A NEW TROGLOMORPHIC SPECIES OF AUSTROCHTHONIUS (PSEUDOSCORPIONES CHTHONIIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA, WITH REMARKS ON CHTHONIUS CAECUS

2006·2.8 MB·English

by  Mark S Harvey

Recordsofthe WesternAustralianMuseum23:205-211 (2006).
A new troglomorphic species of Austrochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones:
Chthoniidae) from Australia, with remarks on Chthonius caecus
MarkS.Harvey1and LeeG.Mould2
1DepartmentofTerrestrialInvertebrates,WesternAustralianMuseum,
LockedBag49,Welshpool DC, WesternAustralia6986,Australia.
E-mail: [email protected]
2BiotaEnvironmentalSciencesPtyLtd,POBox176,
NorthPerth,WesternAustralia6906,Australia.
E-mail:[email protected]
Abstract-AnewspeciesofthechthoniidgenusAustrochthoniusChamberlin
is described and named from the Ludlow region of southern Western
Australia. Austrochthonius strigosus sp. nov. exhibits some strong
troglomorphic adaptations such as eye loss, elongate pedipalps and pallid
colouration. Chthonius caecus Tullgren, 1909, a junior homonym, and its
replacement name Sathrochthonius tullgreni Chamberlin, 1962, are
transferred to Austrochthonius. A new replacement name, Austrochthonius
muchmorei, isprovided, asA. tullgreniisajuniorsecondaryhomonymofA.
tullgreni(Beier,1931).
INTRODUCTION distinct from all other species of the genus that we
Thechthoniid genus Austrochthoniuspossessesa have prepared a systematic description to formally
typical Gondwanan distribution with eight species record this unusual species in the scientific
recorded from southern South America, three literature. We also comment on the species first
species from New Zealand, three species from named as Chthonius caecus Tullgren from south-
Australia, onespecies from theliesCrozet, and one western Australia (Tullgren 1909) which has since
species from South Africa (Harvey 1991a, 1991c; been transferred to the genus Sathrochthonius
Judson 2001). The Australian fauna consist of Chamberlin and renamed 5. tullgreni(Chamberlin,
Austrochthonius australis Hoff from southern 1962). We suggest that this species is in fact a
Australia and two troglobitic species from caves in speciesofthegenusAustrochthonius.
the Naracoorte region. South Australia (A. cavicola
Beier) and Cape Range peninsula, Western
MATERIALAND METHODS
Australia (A. easti Harvey). Kennedy (1990)
presented aredescriptionofA. australisbasedupon The material utilized in the present study is
large quantities of material from south-eastern lodged in the Western Australian Museum, Perth
Australia and noted that the Western Australian (WAM). Terminology and mensuration mostly
specimensattributedtoA. australisbyBeier(1966a) follows Chamberlin (1931), with the exception of
were sufficiently different from A. australis that the nomenclature of the pedipalps, legs and with
they represented a distinct species. An additional someminormodificationstotheterminologyofthe
species from the Kimberley region of Western trichobothria (Harvey 1992). In particular, itshould
Australia was reported by Harvey (1991b) but it be noted that the terminology for the trichobothria
currentlyremainsundescribed. used by Harvey (1992) differs slightly from that
EpigeanmembersofAustrochthoniusinAustralia usedbyotherworkers.
can be quite common in leaf litter and soil, but the The specimen was examined by preparing a
troglobitic species are relatively uncommon with temporaryslidemountsbyimmersingthespecimen
just a few specimens collected. Whilst considerable in 75% lactic acid at room temperature for several
work is needed to unravel the systematic days, and mounting it on a microscope slide with
relationships of the genus within Australia, we are 10 mm coverslips supported by small sections of
here describing a new troglomorphic species ofthe 0.25 mm or0.50 mm diameter nylon fishing line. It
genus that has been recovered from subterranean was examined with an Olympus BH-2 compound
sampling undertaken in the Ludlow area near microscope and illustrated with the aid of a
Busselton, south-western Australia. Although only drawing tube. Measurements were taken at the
a single male has been collected, it is sufficiently highest possible magnification using an ocular
:
206 M.S.Harvey
graticule. Afterstudythespecimenwasreturned to Mundochthonius have also been recorded from
75% ethanol with the dissected portions placed in Europe and East Asia (summarized by Harvey
mm
12 x 3 glass genitalia microvials (BioQuip 1991a), with subsequent species recently named by
Products,Inc.). Kim and Hong (1994), Muchmore (1996), Sakayori
(2002), Dashadamirov (2005) and Zaragoza and
Harvey(2006).Therelationshipsandstatusofsome
SYSTEMATICS
ofthesegeneraisdoubtful andsomerationalisation
maybeexpected inthefuture.
