A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Volume 1: To 1877, Brief PDF
Preview A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Volume 1: To 1877, Brief
A People and A Nation Brief Eighth Edition This page intentionally left blank A People and A Nation A History of the United States Volume 1 To 1877 Brief Eighth Edition MARY BETH NORTON Cornell University CAROL SHERIFF College of William and Mary DAVID M. KATZMAN University of Kansas DAVID W. BLIGHT Yale University HOWARD P. CHUDACOFF Brown University FREDRIK LOGEVALL Cornell University BETH BAILEY Temple University DEBRA MICHALS Merrimack College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States A People and A Nation: A History of © 2010, 2007Wadsworth, Cengage Learning theUnited StatesVolume 1To 1877, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copy- Brief Eighth Edition right herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including David M. Katzman, David W. Blight, but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, Howard P. Chudacoff, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Fredrik Logevall, Beth Bailey, storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section Debra Michals 107or 108of the 1976United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Sponsoring Editor: Ann West Development Manager: Jeffrey Greene For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Assistant Editor: Megan Curry Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 Editorial Assistant: Megan Chrisman For permission to use material from this text or product, Senior Editor: Lisa Ciccolo submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. 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Gallery, Bequest Charles Jenkins Foote/Art Resource, NY Compositor: Macmillan Publishing Solutions Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 14 12 11 10 Brief Contents Maps xi 9 Defining the Nation, 1801–1823 203 Figures xii 10 The Rise of the South 1815–1860 230 Tables xiii Preface to the Brief Eighth Edition xv 11 The Modernizing North, Preface to the Full-Length Eighth Edition xvii 1815–1860 261 1 Three Old Worlds Create a New, 12 Reform and Politics in the 1492–1600 1 Age of Jackson 1824–1845 289 2 Europeans Colonize North 13 The Contested West, America, 1600–1650 28 1815–1860 315 3 North America in the Atlantic 14 Slavery and America’s Future: World, 1650–1720 55 The Road to War, 1845–1861 346 4 American Society Transformed, 15 Transforming Fire: The Civil War, 1720–1770 80 1861–1865 373 5 Severing the Bonds of Empire, 16 Reconstruction: An Unfinished 1754–1774 107 Revolution, 1865–1877 409 6 A Revolution, Indeed, Appendix A-1 1774–1783 131 Index I-1 7 Forging a National Republic, 1776–1789 154 8 The Early Republic: Conflicts at Home and Abroad, 1789–1800 181 v This page intentionally left blank Contents Maps xi Figures xii 3 Tables xiii North America in the Atlantic World, Preface to the Brief Eighth Edition xv Preface to the Full-Length Eighth Edition xvii 1650–1720 55 ❚ The Growth of Anglo-American Settlements 57 1 ❚ A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s 62 ❚ The Atlantic Trading System 65 Three Old Worlds Create a New, ❚ Slavery in North America and the Caribbean 68 1492–1600 1 ❚ Imperial Reorganization and the Witchcraft Crisis 72 ❚ American Societies 3 Links to the World: Exotic Beverages 76 ❚ North America in 1492 5 ❚ Summary 77 ❚ African Societies 8 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Americans of African ❚ European Societies 10 Descent 77 ❚ Early European Explorations 12 ❚ Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, 4 and Their Successors 13 ❚ Spanish Exploration and Conquest 17 American Society Transformed, ❚ The Columbian Exchange 19 1720–1770 80 ❚ Europeans in North America 20 ❚ Population Growth and Ethnic Diversity 82 Links to the World: Maize 21 ❚ ❚ Economic Growth and Development 86 Summary 23 ❚ Colonial Cultures 91 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Kennewick Man/Ancient One 24 Links to the World: Smallpox Inoculation 93 ❚ Colonial Families 96 ❚ 2 Politics: Stability and Crisis in British America 99 ❚ A Crisis in Religion 101 Europeans Colonize North America, ❚ Summary 103 1600–1650 28 Legacy for a People and a Nation: “Self-Made Men” 103 ❚ Spanish, French, and Dutch North America 30 5 ❚ The Caribbean 33 Severing the Bonds of Empire, Links to the World: Wampum 34 ❚ 1754–1774 107 English Interest in Colonization 35 ❚ The Founding of Virginia 37 ❚ Renewed Warfare Among