A Practical Guide to Bio-inspired Design

269 Pages·2019·14.925 MB·English

by  Helena Hashemi Farzaneh, Udo Lindemann

Helena Hashemi Farzaneh
Udo Lindemann
A Practical Guide to
Bio-inspired Design
A Practical Guide to Bio-inspired Design
Helena Hashemi Farzaneh · Udo Lindemann
A Practical Guide to
Bio-inspired Design
Helena Hashemi Farzaneh Udo Lindemann
Laboratory for Product Development Laboratory for Product Development
and Lightweight Design and Lightweight Design
Technical University of Munich Technical University of Munich
Garching, Germany Garching, Germany
ISBN 978-3-662-57683-0 ISBN 978-3-662-57684-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57684-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950041
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Preface
Bio-inspired design – mentioning this term to anyone immediately draws atten-
tion. Most people feel intrigued by the idea of bio-inspired design; looking at na-
ture and its solutions to solve technical challenges. Nature is fascinating for us.
Since the beginnings of humanity it has inspired our culture. Arts, literature, archi-
tecture, design, and technology have all profited from nature as a source of inspi-
ration. Therefore, bio-inspired design seems to present obvious solutions to us, de-
signers from all disciplines, whenever we are stuck and have no ideas on how to
solve a technical challenge.
Still, bio-inspiration is not a very widespread innovation method. For example,
in Germany, only very few universities offer courses in bio-inspired design. Even
the number of lectures addressing bio-inspired design is quite small. If we ask pro-
fessional engineers and designers, the use of bio-inspired design methods seems to
be almost unknown in research and development departments of engineering
companies. If bio-inspired design is applied, it often does not go beyond regarding
obvious biological systems as inspirations, for example analyzing humans for de-
veloping a humanoid robot. The application of methodological bio-inspired design
seems to be rare. There are just a few cases in which engineering designers have
systematically searched for the most suitable biological inspiration for their specif-
ic technical challenge. The cases in which biologists have attempted to transfer a
biological solution over to a technical application are even fewer.
Why is this so? Almost all of us know some classic examples of bio-inspired
design. Leonardo da Vinci’s drawings of technical machines based on natural in-
spirations are famous. Very well-known is also the invention of Velcro® in the
mid-20th century: the Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral was on a walk with his
dog when the burrs clinging to his dog’s fur caught his attention. He analyzed
these burrs under the microscope and developed the famous hook-and-loop fasten-
er. In the mid-20th century the research interest in bio-inspired design also in-
creased. Many authors name the Bionics Symposium that took place at the Wright-
Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio in 1960 as the beginning of systematic research ef-
forts towards bio-inspired design. The Symposium was entitled “Living Prototypes
– the Key to New Technology” and predicted that technical fields such as electron-
ics, aeronautics, and guidance and control could profit from bio-inspired design. A
major challenge of bio-inspired design was attributed to the complexity of biolog-
ical systems (Keto 1960).
The complexity of biological systems is certainly one of the major challenges
of bio-inspired design, even today. Despite the enormous advances of the disci-
pline of biology, biological knowledge is difficult to access for laypersons and dif-
ficult to apply in bio-inspired designs. Providing support for this challenge is the
main aim of this book. We believe that the use of outlined methods can greatly fa-
cilitate bio-inspired design and improve the feasibility of its outcomes. Bio-
inspired design methods are therefore the key to spreading bio-inspired design as
an innovation method.
VI Preface
The entire team of the Institute of Product Development at the Technical Uni-
versity of Munich supported us in conceptualizing this book. We would like to
thank the whole team for the valuable discussions about bio-inspired design and
bio-inspired design methods. In particular, we would like to thank Maria Kathari-
na Helms for her contribution to bio-inspired design research at the Institute and to
the concept of this book. We would also like to thank Eva Körner for developing
the visual concept of the fact sheets.
Special thanks go to the undergraduate students who supported us: Marie-Luise
Domke, who conducted the interviews for the best practice examples and support-
ed the content-related investigation and formatting, Anton Doqi, who designed the
layout of the fact sheets as well as many of the figures and sketches*, and Jona-
than Creed and Daniel Ledda for proofreading the book.
This book project would not have been possible without the financial support
of the Technical University of Munich. Therefore, we would like to thank the
President, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Wolfgang A. Herrmann and all members of the
TUM Leonardo Da Vinci Centre for sponsoring our work.
For the excellent collaboration and support, we would also like to thank the
publishing house, particularly Thomas Lehnert, Ulrike Butz and Peter Sollfrank.