FamilyChthoniidaeDaday
SubfamilyChthoniinaeDaday
Austrochthoniusstrigosussp.nov.
GenusAustrochthoniusChamberlin Figures 1-5
Austrochthonius Chamberlin, 1929: 68. Type Material Examined
species: Chthonius chilensis Chamberlin, 1923,
byoriginaldesignation. Holotype
6, Ludlow region (site LDMB2, 33.58921503°S,
ParaustrochthoniusBeier, 1931:52(synonvmised by
Beier, 1976: 203). Type species: Paraustro- A1u1s5t.r4a9l0i4a6,51°AEu)s,tra3l3i°a3,5'2118"S,No1v1e5°m2b9’e2r6"E2,004W,esftreormn
chthonius tullgreni Beier, 1931, by original boreholeatapproximately5m depth, L. Mouldand
designation. D. Kamien(WAMT65550).
Cecoditha Mello-Leitao, 1939: 115—116 (synonym-
ised by Judson, 2001: 142). Type species: Diagnosis
Cecodithaparva Mello-Leitao, 1939, by original Austrochthonius strigosus differs from all
designation. previously named species of the genus by the
elongatepedipalpalchelawhich is6.35times longer
Remarks than broad in the holotype male, but less than 5.4
Austrochthonius belongs to a group of genera timeslongerthanbroad inotherspecies(Table1).
characterised by the presence of coxal spines only
oncoxa IIand thatlackoneormoreenlargedspine- Description
like setae on the interno-basal margin of the chelal Adult male (holotype, WAM T65550): Colour
hand. Defined in this way, this group currently generally pale yellow-brown, legs slightly paler
includes nine genera: Austrochthonius, thanbody.
Chiliochthonius Vitali-di Castri, Drepanochthonius Chelicera: with5setaeon hand and 1 medial seta
Beier, Francochthonius Vitali-di Castri, Maori- on movable finger (Figure 3); fixed finger with 5
chthonius Chamberlin, Malcolmochthonius small teeth, of approximately same size; movable
Benedict, Mexichthonius Muchmore, Mundo- fingerslightlyshorterthan hand, with4small teeth
chthonius Chamberlin and Tyrannochthoniella and2extremelysmall teeth;bladesofthe flagellum
Beier.TheAfricangenus CongochthoniusBeierwas notclearlyvisible;galeaashortrounded nubbin.
also attributed by Muchmore (2001) to a group Pedipalp trochanter 1.73, femur4.95, patella 1.89,
containingsomeofthesegenerabuttheaffinitiesof chela6.35,chelalhand2.17timeslongerthanbroad;
this unusual genus appear to lie with movable chelal finger 1.90 times longer than hand;
SathrochthoniusChamberlin and Sathrochthoniella fixed chelal finger with 69 teeth, moveable chelal
Beierduetoasmallsuiteofmorphological features finger with 55 teeth, all teeth closely spaced and
of which the most prominent is the sub-basal either gently rounded or slightly truncate (Figure
positionoftrichobothriaibandisb. 1);fixedchelalfingerandhandwith8trichobothria,
Six genera oftheAustrochthoniusgroup occurin movable chelal finger with 4 trichobothria (Figures
the southern hemisphere, whereas three genera 1,2); iband isbsituated sub-mediallyondorsum of
occur in the northern hemisphere. Austrochthonius chelalhand;ebandesbsituatedsub-laterallyatbase
species are found on all of the southern continents ofchelal fingers;xssituatedslightlydistaltoefnear
(Harvey 1996), as well as the lies Crozet (Vitali-di tip of fixed finger, each hair shorter than those of
CDarsetprainoc19h6t8h)o;niuspsecainesd ForfancCohiclhitohcohntihuosniuasr,e otthhaenrtotrsibc;hsobboctlhorsiear;tobbstihtuaantteodsts,livgehntloymcalpospearrattoust
restricted to Chile (Beier 1964a; Vitali-di Castri absent.
1976); and the genera Maorichthonius and Carapace: 1.05 times longer than broad; without
Tyrannochthoniella are endemic to New Zealand eyes; anterior margin finely denticulate with very
(Beier 1976). The three Laurasian genera, Mundo- distinct and strongly toothed epistome (Figure 5);
chthonius, Malcolmochthoniusand Mexichthonius, with 18 setae arranged 6: 4: 4: 2: 2; the pre-ocular
occur in North America, whilst species of setaabout50% length ofothersetaeinanteriorrow;
NewtroglomorphicspeciesofAustrochthonius 207
Table1 SpeciesofAustrochthonius,withdistributionsandpedipalpalchelaratios.
