A new species of Symphitoneuria (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from Sabah, Malaysia

10 Pages·1998·3 MB·Malay

by  Trond Andersen

Vol. 109,No. 1,January&February, 1998 37
A NEW SPECIES OF SYMPHITONEURIA
(TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE)
FROM SABAH, MALAYSIA '
TrondAndersen^,JolandaHuisman^
ABSTRACT: Symphitoneuriasabaensisn.sp.fromSabah(Borneo),EastMalaysiaisdescribed
andfiguredasmaleandfemaleimago.ThespeciesisthesecondSymphitoneuriatobedescribed
fromoutsidetheAustralianbiogeographicalregion.AkeytotheadultmalesofSymphitoneuria
isprovided.
ThegenusSymphitoneuriawasdescribedbyUlmer(1906)forNotanatolica
exigua (McLachlan). Later, Mosely (1936) described the genus Loticana for
Notanatolicaopposita(Walker),atthattimeonlyknownfromthefemale.Banks
(1939) suggested thatLoticana was asynonym ofSymphitoneuria, an opinion
formally confirmed by Mosely and Kimmins (1953). Symphitoneuria is char-
acterized by the male forewing venation in which the media and cubitus are
fused with the lowermarginofthe discoidal cell. In the female the wing vena-
tion isnormal,andthehind wingsare similarinbothsexes.Themalegenitalia,
however, closely resemble those found in the genus Triplectides Kolenati.
Inhisstudyonthephylogenyandclassificationofthelonghornedcaddisfly
family Leptoceridae, Morse (1981) included Symphitoneuria in the tribe
Triplectidini ofthe subfamily Triplectidinae. The phylogeny ofTriplectidinae
was outlined by Morse and Holzenthal (1987), but they did not resolve the
phylogeny of Triplectides sensu lato, and were inclined to regard the various
monophyletic lineages identifiedassubgeneraonly. By suggestingthe alterna-
tive, that Symphitoneuria, Lectrides Mosely in Mosely and Kimmins,
SymphitoneurinaSchmid,and TriplectidinaMosely,presentlyconsideredsepa-
rategenera,apparentlyevolvedfromwithinTriplectides,thelattergenuswould
be rendered paraphyletic. As implied by Morse (1989) further studies on the
taxonomy, morphology and zoogeography ofthe Triplectides complex are es-
sential toresolve this problem.
Including the new species described here, the genus Symphitoneuria now
comprises seven species. With the exception of S. dammermanni Ulmer, all
previously described species appear to be restricted to the Australian biogeo-
graphic region (Morse, 1989). Symphitoneuria dammermanni was described
by Ulmer(1951) fromthe SumbaIslands, Indonesia,justwestofWeber's line.
Ulmer(1906) recorded females ofS. opposita from Sulawesi (Celebes). Later,
1 ReceivedJune 19, 1997.AcceptedJuly28, 1997.
2UniversityofBergen, MuseumofZoology, Museplass3,N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
3UniversityofMinnesota,DepartmentofEntomology,219HodsonHall, 1980FolwellAvenue,
St.Paul,Minnesota55108-6125 USA.
ENT.NEWS 109(1): 37-46,January& February, 1998
38 ENTOMOLOGICALNEWS
Martynov (1931) reported a male of this species (as Notanatolica opposita),
alsofromSulawesi,butdidnotdescribe it,eventhoughthemaleof5. opposita
was not known at that time. Banks (1913) further recorded 5. opposita (as
Notanatolicaopposita) fromthePhilippines. Neboiss(1977)listed5. opposita
from Sulawesi, but Morse (1989) suggested that these records might be
misidentifications ofS. dammermanniorthe specimens mightbelong to some
yet undescribed species. With the distribution of5. opposita in doubt, the de-
scription ofS. sabaensis, n. sp., from Sabah (Borneo) confidently extends the
known range ofthe genusfurtherinto the Oriental biogeographic region.