With this book, we hope to contribute to the systematic and methodological ap-
plication of bio-inspired design in teaching and practice. The potential of bio-
inspired design for technical innovation is enormous and still largely unexplored.
We hope that this book supports engineers, biologists, and interdisciplinary col-
laborations in changing this.

Munich, May 2018,

Udo Lindemann and Helena Hashemi Farzaneh

*Figures or Sketches designed by Anton Doqi:
Figure 1-4, Figure 1-5, Figure 2-1, Figure 2-2, Figure 2-3, Figure 2-7, Figure
2-10, Figure 2-11, Figure 2-12, Figure 3-2, Figure 3-4, Figure 3-5, Figure 3-6,
Figure 3-7, Figure 3-8, Figure 3-9, Figure 3-10, Figure 4-7, Figure 4-8, Figure
4-9, Figure 4-10, Figure 4-11, Figure 4-13, Figure 5-8, Figure 6-6

Moreover, Anton designed all Figures and Sketches on the fact sheets.
Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................... V

Contents .............................................................................................................. VII

1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Why this Book? – 10 Amazing Aspects of Bio-inspired Design ............. 2

1.2 How to Use this Book .............................................................................. 6

1.2.1 Bio-inspired Design Activities ........................................................ 7

1.2.2 Bio-inspired Design Approaches ..................................................... 8

1.2.3 Bio-inspired Design Scenarios ...................................................... 10

1.3 Guiding Example: Frog Adhesion and Application Ideas ..................... 11

1.3.1 Sample Biological System: Tree and Torrent Frogs’ Toe Pads ..... 12

1.3.2 Sample Technical Systems ............................................................ 17

2 Planning of a Bio-inspired Design Project .............................................. 19

2.1 Technical Product Development Procedures ......................................... 19

2.1.1 Prescriptive vs Descriptive ............................................................ 19

2.1.2 Stages Covered by the Process ...................................................... 22

2.1.3 Sequence of the Product Development Stages and Activities ....... 24

2.2 Biological Research Procedures ............................................................ 27

2.2.1 Developing Hypotheses ................................................................. 30

2.2.2 Data Collection .............................................................................. 31

2.3 Comparing Procedures of the Biological and Technical Domain .......... 32

2.4 Bio-inspired Design Procedures ............................................................ 33

2.4.1 Technology Pull Procedure............................................................ 35

2.4.2 Biology Push Procedure ................................................................ 38

2.4.3 Procedure for Collaborative Research Projects ............................. 41

2.4.4 TRIZ-based Procedure ................................................................... 44

2.4.5 Procedure for Architecture and Industrial Design ......................... 50

3 Abstraction ................................................................................................. 53

3.1 Abstraction in Technical Product Development .................................... 55

3.1.1 Flow-oriented Modeling ................................................................ 59

3.1.2 TRIZ Object Modeling .................................................................. 60

3.2 Abstraction in Biology........................................................................... 62

3.2.1 Model Organisms .......................................................................... 63

3.2.2 Computational Models .................................................................. 64

3.3 Comparing Abstraction in the Biological and Technical Domain ......... 67

3.4 Abstraction Methods for Bio-inspired Design ....................................... 70

3.4.1 Biocards ......................................................................................... 71

3.4.2 SBF Modeling ............................................................................... 72
VIII Contents

3.4.3 SAPPhIRE ..................................................................................... 76

3.4.4 KoMBi ........................................................................................... 78

4 Search ......................................................................................................... 81

4.1 General Perspective on Search .............................................................. 81

4.2 Search in Technical Product Development ............................................ 85

4.2.1 Intuitive or Creativity Methods ..................................................... 87

4.2.2 Discursive or Structured Methods ................................................. 89

4.3 Where to Search in Bio-inspired Design ............................................... 91

4.3.1 Research Publications .................................................................... 96

4.3.2 Technical Patents ........................................................................... 98

4.3.3 Catalogs/Databases of Biological Principles ................................. 99

4.3.4 Bio-inspired Open Innovation: KoMBi Mapping ........................ 103

4.4 How to Search in Bio-inspired Design ................................................ 104

4.4.1 Translation Technical/Biological Domain ................................... 108

4.4.2 Variation of Search Terms ........................................................... 111

4.4.3 BIOscrabble ................................................................................. 112

5 Analysis and Comparison ....................................................................... 115

5.1 Analysis of Technical Systems ............................................................ 115

5.1.1 Virtual Analysis ........................................................................... 117

5.1.2 Physical Analysis......................................................................... 120

5.2 Analysis of Biological Systems ........................................................... 122

5.2.1 Virtual analysis ............................................................................ 123

5.2.2 Physical Analysis......................................................................... 124

5.3 Comparing Technical and Biological Analysis Methods .................... 127

