A new species of Trypanaresta hering (Diptera: Tephritidae) from patagonia, a potential agent for biological control of snakeweeds (Gutierrezia spp.) In the United States

9 Pages·1997·3.7 MB·

by  D E Gandolfo

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
99(2), 1997, pp. 248-256
A NEW SPECIES OF TRYPANARESTA HERING (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
FROM PATAGONIA, A POTENTIAL AGENT FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
OF SNAKEWEEDS (GUTIERREZIA SPP.) IN THE UNITED STATES
Daniel E. Gandolfo and Allen L. Norrbom
(DEC) USDA-ARS, South American Biological Control Laboratory, Bolivar 1559
(1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires province, Argentina;(ALN) USDA-ARS-PSI, System-
atic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department ofAg-
riculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC 168, Washington, D.C. 20560,
U.S.A.
—
Abstract. Trypanaresta valdesiana, n. sp., is described. Illustrations of the egg, third
instar larvae, puparia and adults are provided. Larvae develop inside the buds of Gutier-
rezia solbrigii Cabrera and Gutierrezia mandonii (Schultz Bipontinus) Solbrig in Pata-
gonia, Argentina. No seeds are produced by infested capitula. Larvae overwinter inside
the dry infested buds and adults emerge in spring. Two Hymenoptera, Torymoidessulcius
(Walker) (Torymidae) and Epicatolaccus strobeliae Blanchard (Pteromalidae) are endo-
parasitoids of larvae and pupae. Trypanaresta valdesiana is currently being studied as a
potential agent for biocontrol of snakeweeds, Gutierrezia spp., in the United States.
Key Words: Trypanaresta, Tephritidae, Gutierrezia, snakeweed, Asteraceae, weed bio-
control, taxonomy, immature stages
The genus Gutierrezia (Asteraceae: As- lion per year (McGinty and Welch 1987,
tereae) originated in North America and Cordo and DeLoach 1992). Although
several species are endemic to the south- chemical control is possible, two major
western United States and northern Mexico problems have almost completely precluded
(Solbrig 1960, Lane 1985). Two perennial its use: 1) the low economic return of the
&
species, G. sarothrae (Pursh) Britton infested rangelands, and 2) the unpredicta-
Rusby (broom snakeweed) and G. micro- bility of natural fluctuations in snakeweed
cephala (D.C.) Gray (threadleaf snake- populations (DeLoach 1981, Torell et al.
weed), and two annuals, G. texana (D.C.) 1990). Biological control as an alternative
Gray and G. spharocephala Gray, are wide- against native weeds using natural enemies
spread and serious weeds of the semiarid of the South American species has been
rangelands of the southwestern United proposed and discussed by DeLoach
States. Twelve species of Gutierrezia are (1981). Cordo and DeLoach (1992) Usted
endemic to South America, seven from Ar- the natural enemies of the Argentine Gu-
gentina and five from Chile (Solbrig 1966, tierrezia species and discussed climatic and
Cabrera 1971). All South American species ecological similarities of the troublesome
are perennials and have low or no economic Gutierrezia species and the Argentine spe-
impact. cies.
In the U.S.A. losses due to snakeweed The purpose of this paper is to describe
have been estimated to be at least $34 mil- a new species of Trypanaresta that is cur-
I
VOLUME NUMBER
99. 2 249
rently being studied at the South American 2 pairs of scutellar setae (the apical at most
Biological Control Laboratory, ARS- half as long as the basal), frons setulose, 2-
USDA, Hurlingham, Argentina (SABCL) 3 frontal and 2 orbital setae. Foote (1967)
as a potential agent for the biological con- listed nine species in Trypanaresta, but, in
trol of snakeweeds in the southwestern addition, all the Neotropical species previ-
United States. ously placed in Goniiirella (Foote 1980)
and most South American species previ-
Materials and Methods
ously classified as Tephritis (Foote 1967,
Adults were collected or reared from 1980; Frias 1988) belong in this genus
samples taken in Patagonia, Argentina, (Norrbom, in prep.). The wing pattern is
from 1993-95. Most of them were reared more extensive in some species than in
from mature larvae or pupae in samples of those originally included by Hering, and the
flower heads of Gutierrezia solbrigii Ca- apical scutellar seta is actually minute or
brera collected near Puerto Piramide, Chu- absent in a few species, but Norrbom
but province, Argentina. The morphological (1993: 205) noted that all species of Try-
terminology used for adults follows Foote panaresta lack a pair of small but outstand-
et al. (1993), for female genitalia Norrbom ing dorsal preapical setulae on the hind fe-
and Kim (1988), and for larvae Teskey mur. This character diagnoses Trypanaresta
(1981). Measurements were taken from 10 and the closely related genus Plaumanni-
specimens ofeach sex, as described by Jen- myia from Trupanea, Euaresta, and other
kins and Turner (1989). The lengths ofsyn- similar Neotropical genera of Tephritini.