The material treatedhere wascollectedby thejuniorauthorduring several
tripstoSabah,SarawakandBruneibetween 1986and 1990.Habitatscollected
m
ranged from lowland to montane (50to 3300 a.s.l.) primary foresttypes.
MATERIALAND METHODS
The material was collected predominately with light traps and the speci-
mens were preserved in 70% alcohol. Methods used in preparing, examining,
and illustrating genitaliaare those commonly used in the study ofTrichoptera.
The terminology is adopted from Morse and Neboiss (1982). Measurements
are reported as total lengths, antennae length isgivenas the longestmeasured.
Measurementsaregivenasranges,followedbythemeanwhenmorethanthree
measurements were taken, and (in parentheses) by the number of specimens
measured.
The holotype and paratypes ofSymphitoneuriasabaensis n. sp. are depos-
ited in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (formerly Rijksmuseum van
Natuurlijke Historic), Leiden, The Netherlands (RMNH); paratypes are also
deposited in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, St. Paul, Minne-
sota, USA(UMSP), the National Museum ofNatural History, SmithsonianIn-
stitution,Washington,USA(USNM),andintheMuseumofZoology,University
ofBergen, Norway (ZMBN).
Symphitoneuria sabaensis,Andersen andHuisman, NEW SPECIES
Figs. 1-16
Adultmale(n=10,ifnototherwisestated).Forewinglength8.8-10.9, 10.0mm; hindwing
length6.0-7.8,7.2mm.Eye0.43-0.56,0.51 mmwide.Antennaeatleast35.2mmlongincluding
mm
0.45-0.52, 0.48 long antennal scape. Maxillary palp segment lengths (in mm): 0.42-0.52,
0.46;0.61-0.72,0.67; 0.71-0.84,0.76; 0.37-0.47,0.42; 0.72-0.85,0.81.Color(inalcohol)yel-
lowishbrown.
Wings(Figs. 1-2).Forewingwithcrossveinsc-rbroadened,andstigmapresent;apicalforks
I,II,andVpresent,i.e.forksofSj+2,$3+4,andCui+2;f r^IreachingbasallybeyondS;discoi-
dalcellshortandbroad,slightlyshorterthanitsstem,andnearlyasbroadasforkII;thyridialcell
vestigial,veinsMandCuseeminglyformingsingle,thick,compositelongitudinalveinwith83+4
forapicalfive-seventhsofdiscoidalcell,withfiveveins,83,84+MA,MP,Cuj,andCu2,arising
Vol. 109,No. 1,January&February, 1998 39
SC-R
Cu1
Cu2
S1
Figures 1-4. Symphitoneuria sabaensis n. sp. wings. 1. Male forewing. 2. Male hindwing. 3.
Femaleforewing.4.Femalehindwing.
Abbreviations: Cu-cubitus,dc-discoidalcell,MA-anteriormedia,MP=posteriormedia,R
-radius,S-sector,SC-subcosta,tc-thyridialcell; I, II, V-primaryapicalcells,or"forks",
I,II,andV.
40 ENTOMOLOGICALNEWS
from it; Cu2 recurved about 100 basally, and arising from composite vein slightly basally to
where 83+4joins the composite vein; nygma faint, rectangular, present in fork II. Hindwing
shorterandbroaderthanforewing; apical forks IIandV present; forkVoriginatingaboutone-
halfofdistancebetweenoriginofdiscoidalcell(forkofS)andforkofM;nygmafaint,rounded,
presentinforkII.
