A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Brief Edition PDF
Preview A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Brief Edition
A People and A Nation A History of the United States Brief Eighth Edition MARY BETH NORTON Cornell University CAROL SHERIFF College of William and Mary DAVID M. KATZMAN University of Kansas DAVID W. BLIGHT Yale University HOWARD P. CHUDACOFF Brown University FREDRIK LOGEVALL Cornell University BETH BAILEY Temple University DEBRA MICHALS Merrimack College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States A People and A Nation: A History of the © 2010, 2007Wadsworth, Cengage Learning United States,Brief Eighth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copy- Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, right herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any David M. Katzman, David W. Blight, form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including Howard P. Chudacoff, but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, Fredrik Logevall, Beth Bailey, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Debra Michals storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107or 108of the 1976United States Copyright Act, without the Sponsoring Editor: Ann West prior written permission of the publisher. Development Manager: Jeffrey Greene Assistant Editor: Megan Curry For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, Editorial Assistant: Megan Chrisman 1-800-423-0563 Senior Editor: Lisa Ciccolo For permission to use material from this text or product, Senior Marketing Manager: submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. 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Compositor: Macmillan Publishing Solutions Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 14 12 11 10 Brief Contents Maps xii 16 Reconstruction: An Unfinished Figures xiii Revolution, 1865–1877 409 Tables xiv 17 The Development of the West, Preface to the Brief Eighth Edition xv 1877–1900 439 Preface to the Full-Length Eighth Edition xvii 1 Three Old Worlds Create a New, 18 The Machine Age, 1877–1920 465 1492–1600 1 19 The Vitality and Turmoil of 2 Europeans Colonize North Urban Life, 1877—1920 493 America, 1600–1650 28 20 Gilded Age Politics, 1877–1900 522 3 North America in the Atlantic 21 The Progressive Era, 1895–1920 548 World, 1650–1720 55 22 The Quest for Empire, 1865–1914 575 4 American Society Transformed, 1720–1770 80 23 Americans in the Great War, 1914–1920 600 5 Severing the Bonds of Empire, 1754–1774 107 24 The New Era 1920–1929 627 6 A Revolution, Indeed, 25 The Great Depression and the 1774–1783 131 New Deal, 1929–1941 655 7 Forging a National Republic, 26 The United States in a Troubled World, 1776–1789 154 1920–1941 684 8 The Early Republic: Conflicts at 27 The Second World War at Home and Abroad, 1789–1800 181 Home and Abroad, 1941–1945 707 9 Defining the Nation, 1801–1823 203 28 The Cold War and American Globalism, 1945–1961 733 10 The Rise of the South 1815–1860 230 29 America at Midcentury, 1945–1960 762 11 The Modernizing North, 1815–1860 261 30 The Tumultuous Sixties, 1960–1968 792 12 Reform and Politics in the 31 Continuing Divisions and New Limits, Age of Jackson 1824–1845 289 1969–1980 821 13 The Contested West, 32 Conservatism Revived, 1980–1992 1815–1860 315 850 14 Slavery and America’s Future: 33 Into the Global Millennium: America The Road to War, 1845–1861 346 Since 1992 878 15 Transforming Fire: The Civil War, Appendix A-1 1861–1865 373 Index I-1 iii This page intentionally left blank Contents Maps xii Figures xiii 3 Tables xiv North America in the Atlantic World, Preface to the Brief Eighth Edition xv 1650–1720 55 Preface to the Full-Length Eighth Edition xvii ❚ The Growth of Anglo-American Settlements 57 1 ❚ A Decade of Imperial Crises: The 1670s 62 ❚ The Atlantic Trading System 65 Three Old Worlds Create a New, ❚ Slavery in North America and the Caribbean 68 1492–1600 1 ❚ Imperial Reorganization and the Witchcraft Crisis 72 ❚ American Societies 3 Links to the World: Exotic Beverages 76 ❚ North America in 1492 5 ❚ Summary 77 ❚ African Societies 8 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Americans of African ❚ European Societies 10 Descent 77 ❚ Early European Explorations 12 ❚ Voyages of Columbus, Cabot, 4 and Their Successors 13 ❚ Spanish Exploration and Conquest 17 American Society Transformed, ❚ The Columbian Exchange 19 1720–1770 80 ❚ Europeans in North America 20 ❚ Population Growth and Ethnic Diversity 82 Links to the World: Maize 21 ❚ ❚ Economic Growth and Development 86 Summary 23 ❚ Colonial Cultures 91 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Kennewick Man/Ancient One 24 