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, JournalofResearchontheLepidoptera 32:8-15, 1993 Anewspecies of Satumia (Satumiidae) from northern Pakistan Richard S. Peigler Department of Zoology, Denver Museum of Natural History, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, Colorado80205-5798U.S.A. Abstract. Satumia codyi n. sp. is described and figured in color and comparedtorelatedspecies.Ithasbeencollectedataltitudesaround4000 m in thewestern Himalayasofnorthern Pakistan.Thespeciesbelongsto thespecies-groupcommonlyclassifiedinthegenusNeoris,ofwhichseveral known species range in Siberia, western China, northern India, and westwardtoeasternTurkey.The newspecieshasthedarkestwingcolora- tion in thisgroup. The female and immature stages are unknown. The genus SatumiaSchrank (Satumiidae) rangeswidelyin the Northern Hemisphere,withabout30knownspecies.TheymainlyoccurinPalaearctic Eurasia,butafewareknownfromCaliforniaandtropicalsoutheasternAsia. Onegroupofspecieshasbeenclassifiedbysomeauthorsasbelongingtothe genus (orsubgenus) NeorisMoore. Theonlysignificantreviewofthisgroup since thatofJordan (1911:219) wasadetailedand excellentone published recentlybydeFreina (1992). InMarch 1995Ifoundfourmalespecimensof an undescribedspecies in the collection ofTheNatural HistoryMuseumin London. Specimens ofmostother taxa in this group were arranged along- side, leaving little doubt that the new species was different. In addition to examining type specimens, I checked descriptions and/orspecimens ofall other taxa in the Neoris group. The new species is described below, and a diagnosis comparing and contrastingit to other species is provided. The representatives ofthis species-group live in centralAsia, in montane habitats usuallyathigh elevations (Figs. 8-9). The moths flyin late summer or fall, the eggs overwinter, and the larvae feed in spring and summer on broad-leafedtreessuchasash (Fraxinus,Oleaceae) birch (Betula,Betulaceae) , PistaciachinenseBunge (Anacardiaceae),variousRosaceae (e.g.,Pyrus,Malus, Prunus, Spiraea), etc. The larvae are green with soft hairs and minimal armature (i.e., scoli veryreduced). The cocoons are brown, pyriform, with very minute reticulations. Pinned specimens are rare or absent in most collections, because populations occur in remote, inaccessible regions. Description Satumia codyiPeigler, newspecies Holotype. Male (Fig. 1). Pakistan, Northwest Frontier Province, Ghizar Mountains,Yasin, 4000 m, earlySeptember. The labels read as follows: 77.; Indiasept,occ.,Chitral,Yasin,4000m,Anf. [Anfang] September;Rothschild BequestB.M. 1939-1. PakistanwasformerlypartofIndia. Iaddedaredlabel Papersubmitted 14July 1995; revisedmanuscriptaccepted 13November 1995. 32:8-15, 1993 9 Figures 1-6. 1. Saturnia codyin. sp., holotype male, Yasin, Pakistan. 2. S. codyi, paratype male, Bulachi, Pakistan. 3. Underside of same specimen. 4. Saturniashadulla{l/\oore), male. RightTalgarTransili,AlaTau Mts.,Tian Shan Range, Kazakhstan, 20August 1970, D. S. Lastochkin. 5. Saturnia huttoni(Moore), male, Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India. 6. Underside of samespecimen.Specimenin Fig.4in DenverMuseumofNaturalHistory, others in The Natural History Museum, London. 10 J. Res.Lepid. which reads: Holotype SaturniacodyiFeigler 1995. Forewinglength 50 mm; hindwing length 40 mm. Paratypes.Twomales,samelabelsasholotype,exceptnumbers76and78, insteadof77. Onemale,Pakistan,presumablyNorthwestFrontierProvince, Bulachi, 4000 m, 17 August 1923, C. H. Stockley collector. Labels read as follows:Emperormoth,Bulachi12000', 17/8/23 [handwritten] Bulachi,W. ; GilgitProv.,Kashmir, 12 000ft., 17VIII 1923, Maj. C. H. Stockley,Brit. Mus. 1924-247 [typeset]. 1 added blue paratype labels. AlltypespecimensareinTheNaturalHistoryMuseum,London.Although the male from Bulachi (Figs. 2-3) is in the bestcondition, aspecimen from Yasin was selected to make that the type-locality, as I have been unable to locate Bulachi on any ofseveral detailed maps. mm mm Male.Antennaestramineous, 17 long, 8 wide. Fronslightordark brown. Thoracic collar whitish. Thorax and abdomen brown, with white mm bandsonabdominalsegments.Legsunicolorousbrown.Forewing50-54 in length; antemedian area dark brown or pinkish, antemedian line faint, brown, median area sprinkled with white scales, brown distally; ocellus 7-8 mm long, oval, mostlybrown,withyellow,white, andbluescalesproximally; postmedian line scallopedwithlightbrown, black, andbroadwhite compo- nents; postmedian area dark brown; trace ofred in apex. Hindwing 40-42 mm in length; antemedian area and line indistinct, brown or pinkish; median area brown; ocellus as in forewing but larger, andwith more black edging; postmedian line whitish, double, smoothly rounded (the inner portion almost straight); postmedian area as in forewing. Underside with markings more distinct; ocelli in forewing mayor may not contactpostme- dian line; hindwing ocelli much smaller than on upperside. Female and Immature Stages. Unknown. Diagnosis.The newspeciesismuchdarkerchocolatebrownthanallother known taxa in the group, giving the illusion that the postmedian line has a much stronger white component in both forewing and hindwing. The postmedianlineismuchsmootherin thehindwingthaninotherspecies. In the forewing, the postmedian line is not drawn inwards as far at the anal margin than in other species. The antemedian line is weakly defined, even more so than in huttoni The ocelliare smallerandhavedarkercomponents than other species. One paratype fromYasin was dissected. Comparison of the male genitalia from this specimen to the series ofvalves shown by de Freina (1992:fig.3) revealsthatthevalveofthenewspecieshasanevenmore reduced median notch than all other taxa. Etymology.Thisnewsaturniidis namedin honorofDr.John Cody (Hays, Kansas,U.S.A.) inrecognitionofhisworkthroughart,writings,andlectures tobringawarenesstothepublicoftheneedtopreservehabitatsofSaturniidae. Discussion Although the groupofspeciesdiscussedin thispaperformacompactand obviouslymonophyletic assemblageforwhich thegeneric nameNeoris (type species: Neoris huttoni Moore 1862) is available, the broader concept of 32:8-15, 1993 11 Satumia appears to me to be more useful as it demonstrates relationships withmanymorespecies,thus fulfillingtheoriginalconceptofpredictability intendedbyC. Linneauswhen he established the categoryofgenus. Usage of subgenera adds a layer of complexity to nomenclature with minimal benefit. I therefore use the concept ofspecies-groups within larger genera such as thisone. Lemaire (1978) followed the same planin his treatmentof large genera such as Rothschildiaand Copaxa, bydefiningspecies-groups to indicaterelationships,withoutproposingformalsubgenericnames.Saturnia cfl^dg^waKupido,aspeciesfromsoutheasternEuropeusuallyclassifiedinthe monotypicgenus Walker,isprobablythesister-grouptotheNeoris complex,assuggestedbyjordan (1911:219).Thewingpatterninthevarious Saturnia\^3.s discussed byvan Bemmelen (1919), including a species in the huttoni-group. The huttonirgroup is in need of taxonomic revision, although de Freina (1992) provided a firm foundation toward that end. He apparendy had specimensfromseveralregionsofcentralAsiaavailable, anddissectedmale genitaliafromdistantpopulations. The genitalicdifferencesare notstrong, which probablyresulted in his treatmentofall taxain this group as subspe- ciesofhuttoni (Fig. 5). In myopinion, the differences in adultfacies are too distinctive to reconcile these taxaundera single species. De Freinasynony- mized the following names under shadulla (Moore 1872), an arrangement with which I concur: stoliczkana (C. Felder 8c R. Felder 1874), schencki (Staudinger1881), olivah.Bang-Haas 1910,and/iaraW/Schawerda1923. De Freina retained the taxon galeropa (Piingeler 1900) as a separate western subspecies (from Iran) allied to naessigi, which he described from eastern Turkey as new. Norbert Keil provided material of naessigi to me for study. Peigler and Kendall (1993: 11) elevated naessigito full species rank, which differsfromallothertaxain thisgroupbythe mothsbeingtwice as large. In their paper on saturniids of China, Zhu and Wang (1993: 278-279) cited haraldifrom Shaanxi, Gansu, and Xinjiang provinces, and stoliczkanafrom Xinjiang and India, and figured the male genitalia ofboth. Gorbunov and Kishida (1995) reported parthenogenetic reproduction in a taxon they called Neoris huttonischencki. Moths in collections orfigured in publications labelled under the names shadulla, schencki, stoliczkana, and galeropa all appear to be very similar in appearance (tan or lightbrown colored). Colored figures ofsome ofthese canbeseeninjordan (1911:pis.31-32) andblack8cwhitephotographswere , givenbydeFreina (1992: figs. 9-14). SaturniahuttonisX2ind%apartfrom these withits brownishorangegroundcolorandmore elongatedwings. Likewise, S. codyiis uniquewith itsdarkbrown coloration, shortenedwingshape, and certain other features ofthe wing pattern, as given in the diagnosis above. Saturnianaessigihfiguredhereincolorforthefirsttime (Fig. 7),inaddition to the underside ofS. huttoni (Fig. 6). I examined thefollowingtype specimens in The Natural HistoiyMuseum (London): four syntypes of huttoni of both sexes (type-locality Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh, India); holotype (or syntype?) female of stoliczkana (type- 12 / Res.Lepid. Figure 7. Saturnia naessigi 6e Freina, male in living repose, Tungeli Province, Turkey. Transparent watercolorpainting byJohn Cody. 32:8-15, 1993 13 Figure 8. Darkot Valley 20 km north of Yasin, Pakistan. 