A Prison Without Walls? Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last Years of Tsarism PDF
Preview A Prison Without Walls? Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last Years of Tsarism
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi A PRISON WITHOUT WALLS? OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi A Prison without Walls? Eastern Siberian Exile in the Last Years of Tsarism SARAH BADCOCK 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©SarahBadcock2016 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2016 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016940583 ISBN 978–0–19–964155–0 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi Acknowledgements This book has had a lengthy gestation. I carried out the archival research that underpins this project between 2006 and and 2008. My research was interrupted byanotherkindofgestation,asIhadmysonEliahin2009,andmydaughterAva in2011.Mychildrenhaveenrichedandexpandedmyworld,butmayhaveslowed downthewritingprocesssomewhat. This project has been financially supported by The British Academy, and the UniversityofNottinghamprovidedmewithinvaluablesabbaticaltime. Icouldnothavecompletedthisresearchwithoutthegeneroushelpandsupport of staff in various archives and libraries. The National Archive of the Republic of Sakha was an exceptionally welcoming and supportive place to work. Sardana Boyakova introduced me to her knowledgable and cordial colleagues at the Insti- tute of Humanitarian Research in Yakutsk, and generously shared her home and herlocalexpertisewithme.Iwouldalsoliketothankthereadingroomstaffinthe StateArchiveofIrkutskOblast,theIrkutskStateUniversity’sScientificLibrary,the Russian Archive of the Far East in Vladivostok, the State Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow, and the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. The Slavonic Library in Helsinki was an extraordinarily salubrious place towork,andIrinaLukkawaswonderfullyhelpful. ThankstothejournalEurope-AsiaStudies,whogavemepermissiontoreproduce material in this book from the article ‘From Villains to Victims: Experiencing Illness in Siberian Exile’, published in 2013. Thanks are also due to Irkutsk’s regionalMuseumofFineArtsinthenameofV.P.Sukachev,whogavepermission for me to use the image on the front cover of this book, the painting ‘Pereprava cherezAngaru’,byN.Dobrovol’skii. Somanycolleaguesandfriendshavehelpedmebringthisprojecttofruition.Aaron Retish, Andrew Gentes, Tracy McDonald, Geoff Swain, and Jerry Surh all read substantialpartsofthemanuscript.Theircommentsandinsightshelpedmetoreshape it, and I hope, to write a better book. Peter Gatrell’s incisive critique was extremely helpful. My colleagues in the department of History at University of Nottingham providedmewithaconvivialandsupportivescholarlyatmosphereinwhichtowork. I have been lucky to work with a wonderful cohort of graduate students, who have beenindulgentofmyeccentricities,andwhoseworkhashelpedtoshapemythoughts. Myundergraduatestudentshaveallalsoheardratheralotaboutthisprojectoverthe years—particularmentiongoestomySpecialSubject2015–2016,whorenewedmy faith in the joys of classroom teaching by being lovely people as well as diligent students.Anyerrorsinthebookremain,ofcourse,myresponsibility. My friends and family, both close to home in our corner of semi-feudal Leicestershire, and scattered around the globe, have helped maintain my sanity. MyhusbandJonathanKwanreadthismanuscriptinwholeandinparts.Hehelped meshapeabroaderconceptualframework,andpatientlysufferedthevicissitudesof thewritingprocesswithforbearanceandwithlove.Thisbookisdedicatedtohim. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi Contents ListofFiguresandMaps ix RussianTranslations,Transliterations,andTerms xi 1. Introduction:APrisonwithoutWalls? 1 ThePlaceofSiberiainRussia 8 ExileNumbersandCategoriesinEasternSiberia 11 TheImpactofExilesonSiberia 15 RussianPunishmentinComparativeContext 18 ApproachestoSiberianExile 21 2. TheJourney:TravelandPrisons 26 TheFirstStages:GettingtoAleksandrovsk 30 DailyLifeinAleksandrovsk 37 ReadingandEducationinPrison 42 PoliticalsandCriminals 47 WomeninandoutofPrison 53 Children 58 TheFinalStages 60 Conclusions 69 3. LifeinExile:CommunitiesofthePunished 70 ExileDestinations 71 MaterialConditionsinExile 78 BroaderCommunityamongExiles 82 ExilesandtheNativeSiberianPopulation 90 IntimateRelationships 94 Children 99 Conclusions 104 4. ‘TamingtheWildTaiga’:WorkandEscapeinSiberianExile 106 PatternsofEmployment 107 UnemploymentandtheUrban–RuralNexus 115 RoadandRailConstruction 122 AgriculturalWork 126 Escape 130 Conclusions 137 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi viii Contents 5. IllnessandDeathinSiberianExile 139 TypesandRatesofIllness 141 EnvironmentalFactorsInfluencingSicknessandHealth 145 MentalHealth 149 TreatmentandCareofPrisoners 158 VoluntaryFollowers 165 Conclusions 167 Afterword:EndingsandBeginnings 169 Bibliography 179 ArchivalSourcesConsulted 179 NewspapersConsulted 180 PublishedSourcesCited 180 Index 193 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,26/8/2016,SPi List of Figures and Maps Figures 2.1. Numberofkatorgaprisoners,1905–15 29 4.1. Occupationsof299politicalexilesbeforearrest,andinexilein easternSiberia,1902–17 108 5.1. AveragedailynumberofpatientsinRussianprisonsin1910, byillness 143 5.2. IllnessinIrkutskprisons,1905–13,excludinggeneral infectiousdiseases 144 Maps 1. TheRussianEmpire,circa1900 xii–xiii 2. EasternSiberia,circa1900 xiv–xv
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