tergostemite 7, eversible membrane, and
Trypanaresta valdesiana Gandolfo and
aculeus were measured ventrally on dis-
sected specimens mounted on a microscope Norrbom, nevi^ species
slide (n = 5). Female genitalia were pre- (F—igs. 1-3)
pared using the technique described in Type material. Holotype: S (MACN)
Foote et al. (1993). Larval spiracles and ARGENTINA: Chubut: near Puerto Pir-
mouthparts were prepared as described by amide, 25-III-1995, Gandolfo & Calcaterra,
Stack and Wharton (1986). reared from larva in flower head of Gutier-
The following acronyms are used for rezia solbrigii (197097). Paratypes: same
specimen depositories: MACN, Museo Ar- data as holotype, 6 d, 5 9 (USNM,
gentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Ai- MACN, SABCL); same except 10-1-1994,
res, Argentina; SABCL, South American D. Gandolfo (153800), 1$ (USNM); same
Biological Control Laboratory, Hurlingh- except 24-1-1994, D. Gandolfo, 19
am, Argentina; USNM, National Museum (SABCL); same locality, 9-IX-1994, as
of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, overwintering larva in dry capitulum of
Washington D.C., U.S.A. Gutierrezia spp. Gutierrezia solbrigii, Gandolfo (174431), 3
were identified by A. Cabrera of the Insti- (?, 2 ? (SABCL); same locality, 25-1-1994,
tuto Darwinion, San Isidro, Argentina. Par- as larvae in capitula of Gutierrezia solbri-
asitoids were identified by L. De Santis gii, D. Gandolfo, 1 9 (SABCL); ARGEN-
(Museo de Ciencias Naturales, La Plata, Ar- TINA: Chubut: 11 km. N. Puerto Madryn,
gentina). Voucher specimens for plants and 27-III-95, Gandolfo & Calcaterra (197429),
parasitoids are deposited at the SABCL. 19 (SABCL); Puerto Madryn, 27-III-95,
&
Gandolfo Calcaterra, reared from larva
Taxonomy
in flower head of Gutierrezia solbrigii
The genus Trypanaresta was proposed (197468), 1 9 (USNM); 44 km. SW ofPun-
by Hering (1940) for a group of species ta Norte, 20-XII-93, D. Gandolfo, reared
similar to Trupanea in having a subapical from capitulum of Gutierrezia solbrigii
stellate mark in the wing pattern, but with (149792), 1 d, 1 9 (USNM); Rio Negro:
—
250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
and wing basad of pterostigma and at least
basal % of cell—cu, hyaline.
Description. Adult: Body length 3.31-
4.13 mm, female barely larger than male.
Most setae yellow brown to brown. Head
(Fig. la): barely higher (0.65-0.91 mm)
than long (0.48-0.70 mm). Generally yel-
low, but frons yellow to brown. Frons at
vertex wider (0.49-0.72 mm) than long
(0.36-0.50 mm), slightly narrowed to an-
teriormargin (0.45-0.65 mm). Anteriorhalf
of frons with a few whitish setulae smaller
than numerous fronto-orbital setulae (these
frontal setulae rub off easily and may not
be present in poorly preserved specimens).
2 frontal and 2 orbital setae, posterior or-
bital smaller, whitish and inflated. Ocellar
tubercle blackish, with white setulae. An-
tenna testaceous-yellow, first flagellomere
about as long as wide. Head setae equally
Fig. L Trypanaresta valdesiana (A) head, lateral long in both sexes. Outer vertical, post-
view; (B) wing; (C) wing apex with medial ray in cell ocellar and postocular setae whitish. Tho-
r2+3 incomplete; (D) same, with medial ray absent. rax: Ground color of scutum black, of scu-
tellum yellow to pale brown. Mesonotum
San Antonio Oeste, 8-XII-93, D. Gandolfo, covered by bright yellow microtrichia ex-
reared from capitulaofGutierreziasolbrigii cept anterior central area of scutum with
(149010), \S (USNM). Additional speci- pale gray microtrichia. Setulae white to yel-
mens examined: 1 9 (SABCL) ARGENTI- low, inflated, relatively long (twice as long
NA, La Pampa, Lihue Calel, 13-1-1995, as in T. thomsoni). Scutellum with 2 pairs
&
Gandolfo Velazquez, reared from capit- of setae, apical pair about Vs as long as ba-
ulum of G. mandonii (1785); 29 \S sal. Anepistemal, katepistemal, anepimeral,
(SABCL) ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, 17-1- and posterior notopleural setae white to yel-
W
&
1995, Gandolfo Velazquez, 4km. Ra- low (concolorous with setulae), other tho-
mos Mexia, reared from capitula of G. sol- racic setae yellow brown to brown. Wing:
brigii; 19 (SABCL) ARGENTINA, Neu- 3.0-3.5 mm long and 1.1-1.6 mm wide.