Species Distribution Ratioofpedipalpal Reference
chelalength/width
A.argentinaeHoff SouthAmerica 4.81 (female) (Hoff,1950)
A.australisHoff Australia 4.07(female) (Hoff,1951)
4.1 (adult) (Beier,1966a)
A.bolivianusBeier SouthAmerica 4.2(adult) (Beier,1932)
A.cavicolaBeier Australia 5.2(male) (Beier,1967a)
A.chilensischilensis(Chamberlin) SouthAmerica 4.30(female) (Chamberlin,1923)
A.chilensismagalhanicusBeier SouthAmerica notstated (Beier,1964a)
A.chilensistransversusBeier SouthAmerica 5.4(male) (Beier,1964b)
4.8(female)
A.eastiHarvey Australia 4.17(male) (Harvey,1991c)
A.iguazuensisVitali-diCastri SouthAmerica 2.82(female) (Vitali-diCastri,1975)
A.insularisVitali-diCastri liesCrozet 4.4(female) (Vitali-diCastri,1968)
A.mordaxBeier NewZealand S.2-5.3(male) (Beier,1967b)
4.5(female)
A.paraguavensisVitali-diCastri SouthAmerica 3.54(male) (Vitali-diCastri,1975)
A.parvus(Mello-Leitao) SouthAmerica 5.3(male) (Judson,2001)
A.persimilisBeier SouthAmerica 4.0(female) (Beier,1964a)
A.rapaxBeier NewZealand 4.2 (Beier,1976)
A.semiserratusBeier SouthAmerica 4.64(female) (calculatedfromBeier,1930,fig.11a)
A.strigosussp.nov. Australia 6.35(male) thispaper
A. tullgreni(Beier) SouthAfrica 4.6(adult) (Beier,1931)
A.zealandicuszealandicusBeier NewZealand 4.9-5.2(male) (Beier,1967b)
4.1M.4(female) (Beier,1966b)
A.zealandicusobscurusBeier NewZealand 4.0(adult) (Beier,1966b)
with3pairsoflyrifissures,onepairsituatedantero- 0.505/0.102, patella 0.217/0.115, chela 0.768/0.121,
medially, thesecond pair situated interno-lateral to hand length 0.262, movable finger length 0.499.
the "ocular" region, and the third pair situated Chelicera 0.352/0.169, movable finger length 0.195.
exterior to the sole pair of setae of the posterior Carapace 0.403/0.384. Leg I: femur 0.280/0.054,
row. patella 0.131/0.051, tibia 0.150/0.041, tarsus 0.438/
Coxalregion: coxal chaetotaxy:2+3: 3+2m: 4: 5:5 0.141. Leg IV: femur + patella 0.417/0.147, tibia
(Figure 4); manducatory process with 2 acuminate 0.301/0.069, metatarsus0.146/0.052, tarsusmissing.
distal setae, about equal in length to each other;
pedipalpal coxa without dorsal setae; intercoxal Remarks
tubercleabsent;coxa Iwithoutapical projection,but The single specimen was taken from a bore at a
with 2 small microsetae (m) situated on distal depth of approximately 5 m during sampling
margin; other setae on coxa I situated near targeting stygofauna in the region. The pseudo-
trochanteral foramen (Figure 4); coxa! spines scorpion was collected in a sample raised to the
presentonlyoncoxa II,6(leftcoxa)or7(rightcoxa) surfaceusinga modified planktonnetandcollection
bipinnate spines present, bases not contiguous jar, lowered into a borehole through a 50 mm
(Figure4). diameterpiezometer(anon-pumpingwell,generally
Legs: femur+patella IV 2.84 times longer than of small diameter, for measuring the elevation of a
deep; heterotarsate; arolium slightly shorter than water table or for other groundwater monitoring)
claws,clawssimple. within limestone sediments in the Ludlow region.
Abdomen:tergitesandsternitesundivided;tergal Additional wells were sampled in the area by the
chaetotaxy, 4: 4: 4: 4: 5: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 0; sternal juniorauthorand, despiteseveralsamplingattempts
chaetotaxy, 10: (1) 26 (1): (2) 7 [4+4] (2): 9: 8: 8: 8: 8: in the region, no further specimens were obtained.