Europeans and Indians ❚ Life in the Chesapeake 41 109 ❚ The Founding of New England 44 ❚ 1763: A Turning Point 112 ❚ Life in New England 48 Links to the World: The First Worldwide War 113 ❚ ❚ Summary 51 The Stamp Act Crisis 116 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Blue Laws 51 vii viii Contents ❚ Resistance to the Townshend Acts 120 ❚ Confrontations in Boston 122 8 ❚ Tea and Turmoil 125 The Early Republic: Conflicts at Home ❚ Summary 127 and Abroad, 1789–1800 181 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Women’s Political Activism 127 ❚ Building a Workable Government 182 ❚ Domestic Policy Under Washington and Hamilton 184 ❚ The French Revolution and the Development of 6 Partisan Politics 188 ❚ A Revolution, Indeed, 1774–1783 131 Partisan Politics and Relations with Great Britain 190 ❚ Government by Congress and Committee 133 ❚ John Adams and Political Dissent 192 ❚ Contest in the Backcountry 135 ❚ The West in the New Nation 194 ❚ Choosing Sides 136 ❚ “Revolutions” at the End of the Century 196 ❚ War and Independence 138 Links to the World: Haitian Refugees 198 Links to the World: New Nations 139 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Dissent During ❚ The Struggle in the North 143 Wartime 199 ❚ Life in the Army and on the Home Front 145 ❚ Summary 200 ❚ Victory in the South 147 ❚ Summary 150 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Revolutionary 9 Origins 150 Defining the Nation, 1801–1823 203 ❚ Political Visions 205 ❚ 7 National Expansion Westward 208 ❚ The Nation in the Orbit of Europe 212 Forging a National Republic, 1776–1789 ❚ The War of 1812 215 154 Links to the World: Industrial Piracy 219 ❚ ❚ The Nationalist Program 220 Creating a Virtuous Republic 156 ❚ Sectionalism Exposed 223 Links to the World:Novels 158 ❚ ❚ Summary 225 The First Emancipation and the Growth of Racism 160 Legacy for a People and a Nation: States’ Rights and ❚ Nullification 226 Designing Republican Governments 163 ❚ Trials of the Confederation 165 ❚ Order and Disorder in the West 169 10 ❚ From Crisis to the Constitution 170 ❚ The Rise of the South 1815–1860 230 Opposition and Ratification 175 ❚ Summary 177 ❚ The “Distinctive” South? 232 Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Township and Range ❚ Southern Expansion, Indian Resistance, System 177 and Removal 235 Links to the World: The Amistad Case 237 ix Contents ❚ Limits of Mobility in a Hierarchical Society 242 ❚ The Planters’ World 246 13 ❚ Slave Life and Labor 249 The Contested West, 1815-1860 315 ❚ Slave Culture and Resistance 252 ❚ ❚ Summary 257 The West in the American Imagination 317 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: Reparations for Expansion and Resistance in the Old Slavery 257 Northwest 320 ❚ The Federal Government and Westward Expansion 325 Links to the World: Gold In California 327 11 ❚ The Southwestern Borderlands 330 ❚ The Modernizing North, 1815–1860 261 Migration to the Far West 335 ❚ The Politics of Territorial Expansion 340 ❚ Or Is It the North That Was Distinctive? 262 ❚ Summary 342 ❚ The Transportation Revolution 265 Legacy for a People and a Nation:Descendants of Early Latino ❚ Factories and Industrialization 269 Settlers 343 Links to the World: The United States as a Developing Nation 270 ❚ Consumption and Commercialization 273 ❚ 14 Families in Flux 276 ❚ The Growth of Cities 277 Slavery and America’s Future: The Road ❚ Summary 285 to War, 1845–1861 346 Legacy for a People and a Nation: A Mixed Economy 285 ❚ The War with Mexico and Its Consequences 348 ❚ 1850: Compromise or Armistice? 352 ❚ Slavery Expansion and Collapse of the Party 12 System 357 Links to the World: Annexation of Cuba 360 Reform and Politics in the Age of ❚ Slavery and the Nation’s Future 362 Jackson, 1824–1845 289 ❚ Disunion 364 ❚ ❚ From Revival to Reform 291 Summary 370 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: Terrorist or Freedom Communitarian Experiments 294 ❚ Fighter? 370 Abolitionism 296 Links to the World: The International Antislavery Movement 298 ❚ Women’s Rights 300 15 ❚ Jacksonianism and Party Politics 301 ❚ Federalism at Issue: The Nullification and Bank Transforming Fire: The Civil War, Controversies 304 1861–1865 373 ❚ The Whig Challenge and the Second Party ❚ System 307 America Goes to War, 1861–1862 375 ❚ ❚ Summary 310 War Transforms the South 380 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Bible Belt 311 Wartime Northern Economy and Society 383 ❚ The Advent of Emancipation 387
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