A Political History of Big Science: The Other Europe PDF
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A Political History of Big Science The Other Europe Katharina C. Cramer Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology Series Editors James Rodger Fleming Colby College Waterville, ME, USA Roger D. Launius Auburn, AL, USA Designed to bridge the gap between the history of science and the history of technology, this series publishes the best new work by promising and accomplished authors in both areas. In particular, it offers historical per- spectives on issues of current and ongoing concern, provides international and global perspectives on scientific issues, and encourages productive communication between historians and practicing scientists. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14581 Katharina C. Cramer A Political History of Big Science The Other Europe Katharina C. Cramer University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology ISBN 978-3-030-50048-1 ISBN 978-3-030-50049-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50049-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This book is dedicated to Justus and Cornelius, who have grown alongside this project. P reface This book is about light. It explores the history and science of the brilliant light, synchrotron radiation, that is produced at two collaborative light sources in Europe, namely, the ESRF as a circular-shaped synchrotron radiation source and the European XFEL as a linear free-electron laser. In the early decades after the first experimental observation of synchrotron radiation in the late 1940s, research with synchrotron radiation was a mar- ginal phenomenon in the scientific landscapes in Europe and the United States that were largely dominated by particle physics research. Probably nobody would have guessed at that time that synchrotron radiation would become one of the most crucial experimental resources for multidisci- plinary research in the twenty-first century and a kind of mainstream activ- ity for the investigation of materials or living matter. But this book also sheds new light on the history and politics of Big Science, Europe and the European Union. One of its core aims is to enlighten the ways we see, write and think about Europe and the European Union, as well as about European politics and history. It introduces the other Europe as an alterna- tive perspective to politics and integration in Europe besides the main- stream political integration processes, arguing that Big Science collaborations, such as the ESRF and the European XFEL, have played crucial roles in both European politics and science. This book is based on a doctoral dissertation that was carried out between 2014 and 2018 at the Leibniz Prize Research Group “Global Processes” at the University of Konstanz, Germany (date of oral examina- tion: 30 August 2018, examiners: Jürgen Osterhammel, Olof Hallonsten vii viii PREFACE and Anne Kwaschik). It is a great pleasure to thank my supervisors Jürgen Osterhammel and Olof Hallonsten for advice and support. The book relies to a great extent on personal encounters, correspon- dences and interviews. The conduction of interviews served a very broad purpose, namely, to gain access to the larger community of scientists and administrators, to further identify key actors and close observers that played important roles during the establishment of the ESRF and the European XFEL and to get to know concerns that were missing or unlikely to ever be displayed in official documents. Only a very small part of the many interviews and correspondences were eventually used in this book. It is impossible to name all those who welcomed me with hospitality at DESY, ESRF and European XFEL, and who shared their knowledge and expertise. But I would like to thank explicitly Chantal Argoud, Cerstin Barmbrock, Karen Clugnet, Itziar Echeverría, Robert Feidenhans’l, Petra Folkerts, Nathalie Godet, Petra Hendrikman-Verstegen, Martin Köhler, Rainer Koepke, Olaf Kühnholz, Christof Kunz, Axel Lindner, Frieder Meyer-Krahmer, Denes Laos Nagy, Luis Sanchez Ortiz, Frank Poppe, Martin Sandhop, Hermann Schunck, Franscesco Sette, Christian Vettier, Renata Witsch, Karl Witte and Thomas Zoufal for their time and efforts. I would also like to thank the members of the Leibniz Programme “Global Processes” at the University of Konstanz; the members of the Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment at KTH Stockholm; and Mats Benner, Thomas Kaiserfeld, Josephine Rekers and Maria Moskovko at Lund University for encouragement, comments and critics. Alfter, Germany Katharina C. Cramer c ontents 1 Introduction: History and Politics of Big Science in Europe 1 Bibliography 21 2 What Kind of Europe for European Big Science? 27 2.1 The Other Europe 28 2.1.1 Technology 30 2.1.2 Spatiality 31 2.1.3 Politics 34 2.2 What Role for the European Economic Union (EEC) and the European Union (EU)? 38 Bibliography 52 3 H istory and Science of Research with Synchrotron Radiation 59 Bibliography 74 4 Founding the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 1977–1988 79 4.1 Origins of the ESRF 79 4.2 Intergovernmental Arrangements 84 4.3 Putting the ESRF in Place 89 4.4 The Role of France and Germany 96 4.4.1 “Embedded Bilateralism” 99 4.4.2 National Agendas in France and Germany 104 ix x CONTENTS 4.5 T owards a Convention for the ESRF 108 4.6 Concluding Discussion 111 Bibliography 123 5 Establishing the European X-Ray Free- Electron Laser (European XFEL), 1992–2009 129 5.1 The Transformation of DESY 130 5.2 The TESLA Proposal for a Linear Collider 134 5.3 From the Free-Electron Laser at the TESLA Test Facility to FLASH 138 5.4 Political Commitment to the European XFEL 144 5.5 Foreign Partners and In-Kind Contributions 151 5.6 The Role of Russia 157 5.6.1 German-Russian Collaborations in Science 158 5.6.2 Nanotechnology, Big Politics and the European XFEL 161 5.7 Towards a Convention 165 5.8 Concluding Discussion 169 Bibliography 183 6 The Other Europe of Big Science: Historical Dynamics and Contemporary Tendencies 193 Bibliography 200 Bibliography 203 Index 233
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