quen, Arroyito 16-1-1996, Gandolfo & Ve- Wing pattern (Fig. lb) uniformly dark
lazquez, reared from larva in flower head brown. Pterostigma connected to stellate
of Gutierrezia solbrigii. mark by broad, solid band, without hyaline
Diagnosis. T. valdesiana can be distin- spots; base of band somewhat truncate, not
guished from all other species of Trypana- extended to base of R4+5 nor with hyaline
resta by the following combination ofchar- indentation in cell r2+3. Discal cell totally
acters: apical scutellar seta present; male hyaline except for margin ofbroad diagonal
M
foreleg unmodified; wing pattern (Fig. lb) band, which reaches slightly beyond vein
uniformly dark brown; pterostigma con- between crossveins r-m and dm-cu. Dark
nected with r-m by solid dark brown band; ray over dm-cu and 2 dark rays crossing
m
discal cell without subapical rays, hyaline cell all reaching posterior wing margin.
except for margin of the broad diagonal Center of stellate mark without hyaline
band, which extends slightly posterior to spots; basal % of cell r4+5 dark except for
M
vein between crossveins r-m and dm-cu; hyaUne spot anterior to dm-cu, touching
VOLUME NUMBER
99, 2 251
vein M, but never extended to R4+5. Cell Vy pairs of prensisetae; lateral prensiseta con-
with 3 hyaline marginal marks: the largest, ical, ca. 2/3 as long as mesal prensiseta; be-
immediately distad of pterostigma, oblique tween prensisetae a group of 2-3 setulae
and usually extended beyond R2+3, but nev- and also a group of 3 setulae near base of
er reaching R4+5; one midway between pter- lateral prensiseta. Basiphallus 0.90-1.10
mm
ostigma and apex of R2+3, triangular and at long; internal sclerites of distiphallus
mm
most extended to R2+3; and a small trian- 0.20-0.23 long, apex of distiphallus
gular or quadrate subapical spot often ex- membranous, ca. V3 length of internal scle-
tended to vein R2+3. Cell r2+3 usually with rites.
mm
2 small or 1 large marginal hyaline spots, Egg: Ellipsoidal, shiny, white, 1.0
medial dark ray present (Fig. lb), incom- long and 0.3 mm wide (n = 10). Chorion
plete or absent (Fig. Ic-d). Basal cells hy- with pattern of more or less hexagonal ar-
aline. Cell cui hyaline except apical margin eas, more elongated on anterior end (Fig.
and sometimes a small subapical brown 2h). Posterior pole tapered. Anterior pole
spot touching Cu,. Legs: yellow. Male fore ends in nipple-shaped pedicel perforated
femur no wider than that offemale; in both with several aeropyles (Fig. 2i).
sexes with posteroventral row of 5 whitish Larva: Mature larva (third instar) yellow,
inflated setulae, the basal 2 relatively short- globose, 2.65 ±0.1 mm long and 2.09 ±
er; also 2 dorsal rows of whitish inflated 0.16 mm wide (±SD, n = 20) (Fig. 3a).