Genitalia(Figs.5-9).SegmentIXnarrow, subrectangular.Superiorappendageaboutthree-
fifthsaslongastergum X,narrow,setose,indorsalviewbroaderwithroundedapex;withsmall
lobemesallyatbasebearingone strongseta.TergumXaboutaslongas inferiorappendage; in
lateral view with distinct step-like elevation middorsally and narrow apical portion projecting
caudad;indorsalviewrounded,deeplycleftapically,withbroadlyroundedprojectionslaterally,
single to partly double row of6-9, 8 (5) setae dorsally on each side; and 6-10, 9 (5) sensilla
apically;withtransversereinforcingbandventrallyatbaseofcleftandlateral,diagonalreinforc-
ingridgeinternallytowardsbase. Inferiorappendagewithbroadbase,dorsallyslightlyconvex;
inventralviewwithposteromesalcornerrounded,formingnearlystraightangle(90);subbasally
bearingfew,longsetaeventrolaterally;apicodorsalloberoundedapically,setose,slightlyshorter
thanharpago,withaccessoryprojectionmesallybearing4-5,5(5)strong,spine-likesetae,long-
mm
est0.064-0.076,0.069(5) long; inventralviewharpagoslender,slightlysinuous,withapex
hookedmesad; basoventral lobecurvedcaudad, setose, aboutone-thirdas long as inferiorap-
pendage. Phallussubcylindrical withslightly sinuoussides; ejaculatoryductnarrow,conspicu-
ous;phallotremalscleriteabouthalfaslongastubularportionofphallus.
Adult female(n-10, ifnototherwise stated). Forewing length 8.9-9.9,9.4mm; hindwing
length6.5-7.7,7.m2mmm.Eye0.45-0.50,0.47mmwide.Antennaeatleast27.9mmlongincluding
0.40-0.48, 0.45 long antennal scape. Maxillary palp segment lengths (in mm): 0.43-0.52,
0.47;0.60-0.72,0.68;0.71-0.84,0.79;0.40-0.45,0.42;0.76-0.92,0.85.Color(inalcohol)asin
male.
Wings(Figs.3-4).Forewingwithcrossveinsc-rbroadenedandstigmapresent;apicalforks
I,II,andVpresent;forkIsessile;discoidalcelllong,subequaltothyridialcellinlength;nygma
faint,rectangular,presentinforkII.Hindwingshorterandbroaderthanforewing;apicalforksII
andVpresent; forkV long,originatingaboutone-thirdofdistancebetweenoriginofdiscoidal
cell(forkofS)andforkofM;nygmafaint,rounded,presentinforkII.
Genitalia(Figs. 10-14).AbdominalsegmentVIIIwithsternumnarrow,triangular,setose;in
ventral view with posteriormargin broadly rounded. Segment IX with tergum broad; pleuron
withdistinct,roundedcornerlaterally.Dorsalsetoselobenarrow,triangular,attachedalongven-
tralsurface;indorsalviewbroadlyroundedtosubtriangular;withshort,triangularsemimembra-
noussensilla-bearingprocess,bearingoneoroccasionallytwosetae.Lamellawithlongitudinal
striaeonventralsurface; withdoubletotriplerowofslightlycurvedsetaealongposterolateral
margin; apparently flexible both in posterior and in ventral direction, when in dorsal, (open)
positionnarrowlytriangularinlateralview(Fig. 10),indorsalviewsubrectangularandpointing
posterolaterad(Fig. 13);whenturnedmoreventrad,(closedposition),subtriangularwithbroadly
roundedapex in lateral view(Fig. 11), indorsal view rounded, pointingposteriad(Fig. 14); in
somespecimensapexturnedfurtherventrad,(fullyclosedposition),overlapping,formingroof-
shapedhood.Gonopodplateapparentlysomewhatflexible,withstraightorconvexventralmar-
gin in lateral view; in ventral view with posteriormargin subrectangular, with small, rounded,
medianexcavation.Spermathecalscleriteoval,broadlyroundedanteriorly;inlateralviewslightly
curved,subrectangular; inallspentfemalestwistedorpositionedaskew.
Eggmass(Figs. 15-16).Consistingofstringsofeggsapparentlygluedtogetherwithtrans-
parentsecretion,withscatteredlongsetae,probablyoriginatingfromthewingfringe,encrusted
inthesurface.Outlineovalorslightlyovoid,withonesiderounded,othersideflatterwithdis-
tinctgroovewherenextlayerofeggsbegin.Eggmass2.19-2.62(2)mmlong, 1.87-1.89(2)mm
mm
wide,and 1.34-1.38(2) thick.
Larvaandpupa.Unknown.