8: -: 2. All setae bordering sternite III acuminate. Thus, at present, A. strigosus is known only from a
Genitalia ofmale notstudied in detail (due to poor single karst location situated in south-western
preservation), but 4 pairs of stout glandular setae Australia. The type locality comprises open
present within genital atrium. Pleural membrane woodland composed of Tuart Eucalyptus
(
evenlyplicate. gomphocephala, Myrtaceae) and Peppermint
(Agonis flexuosa, Myrtaceae) with an understorey
Dimensions(mm) dominated by weeds including Arum Lily
Holotype male (WAM T65550): Body length (Zantedeschia aethiopica, Araceae) and introduced
1.184. Pedipalps: trochanter 0.176/0.102, femur grassesonafloorofdenseleaflitterandsandysoil.
208 M.S. Harvey
Figures1-4 Austrochthonius strigosus sp. nov., holotype male. 1, left chela, lateral view. 2, right pedipalp, dorsal
v5,iecwa.ra3p,acleef,tcdhoerlsiaclervai,edwo.rSscaallevileiwn.es4,=r0i.g1h0tmcomxa(eFiIgaunrde4I)I,(0a.b2b0remvimati(oFnisg:urceas=1,co3,xa5l),s0p.i5n0esm;mm=(Fmiigcurroese2)t.ae).
NewtroglomorphicspeciesofAustrochthonius 209
Theholotypeisslightlymaceratedandcovered in 1905. The specimen was doubtfully transferred to
a fine sediment which is consistent with the thegenus MundochthoniusbyBeier (1932: 38) who
specimen spending some time after death in the reportedthatthespecimenwaslost("Typeverloren
water within the bore, or at least on the surface of gegangen"). Weidner (1959) reported that the
the water column. It is lacking several legs and the specimen was lost in July 1930 from the
distalsegmentsaremissingonothers. Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum,
On the basis of the total lack of eyes (Figure 5) Universitat Hamburg Germany, which has been
and the strongly elongated pedipalpal segments recently confirmed for us by Dr Hieronymus
(Figures 1, 2), A. strigosus is clearly the most Dastych (in lift., 17 May 2006). Chamberlin (1962)
troglomorphic species thus far recognized in the speculated on the identity of C. caecus and
genus. The only other cave-dwelling species, A. tentativelytransferred ittohisnewlyformedgenus
cavicola from the Naracoorte Caves, South Sathrochthonius, also noting that it was a junior
Australia and A. easti from the Cape Range Caves, primaryhomonym ofboth C. coecusPackard, 1884
WesternAustralia, possessless elongatepedipalpal and C. caecus Simon, 1885 (International Comm-
segments. Although both A. strigosus and A. ission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999, Article
cavicolacompletely lack eyes (Beier, 1968), A. easti 58). To resolve the homonymy, Chamberlin (1962)
has a single pair of small anterior eyes (Harvey, provided the replacement name S. tullgreni. Beier
1991c). All epigean species of the genus, with the (1966a) and Muchmore (1982) doubted that
exceptionoftheblindA.iguazuensis,eitherpossess Chamberlin's genericplacementofthis species was
twopairsofeyesorasinglepairofeyes. correct, the former by including a question mark
Austrochthonius strigosus satisfies the criteria after the generic name [Sathrochthonius (?)
discussed by Harvey (2002) to be considered as a tullgreni], and the latterbystating that "there is no
short-range endemic species. It has an exceedingly way to determine the identity of this species until
small distribution and occurs in such a specialised topotypicmaterial ... isstudied."
habitat-karstwithin the Ludlow region-that the The speculation that Tullgren's specimen was a
total areaofoccupancyislikelytobeminimal. member of the genus Sathrochthonius is here
believed to be erroneous, and we suggest that it is
Etymology better placed in the genus Austrochthonius. The
The specific epithet denotes the slender original description by Tullgren (1909) clearly
illustrates a specimen with straight chelal fingers
pedipalpalchela strigosus Latin, lean,thin).
( , (when viewed dorsally). The chelal fingers of
Sathrochthonius species are gently but un-
Austrochthoniusmuchmoreinom.nov. qMuuecsthimoonarbely1c9u8r2v,edf(ieg..g.,2)C,hawmhbeerrleians19s6p2e,cifiegs. lobf;
Chthonius caecus Tullgren, 1909: 414-415, figure 3 Austrochthonius, aswell as manyotherchthoniids,
[junior primary homonym of Chthonius coecus possess straight or nearly straight chelal fingers.
Packard, 1884 and Chthonius caecus Simon, Furthermore, whilst members of Austrochthonius
1885], are quite common throughout south-western
Australia, species of Sathrochthoniusare very rare.
