwiRhgigeaneifrngrnduuehisadtirncPdfos'e1lesm8lna8eodl5cbeetosseflcdurarsionipnmdwtSaimwtosa.anlsCedipasens-.-- bcctmieioadotnlsnhse.ayislldEiMevadrsuesensdaoerMtnuahetmreiwspbhwhris'haipsocdeshcciyaoielplfsstloneeooariftgodueuPienssdsteiamnfimaoinbileoendtlsehuteshtceohHbayfbule-et--
ssUNe.poneItSnc.biitNmoo1al9etot6nhg5isei,ocnlaoaatlfltheeiMwnCuif.sonserFgne.mieuaoWdmtr.i,ofaMnWeuuamtweashalshoseiersnbgge(itacvRonekandnm,.aitrbDetrCzha,)e- cmummoianernluneetsozsuapaitsalneesernmdabtaelfaUfeonnseroi.mett.ahUlencHerodosuawslueaadnvmntepdnerlod,etlbyroti,aondeceiMnhntamyir1apf9slyt9hee3trhwtoRehauasass-et
chypterous males of a braconid wasp actually gynandromorphic: the head and
vreehatrteidnafrWoilmldt.heinfigCsosotfaFiRciucsa(Uwrhoisctihgmhae) smoestoamsaomhaadweorneetsyipdiecawlitmhalmealbuetbrthaechmyep--
trehsoiuGgrhatndwier(eprpeasreanstiltyiziinngthBelagsetonpulsiagPaegloosr-- ttheerooupspowsiintgessiadnedwasswoflelmeanlefewmiotrhanowrhmialle
capus). The females were identified as a wingsand legs!Thiswasconvincingevi-
newspeciesofPsenobolus.Muesebeckstat- dence that the brachypterous males did
edthattherewere"nobraconidmalesin belongtothefemalesandthatthespecies
thesample"addingthatthe"malespres- waspossiblydevelopinginthefigsasan
entweresomespeciesofIdarninae(Chal- inquiline with the males being highly
cidoidea), which presumably developed modified similar to the idaminechalcids
as an inquiline." Ramirez continued to alsopresent(seebelow).Furtherevidence
collectandrearPsenobolusfromF.(U.)vel- that these males are those of the female
utina and otherF.(Urostigma)speciesand braconidisthatthemalesofthetypespe-
the females were always associated with cies, P. pygmaeus Reinhard, and malesof
extremely dimorphic brachypterous anotherspeciesintheU.S. NationalMu-
males.In1991,hesentmorespecimensto seum are fully winged but have similar
Volume5,1996 65
antennaeand swollen femora tothoseof exit holes in the fig wall madeby males
thebrachypterousmales. oftheagaonidpollinators.Idarnesfemales
Manyofthechalcidoid wasps thatde- alsodependontheagaonid malesfores-
velopinthesyconia(figs)ofFiciisarebra- cape from the syconia. The sex ratio of
chypterous or wingless: the males of Psenoboluswasfoundtobe1:1.