5.4 Methods for Analysis and Comparison in Bio-inspired Design .......... 130

5.4.1 Material Analysis......................................................................... 131

5.4.2 Analysis of Scaling Effects.......................................................... 133

5.4.3 Decision Model Similarity........................................................... 134

5.4.4 Four Box Method ........................................................................ 136

5.4.5 Expert-Novice-Layperson Dialog ................................................ 137

6 Transfer of Analogies .............................................................................. 141

6.1 General Perspective on Analogical Transfer ....................................... 141

6.2 Analogical Transfer in Technical Product Development..................... 144

6.3 Methods for the Transfer of Bio-inspired Analogies ........................... 148

6.3.1 Analogy Model ............................................................................ 152

6.3.2 Causal Relation Template ............................................................ 154

6.3.3 Decision Model Abstraction Level .............................................. 155

6.3.4 Formulation of Different Analogy Types .................................... 157

6.3.5 BioId ............................................................................................ 162

6.3.6 Synectics ...................................................................................... 163
Contents IX

7 Fact sheets ................................................................................................ 167

Technology Pull Procedure ............................................................................ 169

Biology Push Procedure ................................................................................. 171

Procedure for Collaborative Research Projects.............................................. 173

TRIZ-based Procedure ................................................................................... 175

Procedure for Architecture and Industrial Design ......................................... 177

Biocards ......................................................................................................... 179

SBF Modeling ................................................................................................ 181

SAPPhIRE ..................................................................................................... 183

KoMBi ........................................................................................................... 185

Research Publications .................................................................................... 187

Technical Patents ........................................................................................... 189

Catalogs/Databases of Biological Principles ................................................. 191

Bio-inspired Open Innovation: KoMBi ......................................................... 193

Translation Technical/Biological Domain ..................................................... 195

Variation of Search Terms ............................................................................. 197

BIOscrabble ................................................................................................... 199

Material Analysis ........................................................................................... 201

Analysis of Scaling Effects ............................................................................ 203

Decision Model Similarity ............................................................................. 205

Four Box Method ........................................................................................... 207

Expert-Novice-Layperson Dialog .................................................................. 209

Analogy Model .............................................................................................. 211

Causal Relation Template .............................................................................. 213

Decision Model Abstraction Level ................................................................ 215

Formulation of Different Analogy Types ...................................................... 217

BioId ..................................................................................................... 219

Synectics ..................................................................................................... 221

8 References ................................................................................................ 223

9 Appendix .................................................................................................. 239

9.1 Collections of Biological Inspirations ................................................. 240

9.2 Catalogs/Databases of Biological Principles (Examples) .................... 248

9.3 Translation Technical/Biological Domain ........................................... 253

10 Index ......................................................................................................... 261
X Contents
Best Practice Examples

FlexShapeGripper – a Biology Push Development Project ................... 40
InspiRat – Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Long-term Research

Project ................................................................................................................. 43
Prosthetic Hands Inspired by Abstracted Hydraulics of

Spider Legs ........................................................................................................ 54
The Lotus Effect – How the Right Model Paved the Way for

Success ............................................................................................................... 69
Mountain Bike BIONICON rEVO – Solutions through Observation in

Nature .................................................................................................................. 95

Bio-inspired Bone Punch – Searching for Partial Functions ............. 107

Vault-structured Materials – Looking beyond the Obvious................ 129
From Biopolymer Fibers to Filter Systems –Collaborative Analysis

with Research and Industry Partners ........................................................ 140
Stair-climbing Wheelchair – Analogical Transfer Inspired by Multiple

Biological Species .......................................................................................... 151
Hexal LED Trunking System – Application of Vault Structures in

Multiple Technical Applications ................................................................. 161