2800 m. July 1981. Figure 9. Gilgit Valley 5 km from confluence with the Darkot River. 2650 m. July 1981. Figures 8 and 9 courtesy of R. Mattoni. 14 J. Res. Lepid. locality Lossar, 13,500 feet, Ladakh Mountains, Kashmir, India); pair of syntypes of shadulla (type-locality: Xaidulla, southern Xinjiang Province, China). I examined the specimens from Afghanistan and Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) in the Museum National d’Histoire naturelle in Paris that Rougeot (1969) referredtounderthe name schencki Theyareclearlyofthe shadulla/galeropasuhgroup.InthelattermuseumIalsoexaminedfourmales ofgaleropafrom the vicinityofTehran, Iran. Twoadditionalnameshavebeenproposedthatwerenotconsideredbyde Freina (1992). NeorishuttonisvenihediniHering (1936) wasdescribedfrom a single male from Manas, nearUrumqi, northernXinjiangProvince, China, in theTian (=Tien) Shan Mountain Range. NeorishuttonialatauicaO. Bang- Haas (1937) was described from an unspecified number of males from Almatinka, 1500m,westernAlaTauMountains,northernTianShanRange, Kazakhstan. Basedon thebriefdescriptionsandtype-localitiesofsvenihedini syn. nov. and alatauica syn. nov., I consider them to be synonyms of the widely-ranging shadulla. No figures were given by Hering or Bang-Haas. Threemalespecimens (seeFig. 4) from theAlaTau Mts. sentto mebyDale Pforr in 1971 agree with the types ofshadulla. Based on a small sample ofpinned specimens available to me forstudy, I believe that there are at least four species in the Neoris group: huttoni, shadulla, codyi,andnaessigi.However,consideringthevastdistancesandhigh altitudes of the distributions of these moths, I expect that up to a dozen species will ultimately be found to exist. Isolation by high mountains resultinginspeciationisawell-knownphenomenoninSaturniidae.Someof the other names alreadyproposed thatwere considered to be synonyms by deFreina (1992) mayprove tobevalidspecies. Politicalunrestwillcontinue to hindercollecting, both in the newrepublics ofthe southern parts ofthe former Soviet Union (Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan), and in the Kashmir region where vast tracts of territory remain in dispute between India, China, and Pakistan. Acknowledgments. I extend special thanks to David Goodger ofThe Natural History Museum (London) for the loan ofspecimens and his invaluable help during my latestvisittothatmuseum,makingthisstudypossible.Dr.JoelMinetoftheMuseum Nationald’Histoirenaturelle (Paris) providedaccesstothatcollectionformystudy. Goodger and Minet also provided copies of pertinent literature. Dale E. Pforr (University ofAlberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) and Norbert Keil (Dachau, Germany) sentspecimensinthisgroupessentialforthisstudy.IthankjohnCodyfor permitting publication ofhis exquisite paintingofSatumia naessigi. Literature Cited Bang-Haas, O. 1937. Neubeschreibungen und Berichtigungen derPalaearktischen MacrolepidopterenfaunaXXII.EntomologischeZeitschrift (FrankfurtamMain and Guben) 50: 108-109. VAN Bemmelen,J. F. 1919. De onderlinge verhouding der soorten van het geslacht Saturnia, beoordeeld naar de kleurenteekening harar vleugels. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen teAmsterdam 27: 1368-1377, figs. 1-4. 32:8-15, 1993 15 DE Freina, 1992. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Neoris Moore 1862 mit J. J. Neubeschreibung ihrer kleinasiatischenVertreter (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift (Essen) 102 (13): 233-252. Gorbunov,O.G.&Y.Kishida.1995.AvirginreproductioninNeorishuttonischenki (Staudinger) fromcentralAsia. Gekkan-Mushi,No.296:4-5,pi. 2. [inJapanese] Hering, M. 1936. Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichenProvinzen Chinas,unterLeitungvonDr. Sven Hedin undProf. SuPing-chang,Insekten;Lepidoptera,Bombyces.ArkivforZoologi27A(32): 1- 4. Jordan, K. 1911. Chap. 13: Saturniidae, pp. 209-226, col. pis. 31-35, inA. Seitz, ed., TheMacrolepidopteraoftheworld,vol. 2:PalaearcticBombycesScSphinges.A. Kernen, Stuttgart. Lemaire,C.1978.LesAttacidaeamericains...TheAttacidaeofAmerica(=Saturniidae) Attacinae. C. Lemaire, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. 238 pp., 49 pis. Peigler, R. S. 8cR. O. Kendall. 1993. Areviewofthe genusAgapema (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Proceedings ofthe DenverMuseum ofNatural History (Series 3) No. 3: 1-22. Rougeot,P.-C.1969.ContributionaI’etudedesLepidopteresAttacidesd’Afghanistan, description d’une sous-espece nouvelle. Entomops (Nice) No. 13: 165-168. Zhu,H.-F.ScL.-Y.Wang. 1993.TheSaturniidaeofChina (Lepidoptera) II.Subfamily Saturniinae. Sinozoologia, No. 10: 265-296. [in Chinese]