setulae at most as long as 2 basal of pos- The most remarkable character is a poste-
teroventral row. Male fore tarsus with first rior area between posterior spiracles and
tarsomere as long as tarsomeres 2-4 togeth- anal slit, which is more sclerotized and pale
er, without unusual setation. Abdomen: In brown. Sclerotized area on the ventral edge
both sexes microtrichia and setulae on ab- with small indentation enclosing anal slit;
dominal terga concolorous with those on laterally some darker marks aligned in two
mesonotum. Female: tergite 2 with small pairs of parallel lines at 30° angle with me-
setulae on anterior margin, centrally bare dial line (Fig. 3b). Thoracic segments with-
and with sparse setulae on posterior half; out spinules or a few on third segment, ab-
setulae slightly increasing in density from dominal segments with conical spinules
tergite 2 to 3 and uniformly dense on ter- more numerous on dorsum; spinules on the
gites 4-6. Syntergostemite 7 (Fig. 2a) dorsum of abdominal segments 7 and 8
mm mm
black, 0.88-0.98 long, 0.45-0.53 more sclerotized, producing distinct dark
mm
wide at base and 0.12-0.21 wide at area. Surface of posterior sclerotized area
apex; with evenly distributed white setulae. uniformly covered by conical spinules, rest
Eversible membrane 0.8-1.1 mm long, of caudal segment with spinules as on ab-
scales as in Fig. 2b. Aculeus pale brown, dominal segments. Cephalopharyngeal
mm
0.79-0.88 long, in lateral view straight skeleton as in Fig. 3c. Mandible short, with
with tip slightly curved downward; tip tri- two stout, apically rounded teeth. Labial
angular, with 2 pairs ofhairlike sensilla and sclerite well developed. Hypopharyngeal
slightly notched at extreme apex (Fig. 2c). sclerite rectangular, elongate, ca. three
One pair ofspermathecae, ovoid, 0.49-0.62 times as long as high. Parastomal bars fused
mm mm
long and 0.30-0.32 wide, surface to both hypopharyngeal sclerite and tento-
with papillae (Fig. 2d). Male: setulae on ter- ropharyngeal sclerite. Pigmented area of
gites similar to female in size, density and dorsal comu with posterior end bifid, ven-
distribution. Stemite 5 with posterior mar- tral comu with ovoid window. Anterior spi-
gin concave (Fig. 2e). Epandriumwith setu- racle with 3-4 papillae, felt chamber filled
lae and microtrichia distributed as in Fig. with round reticulation (Fig. 3d). Posterior
2f-g. Outer surstylus indistinguishably spiracle located above medial horizontal
fused to epandrium. Inner surstylus with 2 line ofcaudal segment (Fig. 3b). Dorsal spi-
252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
0.05
OSU
Fig. 2. Trypanaresta valdesiana: A-D female (A) female terminalia; (B) scales ofthe eversible membrane;
(C), aculeus tip; (D) spermatheca; E-G male terminalia (E) stemite 5; (F) epandrium and surstyli, lateral view;
(G) epandrium and surstyli (proctiger not shown), posterior view ; (H) egg; (I) detail of pedicel, ac, aculeus;
em, eversible membrane; isu, inner surstylus; osu, outer surstylus; pro, proctiger; prs, prensisetae; s7, synter-
gostemite 7.
VOLUME NUMBER
99, 2 253
Fig. 3. Trypanaresta valdesiana, third instar larva (A) habitus, lateral view; (B) posterior view; (C) cephal-
opharyngeal skeleton; (D) anterior spiracle; (E) posterior spiracle, sa, sclerotized area; an, annus; dc, dorsal
comu; es, ecdysial scar; hs. hypopharyngeal sclerite; ih, intraspiracular hairs; Is. labial sclerite; md, mandibles;
pb, parstomal bar; re, reticulum; ri, rima; tr, trabeculae; vc, ventral cornu.
254 PROCEEDINGS OFTHE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
racular opening at right angle with medial
line, and at approximately 60° angle with
ventral spiracular opening (Fig. 3e). Upper
edge ofrimae somewhattwisted, inneredge
with short and irregular trabeculae, never
forming crossbars; felt chamber with round
reticulation. Four groups of branched in-
traspiracular hairs, each branch blade end-
ing in acute tip, the 2 groups closer to cen-
tral rima with 1-3 branches, the other 2
groups with 4-6 branches (Fig. 3e).
Puparium: Puparium more cylindrical
than larva. Average length 2.8 ± 0.27 nrmi,
maximum width 1.4 ± 0.16 nmi (n = 20).
The anterior extreme, including invagina-
tion scar, dark brown to black, the rest uni-
formly pale brown or rarely ivory. The
sclerotized area described for the larva
readily observ—ed in puparium.
Etymology. The epithet is an adjective
that refers to the Valdes peninsula, Chubut
province, Argentina, where the larvae were
originally c—ollected.