Links to the World: Smallpox Inoculation 93 ❚ Colonial Families 96 ❚ Politics: Stability and Crisis in British America 99 2 ❚ A Crisis in Religion 101 Europeans Colonize North America, ❚ Summary 103 1600–1650 28 Legacy for a People and a Nation: “Self-Made Men” 103 ❚ Spanish, French, and Dutch North America 30 5 ❚ The Caribbean 33 Severing the Bonds of Empire, Links to the World: Wampum 34 ❚ 1754–1774 107 English Interest in Colonization 35 ❚ The Founding of Virginia 37 ❚ Renewed Warfare Among Europeans and Indians ❚ Life in the Chesapeake 41 109 ❚ The Founding of New England 44 ❚ 1763: A Turning Point 112 ❚ Life in New England 48 Links to the World: The First Worldwide War 113 ❚ ❚ Summary 51 The Stamp Act Crisis 116 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Blue Laws 51 v vi Contents ❚ Resistance to the Townshend Acts 120 ❚ Confrontations in Boston 122 8 ❚ Tea and Turmoil 125 The Early Republic: Conflicts at Home ❚ Summary 127 and Abroad, 1789–1800 181 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Women’s Political Activism 127 ❚ Building a Workable Government 182 ❚ Domestic Policy Under Washington and Hamilton 184 ❚ The French Revolution and the Development of 6 Partisan Politics 188 ❚ A Revolution, Indeed, 1774–1783 131 Partisan Politics and Relations with Great Britain 190 ❚ Government by Congress and Committee 133 ❚ John Adams and Political Dissent 192 ❚ Contest in the Backcountry 135 ❚ The West in the New Nation 194 ❚ Choosing Sides 136 ❚ “Revolutions” at the End of the Century 196 ❚ War and Independence 138 Links to the World: Haitian Refugees 198 Links to the World: New Nations 139 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Dissent During ❚ The Struggle in the North 143 Wartime 199 ❚ Life in the Army and on the Home Front 145 ❚ Summary 200 ❚ Victory in the South 147 ❚ Summary 150 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Revolutionary 9 Origins 150 Defining the Nation, 1801–1823 203 ❚ Political Visions 205 ❚ 7 National Expansion Westward 208 ❚ The Nation in the Orbit of Europe 212 Forging a National Republic, 1776–1789 ❚ The War of 1812 215 154 Links to the World: Industrial Piracy 219 ❚ ❚ The Nationalist Program 220 Creating a Virtuous Republic 156 ❚ Sectionalism Exposed 223 Links to the World:Novels 158 ❚ ❚ Summary 225 The First Emancipation and the Growth of Racism 160 Legacy for a People and a Nation: States’ Rights and ❚ Nullification 226 Designing Republican Governments 163 ❚ Trials of the Confederation 165 ❚ Order and Disorder in the West 169 10 ❚ From Crisis to the Constitution 170 ❚ The Rise of the South 1815–1860 230 Opposition and Ratification 175 ❚ Summary 177 ❚ The “Distinctive” South? 232 Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Township and Range ❚ Southern Expansion, Indian Resistance, System 177 and Removal 235 Links to the World: The Amistad Case 237 vii Contents ❚ Limits of Mobility in a Hierarchical Society 242 ❚ The Planters’ World 246 13 ❚ Slave Life and Labor 249 The Contested West, 1815-1860 315 ❚ Slave Culture and Resistance 252 ❚ ❚ Summary 257 The West in the American Imagination 317 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: Reparations for Expansion and Resistance in the Old Slavery 257 Northwest 320 ❚ The Federal Government and Westward Expansion 325 Links to the World: Gold In California 327 11 ❚ The Southwestern Borderlands 330 ❚ The Modernizing North, 1815–1860 261 Migration to the Far West 335 ❚ The Politics of Territorial Expansion 340 ❚ Or Is It the North That Was Distinctive? 262 ❚ Summary 342 ❚ The Transportation Revolution 265 Legacy for a People and a Nation:Descendants of Early Latino ❚ Factories and Industrialization 269 Settlers 343 Links to the World: The United States as a Developing Nation 270 ❚ Consumption and Commercialization 273 ❚ 14 Families in Flux 276 ❚ The Growth of Cities 277 Slavery and America’s Future: The Road ❚ Summary 285 to War, 1845–1861 346 Legacy for a People and a Nation: A Mixed Economy 285 ❚ The War with Mexico and Its Consequences 348 ❚ 1850: Compromise or Armistice? 352 ❚ Slavery Expansion and Collapse of the Party 12 System 357 Links to the World: Annexation of Cuba 360 Reform and Politics in the Age of ❚ Slavery and the Nation’s Future 362 Jackson, 1824–1845 289 ❚ Disunion 364 ❚ ❚ From Revival to Reform 291 Summary 370 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: Terrorist or Freedom Communitarian Experiments 294 ❚ Fighter? 