Agaoninaearecompletelywinglesswhile The brachypterous males ofthese spe-
those ofother agaonids (non-pollinators) ciesofPsenobolusfromCostaRicaaresol-
arebrachypterousorwingless. Hamilton diermales.Withtheirprognathousheads
(1979) observed thatofthemorethan 18 and large mandibles they have been ob-
speciesoffigwaspsfoundintwoBrazili- served to fight to the death with other
anUrostigmafigspecies,manyhadwing- males oftheir own species. Many speci-
less males and several showed extreme menswehaveseenhavelostmostoftheir
sexual dimorphism. He also found that antennaeapparentlyfromthisfightingac-
there was lethal combat among several tivity as well as while searching for fe-
types of these wingless males. Addition- males, gnawing through the galls and
ally,Murray(1989)found25specieswith mating.Onlyafewauthorshavereported
flightless males among the fig wasps he fightinginotherfigwasps.Joseph(1958)
collected. observed fighting in Philotrypesis and
BIOLOGYOFPSENOBOLUSINHGS MinurPrhialyot(r1y9p8es9i)sdeasncdriAbpeodcirnytpetnasibvaekefrii.ghtTihneg
(bBiaosleodgipcralimianrfiolyrmoantisotnupdryeosfenPt.efdicbaerliuosw aembxaltlereetmfoiegfwidgaihstmpionsrg.pmhaAiycscmobredapinandrgtiadtlowlayHrafatimtnirglibtuootn-f
n.sp.) (1979), apart from the large heads and
Species of Psenoboliis appear to be in- mandibles and perhaps the shield-like
quilinewaspsthatdevelopinthesyconia head and pronotum, the other modifica-
ofthegenusFiciissubgenusUrostigmasec- tions,suchaswinglessness,areprobably
ptiioenrcAemsetrhiecafnigawoanllly.wTithhehfeermalloengproovbiapbolsy- nWoetfceoenl,nehcotweedvewri,ththsaetlmecatnioyncfhoarrafcitgehrtisngo.f
itorandlaystheeggsinthefemaleflow- thefigwaspmalesare,infact,associated
etrrheseceonsftylmtyhbeioovftiiipgcsos(ia"tggeaaldolniifndltoowwaeanrssdp"s)p.owlThlihinecahtlewadrevbrayel wwteiinntnghallesfissgnehegtsimsne,gn,tressduuaccnthdioanmsaitnbirnnaugcmhbyienpstriedroefyatnoh-re
aernsd.puTphaelsatdaugletoccburracihnsyipdteetrhoeugsallmfalloews- galTlsh.e polymorphism and dwarfing of
wsabeewtm"Ioinduitlamagmtahtntlesarileghserpnlytslosegasegieusrrertmswg.semhushhtuafael"oitcAlnrtlthecoaaoehmsctnmnimaa.ohsedtjaserohtoTtrwudhertthehesyiaiheiNletnssagwyye,gPargislwnaeeotwelolfnthisnstooetWotmnirbhbotlagoaeolHhrlbfltealwisIeouhminddesrei"satrefirmilihvafnngdateigteeagplodhawscre.enotatiesanhinscfTneivqpa(oehuedd1cpmsgii"9ipaals7aCloalai9rlnfurern)iseidse-s-e,,-s saupirtm"manaowrvnaaltnieoldlsehgtbe,eaeeca(Tmcrtih1bfhoPHan9ielstrg7cbdEeygh9prl7aw)aeiehl.sa"naoaloesbsfsAtlosaicoAplGoosnaocuoscggAusdcfsi,ys"oOaustegtrughNalaededregebsIndviefseptbiDsnessrvwytbgInu)oeieytgZptdagtotaAhtoeihsrbhsnTasteyuttdtiJIhpteawooJOehecdgnasoeorNaersnagobop"fetffmeynhprenoiiOohmmenudlHaa(Fds(alln1il1(e9emtvao98s,sirir84i.ldv4)ozi--a,)aefs
mating,hasbeenwelldocumented.After PSENOBOLUS
mating,thefemalesemergefromthegalls The brachypterous males of Psenobolus
andescapefrom thesyconia throughthe have many characters in common with
66 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
males ofIdarnes (Torymidae in thesense Depend on agaonid males to escape
ofGordh1975orAgaonidaeinthesense fromfig —
ofBoucek1988)whichalsodevelopasin- Similar fig hosts Ficiis (Urostigma)