Vol. 109,No. 1,January&February, 1998 41
supapp
-apdo phsc
Iffl --ejdu
8
supapp
Figures5-9.Symphitoneuriasabaensisn. sp. malegenitalia.5. Lateral.6. Ventral. 7. Dorsal.8.
Phallus,ventral.9. Phallus,lateral.
aApbibcroedvoirastailonsl:obeacopfri-nfaercicoerssaoprpyenpdraogjeec,tibovn-ofbaapsiocvoednotrrsaalllloobbeeooffiinnffeerriioorraappppeennddaaggee,,aejpdduo--
ejaculatoryduct,har-harpago,infapp-inferiorappendage,IX-segmentIX,phsc-phallotremal
sclerite, supapp-superiorappendage,X -tergumX.
42 ENTOMOLOGICALNEWS
,dose
_--s-bp
11
-viii lam--__
dose
10
IX-
lam
13
gopi
spsc
14
12
Figures 10-14. Symphitoneuria sabaensisn. sp. female genitalia. 10. Lateral, with lamella in
openposition. 11.Lateral,withlamellainclosedposition. 12.Ventral. 13. Dorsal,withlamella
inopenposition. 14. Dorsal,withlamellainclosedposition.
Abbreviations:dose= dorsalsetoselobe,gopi-gonopodplate,IX-segmentIX,lam-lamella,
s-bp-sensilla-bearingprocess,spsc-spermathecalsclerite,VIII-sternumVIII.
Vol. 109,No. 1,January&February, 1998 43
16
Figures 15-16.Symphitoneuriasabaensisn.sp.eggmass. 15.Ventral(flatside). 16. Lateral
(bluntend).
Type material. HOLOTYPE: Cf, Malaysia, Sabah, Long Pa Sia area E of kampong, 25.xi-
P8.axiSii.a,l9r8i7v,er1b0a0n0kmneaa.rs.al.i.rsMtarilpa,i0s4e2t5ra'pN4,1C1.54v3a'nEA,ch1t0e0r0bmerga.s(.lR.M,N21H.)x..1P98A6R,AJT.YHuPiEsSm:an1 (CUfM,SLPo)n;g
5av.as9.nl.T,,oL1lo.nx(igiR.PM1a9N8SH7i,a,3J.ai9Hrsut,irNispmM,a0Nn4H&249C'.N,vZa1n1M5AB4c3Nh'tEe9,rb)1e;r01g09(0Um,MaLS.osP.n)l.g;, P146a.9iSvi.,aL1,9o80n74g,"2Pat5a'lSiNigah,t1,1aJi5.r4sH3tru'iEip,.sm01a40n204&0'JmN.
11543'E, 1000ma.s.l.,7.xii.1987,atlight,J.Huisman(RMNH); 1 Cf,Sapulut,kampong,road-
sNiadbe,aw4a.Vn.,19n8e7a,r0ol4d4a2i'rsNtri1p1,6p2o9n'dE,,142.9x0i.m198a.7s,.l0.,5a0t2l'igNht,11J6.2H7u'iEs,ma4n00(mZMaB.sN.l).,;at5lCifgh,t4,J9.H,u7iskmmanS
6 R. deJong (RMNH); 1 Cf, 2 9, 11 km S Nabawan, pondon roadside, 15.xi.1987,04"57'N
o1n16r2o7a'dEt,o4K0g0.mPaa.msu.ln.t,aartilaihg,ht,1Js.tHburiidsgme,an16&.Rx.i.d1e987J,on0g4(5U7M'SNP)1;1612C7f',E1,94,0012m.5ak.sm.l.S, aNtabliagwhta,nJ,.
bHKruuiniddsgaem,sas2n3a.n&vgiiRik..almd9pe8o6J,nog0n,6g0S(g0.R'MNLiN1wH1ag6u3Cf,4',oEZn,MbaBrtilNdiggeh9,t,2)J;3..3HxuiC.if1s,9m8Ka6un,nd0(a6Us0Ms0Sa'nPNg2k1Ca1f,m63pZ4oM'nEgB,,N1Sg1Cf.8)5;Lim1wCaafg.s,u.l,1.,9oJ,n.