370 Abolitionism 296 Links to the World: The International Antislavery Movement 298 ❚ Women’s Rights 300 ❚ 15 Jacksonianism and Party Politics 301 ❚ Federalism at Issue: The Nullification and Bank Transforming Fire: The Civil War, Controversies 304 1861–1865 373 ❚ The Whig Challenge and the Second Party ❚ System 307 America Goes to War, 1861–1862 375 ❚ ❚ Summary 310 War Transforms the South 380 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Bible Belt 311 Wartime Northern Economy and Society 383 ❚ The Advent of Emancipation 387 viii Contents ❚ The Soldiers’ War 391 ❚ 1863: The Tide of Battle Turns 393 18 ❚ Disunity: South, North, and West 394 The Machine Age, 1877–1920 465 ❚ 1864–1865: The Final Test of Wills 399 Links to the World: The Civil War in Britain 400 ❚ Technology and the Triumph of Industrialization ❚ Summary 404 468 Legacy for a People and a Nation: “Big Government” 405 Links to the World: The Atlantic Cable 469 ❚ Mechanization and the Changing Status of Labor 472 ❚ Labor Violence and the Union Movement 476 16 ❚ Standards of Living 480 ❚ Reconstruction: An Unfinished The Corporate Consolidation Movement 485 ❚ Revolution, 1865–1877 409 The Gospel of Wealth and Its Critics 487 ❚ Summary 488 ❚ Wartime Reconstruction 411 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Technology of Recorded ❚ The Meanings of Freedom 413 Sound 489 ❚ Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan 416 ❚ The Congressional Reconstruction Plan 418 ❚ Reconstruction Politics and Economy in the South 19 425 ❚ Retreat from Reconstruction 429 The Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life, Links to the World: The Grants’ Tour of the World 431 1877–1920 493 ❚ Summary 435 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Lost Cause 436 Growth of the Modern City 495 ❚ Urban Neighborhoods 500 ❚ Living Conditions in the Inner City 503 ❚ Managing the City 505 17 ❚ Family Life 509 ❚ The Development of the West, The New Leisure and Mass Culture 512 1877–1900 439 Links to the World:Japanese Baseball 514 ❚ Summary 518 ❚ The Economic Activities of Native Peoples 441 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Ethnic Food 518 ❚ The Transformation of Native Cultures 443 ❚ The Extraction of Natural Resources 447 ❚ Irrigation and Transportation 452 20 Links to the World: The Australian Frontier 454 ❚ Farming the Plains 456 Gilded Age Politics, 1877–1900 522 ❚ The Ranching Frontier 459 ❚ ❚ The Nature of Party Politics 524 Summary 461 ❚ Legacy for a People and a Nation: The Myth of the Issues of Legislation 525 ❚ Cowboy 462 Tentative Presidents 528 ❚ Discrimination, Disfranchisement, and Responses 529 ix Contents ❚ Agrarian Unrest and Populism 532 Links to the World: Russian Populism 536 23 ❚ The Depression and Protests of the 1890s 537 ❚ Americans in the Great War, 1914–1920 The Silver Crusade and the Election of 1896 541 ❚ 600 Summary 543 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Interpreting a Fairy ❚ Precarious Neutrality 602 Tale 544 ❚ The Decision for War 605 ❚ Winning the War 607 Links to the World: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 611 21 ❚ Mobilizing the Home Front 612 ❚ The Progressive Era, 1895–1920 548 Civil Liberties Under Challenge 615 ❚ Red Scare, Red Summer 617 ❚ The Varied Progressive Impulse 550 ❚ The Defeat of Peace 619 Links to the World: Workers’ Compensation 553 ❚ Summary 622 ❚ Government and Legislative Reform 554 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Freedom of Speech ❚ New Ideas in Social Institutions 557 and the ACLU 623 ❚ Challenges to Racial and Sexual Discrimination 559 ❚ Theodore Roosevelt and the Revival of the 24 Presidency 564 ❚ Woodrow Wilson and the Extension of Progressive The New Era, 1920–1929 627 Reform 569 ❚ ❚ Big Business Triumphant 629 Summary 571 ❚ Politics and Government 630 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Margaret Sanger, Planned ❚ Parenthood, and the Birth-Control Controversy 571 A Consumer Society 632 ❚ Cities, Migrants, and Suburbs 634 Links to the World:Pan American Airways 636 22 ❚ New Rhythms of Everyday Life 638 ❚ The Quest for Empire, 1865–1914 575 Lines of Defense 641 ❚ The Age of Play 644 ❚ Imperial Dreams 578 ❚ Cultural Currents 646 Links to the World: National Geographic 581 ❚ The Election of 1928 and the End of the ❚ Ambitions and Strategies 582 New Era 648 ❚ Crises in the 1890s: Hawai’i, Venezuela, and Cuba ❚ Summary 650 583 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Intercollegiate Athletics ❚ The Spanish-American War and the Debate over 651 Empire 587 ❚ Asian Encounters: War in the Philippines, Diplomacy in China 589 25 ❚ TR’s World 591 The Great Depression and the New Deal, ❚ Summary 596 1929–1941 655 Legacy for a People and a Nation: Guantánamo Bay 596 ❚ Hoover and Hard Times: 1929–1933 657 ❚ Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Launching of the New Deal 662
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