quilines in New World Ficiis (Urostigma) sectionAmericana
ocfilogosmg.picaTarhleedcchaotrhmaecmtoebnrrsamcaohrryepphtloeilrstooegudiscbaPelsleoanwno.bdoWhbiies- ThOecmcousrtosnilgyniifnicNanetwsiWmiolralrdi.tiesarethat
smeanlteesdwbiythGothredhde(s1c9r7i5p)t.ionofIdarnespre- btiogtmha)grsoeuctpisonarAemeirniqcuialnianefsigisnaFnidcusth(atUrtohse-
males are often extremely polymorphic
Morphologicalcharacterssharedbetween and flightlesswithdepressedbodies. Al-
brachypterous Psenobohis and Idarnes though these are remarkable similarities
males: between these two unrelated groups of
Head wasps, there are differences whichmake
HPErxeomtagardnleaemwtseihdopeuorslyohremaoavrsiplwhyiisdscmel,earsostoillzodenidgerhetaydpse imwmnteheeseenn.arttsMeeeyaaddlstetotrsrIododcicoahshfratanninePnttssgeeeurrnmo,ifabsoulhtlseyiePpsisidsceathnholoaabvtvfoehoeherisafaberamtoanuwncdroeo.--nIssiTdeedahggsre--,-
Reducedeyes antenna ofmalePsenobohishas9-12dis-
Ocelliabsent tinct antennomeres with a swollen scape
Reducedantennae,largescape andpedicel(Fig.8);Idarnesantennahas4-
Largemandibles, articulated inhori- 5 antennomeres, a swollen scape and a
zontalplane distalclubformedbythefusionofthelast
Mesosoma threeantennomeres.TheIdarnesmalesdo
Dorsoventrallycompressed nothaveadevelopedlabiomaxillarycom-
Largepronotum plex indicating that they do not feed,
Shortlegswithswollenfemora wmhoeurtehaspatrhtesPaselntohbooluigihstmhaelyesalhsaoveprdoibstaibnlcyt
BiologiocbaolhcihsaarancdteIrdsarsnhesa:redbetweenPsen- dmoaynobtefreeelda.teWdintogfrieghdtuicntgioanndinmfaitgiwnagsipns-
Males sidethesyconialcavityorinsidethegalls.
NEPomolenyrmgfoleryipbnhegfiocrefemales pAdaucrccttoliryodniinn(gintthoseoHmaienmtieflrietgsotnwaos(f1p9s7r)9e)d,iisr"epwcrtioinboganbrloeyf-
MLDeaotthinaonltgfawibgihattnhidniognnabceftitigvweienefnwemhmaialclehesstheyde- gcp(asruroomtmwbletrythaisnmiicenmestpo)lfgyiornretbaotethfceeiragushmstpaeielnregwmiaandpcgartpsiotvdiauattrciieetosinaosinn,nsaaeinnnddd-e
Proovbbesaleborlpvyeeddd)o not feed as adults (not otfhewifniggsl.e"ssHneesasl,sofifgehlttitnhgatantdhedciomionrcipdheinscme
isnotaccidental.
Females WesuspectthatthegenusPsenoboliisis
Ovipositorslongerthanbody still in a process ofadaptation to devel-
Oviupmosit after pollination of syconi- othpemetnypteisnpetchieesg,allP.fplyogwmearesiiosf,faingsdbseecvaeursael
Ovipositthroughsyconialwall winged males of an unknown species
Matedwhileinsidegallandinactive from Trinidad, have winged males with
Abandongallaftermating modified antennae and swollen femora
Volume5,1996 67
similartothebrachypterousmales.Much M+CU aboutequal tolength ofIM, vein
morestudyneedstobedoneonthebiol- m-cu slightly cur\'ed toward wing apex,
ogy ofthese unusualbraconids toestab- hindcoxaroundedatbasewithouttubercle,
lishtheirexactbiologicalrelationshipwith ovipositorusuallymuchlongerthanbody;
the other wasps in figs. An interesting maleeithersimilartofemalebutwithbasal
studywouldbetorevisitnearthetypelo- flagellomeresstalkedandscapeandfemora
calityofP.pi/ginacusinBraziltostudythe swollen,oroftenextremelydimorphic,bra-
biologyofthemorenormalmales. chypterous(s—eedescriphonbelow).