Huisman(NMNH Cf,UMSP 9).
Etymology:namedafterSabah,thenortheasternpartoftheIslandofBorneo,
using the Latin suffix -ensis, denoting place, locality orcountry oforigin.
KEY TO MALES OF SYMPHITONEURIA
1 Apicodorsal lobeofinferiorappendagewithsetose,accessoryprojectionmesally 2
1' Apicodorsal lobeofinferiorappendagelackingsetose,accessory
6
projectionmesally
2 TergumXaboutaslongasinferiorappendage;forkI inforewingsessile 3
2' TergumXdistinctly longerthaninferiorappendage, indorsal viewtriangular,
pointed, withdeeplycleftapex; forkI inforewingwithshortstem(Moselyand
Kimmins, 1953: 260,figs. 180-181) 5.exigua(McLachlan)
3 Forewingwithdiscoidalcellshortandbroad, withcrossveinr-sreaching
discoidalcell indistalone-fifth; forkV inhindwinglong,originatingdistinctly
closertobasethanforkofM 4
44 ENTOMOLOGICALNEWS
3' Forewingwithdiscoidalcelllongandnarrow,withcrossveinr-sreaching
discoidalcellabouttwo-thirdsfrombase; forkMVinhindwingshort,originating
aboutthesamedistancefrombaseasforkof (MoselyandKimmins, 1953: 263,fig.
183) 5. opposita(Walker)
4 TergumXindorsalviewwithapexroundedtobluntlytriangular 5
4' TergumXindorsalviewwithapexsubtruncate(Morse, 1989: 207,fig.2)
5.dammermanniUlmer
5 TergumXindorsalviewgraduallywidenedbasally,withapexbluntlytriangular;
accessorymesalprojectionofapicodorsal lobeofinferiorappendagewithmorethan6
spine-likesetae(Neboiss, 1987: 140,fig.40) S.amplaKorboot
5' TergumXindorsalviewwithbroadlyroundedandprojectingsidesandrounded
apex; accessorymesalprojectionofapicodorsal lobeofinferiorappendagewith
4-5 strongspine-likesetae(Figs.5-7) S.sabaensisn.sp.
6 Inferiorappendagewithharpagofusedalmostentirelytoapicodorsal
lobe,basoventrallobenotforked(MoselyandKimmins, 1953: 268,
fig. 187) 5. wheeleri Banks
6' Inferiorappendagewithharpagofree,basoventrallobeforked(Neboiss,
1986: 222,figs. 38-40) 5. licmeticaNeboiss
DISCUSSION
The male wing venation of5. sabaensis most closely resembles that ofS.
amplaKorbootand5.dammermanni,especiallyinthecomparativelyshortand
broadforewingdiscoidalcellandthe longhindwingforkV.However, itdiffers
from both inhaving Cu2 arising from composite vein slightly basally towhere
83+4joins the vein. The setose mesal accessory projection on the apicodorsal
lobeofthe inferiorappendageofthemalegenitalia,groups5.sabaensiswith5.
ampla, S. dammermanni, S. exigua, and S. opposita. It can be distinguished,
however, from all known species ofSymphitoneuria by the rounded apex and
broadly rounded and projecting sides oftergum X.
The female ofS. sabaensis can be separated from otherdescribed females
except 5. exigua in having the posterior margin ofthe gonopod plate subrec-
tangular, with a small, rounded, median excavation. However, S. exigua ap-
pears to have the posterior margin of sternite VIII with a shallow, broadly
V-shaped,medianexcision,whiletheposteriormargininS.sabaensisisevenly
rounded.
Biology.Little seemstobeknownabouttheecology andhabitatrequirements
ofmostofthe Symphitoneuria species. StClair(1994)described the larvaeof
S. exigua and stated that it is usually found in small, sluggish, often turbid
lowlandstreamsand swamps.Accordingtolilies (1969) 5. amplaappearedto
be the most abundant Trichoptera species in Lake Pinde and Lake Aunde at
about3,600m a.s.l. on PapuaNewGuinea.Thepresentspecimens were taken
m
inlocalitiesrangingfrom290to 1185 a.s.l.,mostlyalongfastflowingrivers,
but alsoclose to stagnant blackwaterpools.