Mundochthonius (?) caecus (Tullgren): Beier 1932: Indeed, the only records of Sathrochthonius from
38;Roewer1937:238. the region are of an unnamed species from
Mundochthonius caecus (Tullgren): Nicholls 1933: Quininup (34°28’S, 116°15’E) (WAM 80/1373), West
111; Chamberlin, 1934: 3; Weidner1959: 115. Cape Howe (35°08'S, 117°36'E) (WAM 89/363-364)
Sat3h0r7och[trheopnliaucsemteunltlgnreanmieChfaomrbeCrhltihno,ni1u9s62:ca3e0c6u-s a11n6d°0W2a'rEr)en(NWaAtiMona8l0/P1a1r5k1-n1e1a5r3)P.emTbheertoonnl(y34°o2t7h'eSr,
Tullgren; junior secondary homonym of chthonioids in the region are Lagynochthonius
Austrochthonius tullgreni(Beier, 1931)]; Harvey australicus (Beier) which occurs in high rainfall
1981: 241; Harvey 1985: 140-141; Harvey 1991a: regions along the south coastofWestern Australia,
and several species of Pseudotyrannochthonius
202
. which arefound ina varietyofdisjunctlocations in
Sathrochthonius (?) tullgreni Chamberlin: Beier, the area (Harvey, unpublished data). The
1966a:276; Muchmore1982: 158. description of C. caecus by Tullgren (1909) clearly
demonstrates that it does not belong to either of
Remarks thesegenera.
Tullgren(1909)described Chthoniuscaecusbased Based upon this reasoning, we here transfer
upon a single male collected from Brunswick (a Chthonius caecus Tullgren and the replacement
small town to the south of Perth that is now called name Sathrochthonius tullgreni Chamberlin to
Brunswick Junction, 33°15'S, 115°50'E) during the Austrochthonius. Unfortunately this species then
MichaelsenandHartmeyerExpeditionon7October becomes a junior secondary homonym of Austro-
210 M.S. Harvey
chthonius tullgreni (Beier, 1931) from South Africa. Beier, M. (1976). The pseudoscorpions of New Zealand,
Therefore a replacement name, A. muchmorei, is Norfolk and Lord Howe. New Zealand Journal of
hereproposed. Zoology3: 199-246.
It is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a Chamberlin, J.C. (1923). On two species of
complete description of A. muchmorei as there is pseudoscorpion from Chile with a note in [sic] one
morethanonespeciesofAustrochthoniusoccurring from Sumatra. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
i(nHaleravfelyit,teruannpdusboliliswihtehdindsaotuat)h-waesntdernthAeursetraalriae Cham2b7:er1l8i5n-,192J..C. (1929). A synoptic classification of the
false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a
considerable difficulties in determining suitable cosmopolitan collection of the same. Part 1. The
specieslevelboundariesamongstthisassemblage. Heterosphyronida (Chthoniidae) (Arachnida-
Chelonethida). Annals and Magazine of Natural
Etymology History(10)4:50-80.
This species is named for William B. Muchmore, Chamberlin, J.C. (1931). The arachnid order
in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Chelonethida. Stanford University Publications,
pseudoscorpion systematics over a 40-year period. BiologicalSciences7(1):1-284.
He also suggested that S. tullgreni may be mis- Chamberlin, J.C. (1934). Check list of the false scorpions
placedinSathrochthonius. of Oceania. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P.
BishopMuseum10(22):1-14.
Chamberlin, J.C. (1962). New and little-known false
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS scorpions, principally from caves, belonging to the
We wish to thank Cable Sands (WA) Pty Ltd for CfhameilloineesthCidhat)h.onBiuildlaeteinanofdtNheeoAbmiesiriidcaaen(MAurascehunimdao,f
access to the study site and Biota Environmental NaturalHistory123:303-352.
SHc.iencDeassPttyychLtd (foZrotohleoirgirsecshouerscesMaundsesuupmport.unDdr Dasmhoduanmtiraoivn,s So.f(2n0o0r5)t.hePrsneuPdaoksicsotrapnion(sArfacrhonmidtah:e
Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg) Pseudoscorpiones).ArthropodaSelecta13:225-261.
kindly provided information on the holotype of Harvey, M.S. (1981). A checklist of the Australian
Chthonius caecus, and two anonymous referees Pseudoscorpionida. Bulletin of the British
made valuable comments on a draft of the ArachnologicalSociety5:237-252.
manuscript. Harvey, M.S. (1985). Pseudoscorpionida. InD.W.Walton
(ed.). Zoological Catalogue ofAustralia, vol. 3: 126-
155. Australian Government Publishing Service:
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