TAXONOMYOFNEWWORLD Comments. Females of this genus can
PSENOBOLUS beidentifiedbyusingthekeytoWestern
GenusPsenobolusReinhard Hemisphere Doryctinae presented by
Marsh (1993). Reinhardincludedasingle
PsenobolusReinhard,1885,inMayr,Verb.Zool.- speciesinthegenus;subsequentlyEnder-
bBooltu.sGpeysg.mnWe—iuesnR3e5i:n2h4a6.rdT(ympoenostpyepciices):.Pseno- lfeoiunrs(p1e9c1i2e)sabnutdtShzeespelihgaevteia(ll19b0e2e)natdrdanesd-
Diagnosis. A cyclostome braconid in ferredtothegenusNotiospmthiKs(seeShe-
subfamilyDoryctinae;femalenormal,occip- nefeltandMarsh1976).Inadditiontothe
ital carina present, fore tibia with row of two new species describedbelow theju-
short stout spines on anterior edge, fore niorauthorhasseen severalnew species
wingwiththreesubmarginalcells,firstsub- from the Neotropical Region and these
discalcellopenatapex,vein2-lAabsent willbedealtwithina futurerevisionof
orindistinctatapex,hind wingwithvein thegenusnowinpreparation.
KEYTONEWWORLDSPECIESOFPSENOBOLUS
Females
Firstmetasomaltergumwideratapexthanatbase,notparallelsided . pygmaeiisReinhard
Firstmetasomaltergumaswideatapexasatbase,parallelsided(Fig.5) 2
Flagellumentirelybrown;propodeumbrown ficariiisnewspecies
Flagellumyellowonbasalhalf;propodeumyellow parapygmaeusnewspecies
Males
Winged,similartofemale pygmaeusReinhard
Brachypterous,extremelydimorphic(Figs.6-9) 2
Headwiderthanlongindorsalview(Fig.7);9-10antermomeres,scapeandpedicelverylarge
andswollen(Fig.8) ficariusnewspecies
Headaboutaswideaslong;12antermomeres;scapeandpedicellessswollen
parapygmaeusnewspecies
PsenoboluspygmaeusReinhard somalsegmentandmedian-basalspoton
second metasomal tergum brown, scape,
PseVevfneeedormrbsaboiil.ltneyu,Z,sZooBo"poelSylr.t—log.igmBCnioaa,tcet.aGhulaseGrerMisRmn.ueaasinWneyiihnu.aemrBn,dra,3s5Hi:1lu28i4m8e75bn.,,o"LlieddncettpMooatUsynyiript,-e- bvrhpaeieesdemaaiwadlc;iencwleudiybaedeinrtscdhalllao,ifrgfigrhwsemtit,adbn3merd-aro4ilbwatflnrhle;aa;sgn2peo0alch-elcilaoeglnmhisethsreimoennarsnltaolyenm,erteleortlrcheoieaswoln,;-r
Diagnosis. Female: body color honey loculardistanceaboutfourtimesdiameter
yellow, propodeum dorsally, first meta- oflateralocellus;fronsexcavated;vertex.