Vol. 109,No. 1,January&February, 1998 45
In some genera ofTriplectidini the females carry egg masses at the tip of
theirabdomen(seee.g. StClair, 1993). Korboot(1963) studiedthe lifehistory
ofS. exigua, figuring anddescribingthe eggmass as spherical and covered in
alayerofmucilage.Theeggmasswasdroppedby the female from aheightof
3to4inchesintothewater.AlthoughnoneofthefemalesofS. sabaensisn. sp.
hadtheiregg masses still attached when studied, the females apparently carry
the egg mass between sternum VIII and the gonopod plate. Sternum VIII ap-
pears to be movable and a cavity is formed in the pleural region of segment
VIII. Setaeprobablyoriginatingfromthe wingfringe andimbedded intheegg
mass were seen inside the cavity in several ofthe females. The apparent flex-
ibility ofthe lamella, which allow formovement in both posteriorand ventral
directions, might also be an adaptation formanipulation ofthe egg mass.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TheseniorauthorwantstoexpresshisgratitudetoRalph HolzenthalandtheUniversityof
MinnesotaformakingitpossibleforhimtospendhissabbaticalattheMinnesotaInsectCollec-
tion,andtotheUniversityofBergenforfinancial support.
ThejuniorauthorreceivedfinancialsupportforthefieldworkinSabahfromUyttenboogaart-
EliasenFoundation,MelchiorTreubFoundation,andtheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistoryin
Leiden. In Sabah, the staffofKinabalu National Park wasvery supportive particularlyAnthea
Lamb-Phillips and Fui-Lian Inger-Tan; Jan van Tol, Cees van Achterberg and Rienk de Jong
participatedinthefieldwork.
WebothwanttothankRalphHolzenthalandJohnC.Morseforallsupportandusefulcom-
mentsonthemanuscript.
LITERATURECITED
Banks,N.1913.OnacollectionofneuropteroidinsectsfromthePhilippineIslands.Proc.Entomol.
Soc.Wash. 15: 170-180.
Banks,N. 1939.Newgeneraandspeciesofneuropteroidinsects. Bull.Mus.Comp.Zool. Harv.
Univ.85: 439-504.
lilies,J. 1969.Trichopterafromthehigh mountain LakesPindeandAunde, NewGuinea. Pac.
Insects 11: 487-493.
Korboot, K. 1963. Biological studies of some Caddis Flies (Trichoptera) from south east
Queensland. Univ.QueenslandPap.,Ent., Brisbane 1: 241-274.
Martynov,A.B. 1931. Resultats scientifiquesdu voyage aux Indesorientatesneerlandaisesde
LL. AA. RR. le prince et la princesse Leopoldde Belgique.Trichoptera. Mem. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Belg., Brussels(h.s.)4(2): 13-15.
Morse, J.C. 1981. A phylogeny and classification of family-group taxa of Leptoceridae
(Trichoptera). Pp. 257-264. In: G.P. Moretti, [ed.], Proceedings oftheThird International
SymposiumonTrichoptera. W.JunkPubl.,The Hague,Ser.Entomologica20: 472pp.
Morse,J.C. 1989.AredescriptionofSymphitoneuriadammermanni;Ulmer, 1951 (Trichoptera:
Leptoceridae). Entomol. Mitt.Zool. Mus. Hambg9: 205-212.
Morse,J.C.and Holzenthal, R.W. 1987. HigherclassificationofTriplectidinae (Trichoptera:
Leptoceridae). Pp. 139-144. In: M. Bournaudand H.Tachet [eds.] Proceedingsofthe Fifth
International SymposiumonTrichoptera.W.Junk Publ.,TheHague,Ser. Entomologica39:
397 pp.