Biology. At the beginning of spring
Fig. 4. Flower head of Gutierrezia solbrigii in-
(September), females presumably lay eggs fested by Trypanaresta valdesiana.
in immature heads of G. solbrigii. The
heads attacked by T. valdesiana are distin-
guished as they dry up prematurely and Torymoides sulcius (Walker) (Torymidae),
never fully open (Fig. 4). The contents of were reared from larvae and puparia of T.
these "dry heads" are totally consumed and valdesiana. The former was known as a
the space is occupied by the larva. The ma- parasitoid of the nonfrugivorous tephritid
ture larva is inside a cell with rigid walls StrobeHa baccharidis Rondani (Blanchard
apparently formed by flower tissues ce- 1940), and has been reared from immatures
mented by feces. No achenes are produced of at least six species of florivorous tephri-
in infested capitula. At the end of the tids from Patagonia (Gandolfo, unpub-
blooming season most larvae enterdiapause lished). Torymoides sulcius was known as
and remain inside the dried flower heads a parasitoid ofgall midges, and occurs from
until the next spring when they pupate and Texas to South America (E.E. Grissell, pers.
adults finally emerge. In the population comm.). In samples of flower heads of G.
studied near Puerto Piramide, about 5-10% solbrigii that were infested by larvae of T.
of the larvae pupariate near the end of the valdesiana and Trupanea patagonica (Bre-
blooming season (January), and behaves as thes), Torymoides sulcius was reared exclu-
a bivoltine species. The adults that emerge sively from the former species. Both para-
from those puparia are still able to find sitoids killed, at the end of the 1994-95
some plants with young heads suitable for growing season, 53% of the larvae and pu-
oviposition. — pae of T. valdesiana in a population near
Natural enemies. Two species of endo- Puerto Piramide (Gandolfo, unpublished).
parasitic chalcidoids wasps, Epicatolaccus Instead ofleaving the bud through the apex,
strobeliae Blanchard (Pteromalidae) and as the flies do, the adult parasitoids make a
1
NUMBER
99, 2 255
• adultsrearedfiomflower
headsofGutierreziasolbrigii
o adultsrearedfromflower
headsofG. mandonii
A adultsrearedfromflower
headsofG. spathulata
ReferencesofProvinces
CH,Chubut
LP,LaPampa
ME, Mendoza
NE,Neuqucn
RN,RioNegi-o
Fig. 5. Geographical distribution of Trypanaresta valdesiana.
— —
256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
circular hole on the upper half of the dry Foote, R. H., E L. Blanc and A. L. Norrbom. 1993.
bud. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
of America North of Mexico. Cornell University
Host plants. Gutierrezia solbrigii Ca-
Press, Ithaca, NY. 571 pp.
brera, G. mandonii (Schultz Bipontinus) Frias, D. 1988. Tephritis marisolae, nueva especie
Solbrig and G. spathulata (Phi—l.) Kurtz. chilena del genero Tephritis Latreille (Diptera-Te-
Geographical distribution. Argentina: phritidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 16:
west to east Patagonia between 38° and 43° 77-81.
Hering, E. M. 1940. Neue Arten und Gattungen. Si-
S (Provinces of Chubut, Rio Negro, Neu-
runa Seva 1: 1-16.
quen. La Pampa and Mendoza) (Fig. 5). Jenkins, J. and J. Turner. 1989. Revision of the Bac-
chahs-'iniesiing (Asteraceae) fruit flies of the ge-
AcKNOWLEDGMENTS nus Tephritis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in North
America. Annals ofthe Entomological Society of
We thank L. De Santis (Museo de Cien- America 82: 674-685.
cias Naturales, La Plata, Argentina) for the Lane, M. A. 1985. Taxonomy of Gutierrezia (Com-
identifications ofthe parasitoids and A. Ca- positae: Astereae) in North America. Systematic
brera (Instituto Darwinion, San Isidro, Ar- Botany 10: 7-28.
McGinty, A. andT. G. Welch. 1987. Perennialbroom-
gentina) for the identifications of Gutierre-
zia spp. We are also grateful to M. C. Her- 2w4e9e.d and Texas ranching. Rangelands 9: 246-
nandez for preparing the illustrations. We Norrbom, A. L. 1993. New species and the phyloge-
thank E.E. Grissell, F. C. Thomson, W.N. netic analysisoiEuaresta Loew(Diptera: Tephrit-
Mathis, L.E. Carroll, G.J. Steck, and R.D. idae), withakey tothe speciesfromthe Americas
south of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomolog-
Goeden for their reviews ofthe manuscript. ical Society ofWashington 95: 195-209.
Norrbom, A. L. and K. C. Kim. 1988. Revision ofthe
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