68 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
fronsandtemplesmooth,facesmoothme- brownbutbecomingclearyellowtoward
dially, rugulose laterally; mesosoma flat- baseandapexofwing,stigmabrownwith
tened dorsoventrally,smoothexceptpro- small yellow area at extreme base and
podeumweaklyrugulosedorsally;notauli apex; ovipositor sheaths brown. Body
shallow, weakly crenulate anteriorly, ab- length: 2.5-3.0 mm. Head: entirely
sent before scutellum, not meeting; ster- smooth;fronsexcavated,withshortcarina
naulus smooth, about as long as meso- betweenantennae;facebroaderthanhigh;
pleuron;metasomapetiolate,firsttergum hypoclypeal depression small and oval,
narrow at base, suddenly widened at diameter slightly greater than malar
apex, apical width about twice basal space; malar space short, about V^, eye
width, carinate rugose, rugulose atbase; height;templenarrow,aboutVieyewidth;
remainderoftergasmoothexceptsecond occipital carina complete; ocelli very
terguminmiddleatbasecarinate,groove small, ocellocular distance about 5 times
betweensecondandthirdtergaveryweak diameteroflateralocellus,ocellartriangle
and smooth; ovipositor about IV3 times isoceles-shaped; 21-25 antennomeres, all
longer than body; fore wing with three flagellomereslongerthanscapeandped-
submarginalcells,stigmanearlyasbroad icel.Mesosoma(Fig.4):pronotumsmooth
as long, vein m-cu interstitial with 2RS, and polished, with deep longitudinal
vein Icu-a slightly beyond IM, second smooth groovelaterally;mesonotumand
sseunbtdiastcaalpecxel;lhoipnednwaitnagpewxi,thvevieni2n-1MA+aCbu- sccoumtpelleltuemasnmdofoitnhelyanimdprpeoslsiesdh,eds,cuntoetlaluulmi
nearly equal to IM, vein m-cu weakly flattened; mesopleuron smooth and pol-
curvedtowardwingapex;foretibiawith ished,stemaulussmooth,about% length
rowof4-5shortstoutspinesananterior of mesopleuron; propodeum withoutca-
edge, hind coxa without basal tubercle, rinae, with twobasal lateral semicircular
femoraatleast4timesaslongaswide. smoothandpolishedareas,ruguloseme-
Male: similar to female except as fol- dially, apically and laterally. Metasoma
lows; flagellomeres 1-4 stalked at base, (Fig.5):petiolate;tergum1 rugulosecari-
swollenatapex;allfemoraswollen,about nate, slender, parallel sided, apical and
2timesaslo—ngaswide. basal widths equal, basal width about Vs
Comments. This species differs from widthofpropodeum; remainderofterga
the two new species described belowby smooth and shiningexcepta smallbasal
havingthefirstmetasoma1tergumofthe medialrugoseareaontergum2,terga2-
female wider at apex than long and by 5eachwithsparserowoflongwhitesetae
having winged males. It is presently atapex,tergum2withsparseareaoflong
known only from Brazil. The type series whitesetaeatbase;ovipositorverylong,
wasrearedfrom"Feigenfriichten"butno atleastaslongasentirebodyandusually
indication of which genus or species of abouttwiceaslong. Legs: foretibiawith
figs. rowof4-6shortstoutspinesonanterior
PsenobolusficnaeriwusspReacmiiersezandMarsh, ewofidtghheionu(dFtitgdisib.sita2i-ns3ct)tr;otnhogioltnyhd;cciuonrxnvaeerdr.sopWuiinnndegasatt:abfpaoesrxee
— (Figs. 1-10) wing (Fig. 10) with stigma short and
Female. Body color: honey yellow ex- broad,breadthgreaterthanlengthofvein
cept flagellum, ocellar triangle, propo- r,veinr-mpresent,thusthreesubmargin-
deum, first metasomal segment and ba- alcellspresent,veinrabout^4aslongas
somedial spot on second tergum which 3RSa,veinm-cuinterstitialwith2RS,sec-
aredarkbrown, propodeumoccasionally ondsubdiscalcellopenatapex,vein2-1A
light brown; wings hyaline, veins light weak or absent apically; hind wing with
Volume5,19% 69
Figs.1-5.Pseiiobolusficariuinewspecies.1,habitus;2,foretibiashowingchaetobothria;3,same,enlarged;4,
mesosoma,dorsalview;5,metasoma,dorsalview.
vein M+Cu about % length of IM, vein greaterthandiameterofeye,flagellomeres
m-cucu—rvedtowardwingapex. 1-5stalked,verynarrowatbaseandwide
Male. Bodycolor:honeyyellowexcept at apex (Fig. 8); mandibles large, tips
mandibles,scape,pedicel,trochantersand crossingwhenclosed(Fig.8);clypeusvery
baseoftibiaebrown.Bodylength:2.0-2.5 narrow, concave; hypostomal depression
mm.Head:prognathous,widerthanlong oval; labrumconcave;eyessmall, temple
indorsalview,smoothandshining(Figs. behind eye about 5 times length ofeye;
7,9);9-10antennomeres,scapeandpedi- ocelli absent;occipital carina absent. Me-
cel large and swollen, width of scape sosoma(Figs.7,9):smoothandpolished.