46 ENTOMOLOGICALNEWS
Morse,J.C.andNeboiss,A. 1982.TriplectidesofAustralia(Insecta:Trichoptera:Leptoceridae).
Mem.Nat.Mus.Vic.43: 61-98.
Mosely,M.E. 1936.ArevisionoftheTriplectidinae,asubfamilyoftheLeptoceridae(Trichoptera).
TransR.Entomol.Soc.London85: 91-130.
Mosely, M.E. and Kimmins, D.E. 1953. TheTrichoptera (caddisflies) ofAustralia and New
Zealand.Br.Mus.(Nat.Hist.),Lond.550pp.
Neboiss, A. 1977. Ataxonomic and zoogeographic study ofTasmanian caddis-flies (Insecta:
Trichoptera). Mem.Nat.Mus.Vic.38: 1-208.
Neboiss,A. 1986.Taxonomicchangesincaddis-flyspeciesfromthesouth'westPacific-Austra-
lianRegionwithdescriptionsofnewspecies(Insecta:Trichoptera).Mem.Mus.Vic.47:213-
223.
Neboiss,A. 1987.IdentityofspeciesofTrichopteradescribedbyK.Korboot 1964-65(Insecta).
Mem. Mus.Vic.48: 131-140.
StClair,R.M.1993.LifehistoriesofsixspeciesofLeptoceridae(Insecta:Trichoptera)inVictoria.
Aust.J. Mar.FreshwaterRes.44: 363-379.
StClair,R.M. 1994.SomelarvalLeptoceridae(Trichoptera)fromSouth-easternAustralia.Rec.
AustralianMus.46: 171-226.
Ulmer,G. 1906. NeuerBeitragzurKenntnisAuser-EuropaeischerTrichopteren. NotesLeyden
Mus.28: 1-128.
Ulmer, G. 1951. Kocherfliegen (Trichoptera) von den Sunda-Inseln. Teil I. Arch. Hydrobiol.,
Suppl. 19: 1-528.
(continuedfrompage20)
The Basmati rice was immediatelydetainedbyFDA afterlive insectswerefoundandthe
presenceofkhaprabeetlesuspected. Oncethelarvaefoundinthericewerepositivelyconfirmed
askhaprabeetlebyUSDA,thericeshipmentwasfumigatedwithmethylbromideunderUSDA
supervision. Areconditioningplanwasproposedbytheimportertosalvagetherice,butitwas
subsequently refused. Afterno furtherresponse by the consignee, the shipment was issued a
noticeofrefusalandwasorderedtobeexportedordestroyedunderU.S.Custom'ssupervision.
A personalcommunicationwithJ.F.Cavey,Entomologist,USDA-APHIS-PPQinRiverdale,
MD,providedadditionalrecordsofkhaprabeetleinterceptionsintotheUnitedStates. Hestated
thatwithinthelastfiveyears,35 interceptionsofkhaprabeetlebyUSDA-APHIS-PPQofficers
wererecordedatportsofentry into the United States, with the majorityofthese interceptions
occurringinTexas,Georgia,andCalifornia. Oursistheonlyrecordofthekhaprabeetlefound
MD
enteringBaltimore, duringthistime.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Susan Broda-Hydorn, Identification Specialist, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Baltimore,
MDforherconfirmationofouridentificationsandJosephF.Cavey,Entomologist,USDA-APHIS-
PPQ,Riverdale,MD,forhiscontributionofunpublisheddataonkhaprabeetleinterceptionrecords
bythe USDAintotheU.S.sinceOctober, 1992.
LITERATURECITED
Anonymous. May 1983. Khapra Beetle. APHIS Facts, Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service,US. Dep.Agric.,Wash.,DC.
Kingsolver,J.M. 1991. Dermestidbeetles(Dermestidae,Coleoptera)[pp. 115-135]. In: Insect
andMitePestsinFood:AnIllustratedKey,Volume 1.J.R.Gorham(ed.),USDAHandbook
No.655,US.Gov't.Print.Off.,Wash.,DC.vii+767pp.