70 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
Figs.6-9.Pscnobolusficariusnewspecies,mdles.h,ventralview;7,dorsalview;8,liead,ventralview;9,lateral
view.
flattened dorsoventrally; mesonotum broad, oval shaped, dorsoventrally flat-
sharply declivous to pronotum; notauli tened (Fig. 7); remainderofterga similar
and scutellum absent; propodeum with- to female. Legs (Fig. 9): all femora short
outanycarinae;mesopleuronsmall,ster- and swollen; all tibiae narrow basally,
naulus absent. Metasoma: all terga swollen apically; fore and middle tarsi
smooth and polished; tergum 1 short. withtarsomeres 1^extremelyshort,api-
Volume5,1996 71
Figs.10-11. WingsofPsenobohisspecies.10,P.ficuriusnewspecies;11,P.parapygmaeusnewspecies.
cal tarsomerelongerthantarsomeres 1-4 NationalCollection,Ottawa,Canada;Nat-
combined, claws large and simple; hind ural HistoryMuseum,Leiden,TheNeth-
tarsomeres 1 and 5 equal in length and erlands. —
equal to lengthof2—4combined. Wings: Comments. The above host record of
brachypterous with few shortveins near Blastopjlmgatorresiisinerrorasmentioned
base(Figs.7,9). in the introduction and biology sections.
Holotypefemale.—COSTA RICA, San The original assumption when these
Jose, El Tornillal, San Geronimo de Mo- waspswerefirstcollectedin1964wasthat
ravia,February18,1983,W.Ramirez.De- theywereparasitoidsoffigwaspswhich
positedinMuseodeInsectos,Universidad hassincebee—ndisproved.
deCostaRica,SanJose,CostaRica. Etymology. The species name is Latin
Paratypes.—COSTA RICA: 1 female, 11 for"offigs"inreferencetothebiologyof
males,1gyandromorph,samedataasho- thespecies.
Fhliooctluyosptey;vpeel6utwfieinmtaahlWeidsla,ltde.11;Fe5mbarfleuemsaa,rlyessa2,8m,e451d9ma8a3tl,aesea,xs PsenobolusMaprasrha,pnyegwmasepuesciResamirezand
samedataasholotypewithdateFebruary — (Fig. 11)
29, 1993, from fig; 14 females, 11 males, Female. DiffersiTomficariusasfollows:
samedata asholotypewithdateDecem- basal4-5flagellomeresyellow,remainder
ber 30, 1992; 3 females, La Canada, Car- gradually becomingbrown to apex, pro-
tago, January 31, 1964, W. Ramirez, ex. podeum yellow, second metasomal ter-
Blastophaga torresiGir. in Ficus velutiuii; 3 gumentirelyyellow;forewingwithvein
females, San Jose, Zurqui de Moravia, m-cume—etingRS+Mbefore2RS(Fig. 11).
1600m,August1994andMarch1992,col. Male. Differs from ficariiis as follows:
PaulHanson. Depositedin:MuseodeIn- head as wide as long in dorsal view; 12
sectos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San antennomeres,scapenotasswollenas in
Jose,Costa Rica;U.S. NationalMuseum, fieariiis, width aboutequal toeyediame-
Washington, DC; Rocky Mountain Sys- ter.
tematic Entomology Laboratory, Univer- Holotype female.—COSTA RICA: Route
sityofWyoming,Laramie,WY;Canadian toLaSuize,Turrialba,August29,1973,Ft-
72 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
CHS (Urostigma)sp.,onefruit,coll.W.Ra- MoUhof,ZoologischesMuseum,HumboldtUniver-
mUinrievze.rsDiedpaodsidteeCdositnaMRuicsae,oSadneJoIsnes,ecCtooss-, sbiotlaiti,spByerglmiane,uksinRdeliynhlaoradnefdortshteudtyy.peseriesofPseno-
taRica. LITERATURECITED
MmaulPseae,raostiadjmepeeIsnd.sa—eCtcaOtoaSss,ThAUonlioRvtIyeCprAes:.idD3aedpfoedmseailtCeeosds,tia1n BouctUeekKr,a.).Z8.3C2.A1p.9p8B.8..IAnutsetrrnaaltiioannalC,halWcaildloiindgefaor(dH,ymOexnoonp,-
Rica,SanJose,Costa Rica;U.S. National Enderlein,G.1912.ZurKenntnisderSpathiinenund
Museum,Was—hington,DC. einigerverwandterGruppen.Archil'fuerNatur-
ethnecEteiG/rntioeoelotkgh}e/p.asriamTihlmaeeraistnipieenscgioefs"ntnehaiasrm"espieincsirefesrfeotrmo- Gordgfoheig,gsycGlw.naacnshd1tp9e7s5g7y.8es(tnATeu)mhs(ae2t)hi:ciclaos-rm3npo7caf.srta(htHeiyvNmeeeonetoxrptoetpreinrcaaall:mpoTarorprashyimotili--c
pygmaeus. dae). The University ofKansas Science Bulletin
50(9):389-455.
OtherPsetioboliisSpecies Hamilton,W.D. 1979. Winglessandfightingmales
onTehfeemUa.leS.frNoamtiPoannaalmaM,usoeneummacloentfarionms seiednc.t.fs.iRgeApwcraaosddpuecsmtiiaocnn,dPreCosotsmh,peerNtieitnwisoencYtosar.nkd.InS:elMe.ctiSo.nBolfuImn,-
Mexico collected in wild figs and two Joseph,K.J. 1984. Thereproductivestrategiesinfig
malesfromTrinidad.Thethreemalesare wasps(Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera),areview.
fully winged and have stalked antennae 5Pr0o:c4e4e9d^i6ng0s.o'ftheIndianNaturalScienceAcademy
and swollen femora as in pygmaeus. The Marsh, P. M. 1993. Descriptions ofnew Western
juniorauthorhasalsoseenfemalesofsev- HemispheregeneraofthesubfamilyDoryctinae
eralapparentlyundescribedspeciesfrom (Hymenoptera:Braconidae).Contributionsofthe
Mexico, Central America and northern AmericanEntomologicalInstitute28(l):l-58.
SgthoeeuntuNhseoiAtsrmpoerproiibccasablwywhhewiricedhefisigpnsrdaeircaaedtgetsrhorwtohiuangtgh.otuhAte MReuirnrhhfaaaiyvrg,ihdot,rMin.H3g.8G:i1.1n8886f51-l.9i18g9P9h3.st.leensEosnbvomliaurlsoennmofeving.twgaaelns.pc,so.pnspAt.rna2ii4mn6at-ls24bo7en.-
revisionoftheentiregenusisinprepara- In Mayr, G., 1885, Feigeninsekten (Hymenop-
tion. tera).VerhandlungenderZoologische-BotanischeGe-
sellscliaftWten35:147-250.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Shenefelt,R.D.andP.M.Marsh. 1976. Braconidae
We wish to thankseveral ofourcolleaguesfor 9e,ds.D,orHyycmteinnaoep.teIrno:rvuamnCadtearloVgeucsh(tnoai'nadedSithieon)e,fpealrtt,
thereinterestinthisunusualphenomenonandfor 13,pp.'1263-1424.
providingusefuladvise:PaulHanson,KeesvanAch- Szepligeti, G. V. 1902. TropischeCenocoelioniden
terberg,JimWhitfield,BobWharton,andScottShaw. undBraconidenausdersammlungdesUngar-
EricGrissellreviewedanearlydraftofthismanu- ischenNational-Museums.TermeszetrajziFiizetek
scriptandofferedmanyhelpfulsuggestions.A.Kleine- 25:39-84,