A new species of marmoset, genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Callitrichidae, Primates) from the Rio Maues Region, State of Amazonas, central Brazilian Amazonia

17 Pages·1992·4.1 MB·English

by  Russell A Mittermeier

Goeldiana Zoologia
Número 14: 12de Outubro de 1992
A New Species of Marmoset, Genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Cailitrichidae,
Primates), from the Rio Maués Region, State of Amazonas, Central Brazilian
Amazônia
Russell A. Mittermeier'
Marco Schwarz^
José Márcio Ayres^
—
ABSTRACT A new species ofmarmoset, Callithrix mauesi sp. n., is described
from the west bank ofthe Rio Maués, Amazonas State, central Brazilian Amazônia.
The animal is a member ofthe Callithrix argentata group ofmarmosets, which in-
cludes C. argentata, C. leucippe, C. melanura, C. emiliae, C. humeralifera, C.
chrysoleuca, C. intermedia, and the recently described C. nigriceps. It appears to
bemostclosely relatedto C. humeraliferaand C. chrysoleuca, butiseasilydistinguish-
ed from them. The most readily noticeable differences are in the shape and nature
ofthe ear tufts, the darker pelage color, and the absence ofa distinct, light-colored
mantle. The two groups of C. mauesi observed in the wild were in dense primary
forest. The species does notappeartobeendangered at this time. With its discovery,
the total number ofspecies ofCallithrix is increased to 15, ofwhich 14 are endemic
to Brazil. The total number ofprimate species for Brazil as a whole increases to 68,
by far the highest in the world, with 30 (44.1%) being endemie.
KEY WORDS — primates, Cailitrichidae, marmoset, Callithrix mauesi sp. n.,
Callithrix humeralifera, Callithrix chrysoleuca, Brazil, Amazônia.
RESUMO — Descrição de uma nova espécie de sagüi, Callithrix mauesi sp. n., da
Amazônia Central Brasileira, margemocidental do RioMaués, Amazonas. O animal
é um membro do grupo de sagüis Callithrix argentata (que inelui C. argentata, C.
leucippe, C. melanura, C. emiliae, C. humeralifera, C. chrysoleuca, C. intermedia
e a recentementedescrita C. nigriceps. Estaespécieparece termaiorparentescocom
C. humeraliferae C. chrysoleuca, aindaque muitodistintadestas. Asdiferenças mais
notáveis se relacionamao formatoe naturezadostufosdas orelhas, àcormais escura
da pelagem e à ausência de uma manta de cor clara. Os dois únicos grupos de C.
mauesiobservados foramencontradosem florestaprimáriadensa. Aespécienãoparece
estar em perigo de extinção no momento. Com esta descoberta, o número total de
Callithrix cresceu para 15, dos quais 14 são endêmicos do Brasil. O número total
de espécies de primatas existentes no Brasil cresceu para 68, de longe a mais alta
ocorrência de primatas no mundo. Destas espécies, 30 (44.1%) são endêmicas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE — primates, Cailitrichidae, sauim, Callithrix mauesi sp. n.,
Callithrix humeralifera, Callithrix chrysoleuca. Brasil, Amazônia.
'Conservation International, 1015 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A.
^Zoobotânico Marco Schwarz, Caixa Postal 18.004, 80.511 Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
^Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, 66.040 Belém-Pará. Brazil; and Wildlife
Conservation International, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, NY 10460.
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Callithrix mauesi sp.n.
INTRODUCTION
The marmosetgenus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777, is an almost exclusively Brazilian
groupofmonkeys with 13-14 distincttaxarecognizedtodate, includinganew species,
Callithrixnigriceps, just described from the State ofRondônia by Ferrari and Lopes
(1992). Two majorrevisionsofthisgenushavebeencarriedout inthelasttwodecades,
one by Hershkovitz (1977), which recognized only three species and 11 taxa, and
the other by de Vivo (1988, 1991), which recognizes 12 taxa and elevates them all
to full species status. Mittermeieretal. (1988) agree withde Vivo’sdecisiontoelevate
five eastern Brazilian taxa of Callithrix (jacchus, penicillata, geojfroyi, flaviceps,
aiirita), something that had been recommendcd by Coimbra-Filho and Mittermeier
(1973) 15 years earlier, and also recognize a sixth species, C. kithlii, which de Vivo
does not consider valid. Mittermeier et al. (1988) did not have the opportunity to
review de Vivo’s work on the Callithrix argentata group at the time they went to
press, andcontinuedto recognizeonly three speciesand seven taxa fortheseAmazo-
nian/central Brazilian monkeys. However, we now concur with his decision to
recognize all ofthese as full species as well. (See Table 1 for a comparison ofthese
three classification schemes, and the one adopted in this paper.)
The purpose ofthis paper is to describe yet anotherdistinct species from Brazilian
Amazônia, Callithrix mauesi, from the region of the Rio Maués, Amazonas State,
central BrazilianAmazônia (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8a). This species is mostclosely related
to Callithrix humeralifera and Callithrix chrysoleuca (Figs. 8b, 8c, 9), with which
it is parapatric, and occurs within the area shown in Hershkovitz’s map (1977, p.
569) as part ofthe rangeofC. humeralifera. However, it is quite different from both
ofthese species, which are more closely related to one another, and clearly deserves
recognition as a full species.
This new species was First discovered by Marco Schwarz on April 15, 1985, dur-
ing a field trip to the region. He observed two groups ofthe animais and succeeded
inobtaining seven live specimens (Table2), oneofwhich istheadult male nowbeing
designated as the holotype (skin, skull). Five remained in the region while a female
was transported with the holotype to Schwarz’s collection at Morretes in the State
of Paraná, Brazil. The female and two offspring born in captivity are still alive in
that collection.
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Callithrix mauesi sp.n.
Figure 1. Photograph ofa live, latejuvenile male Callithrixmauesi (photo by R.A. Mittermeier).
cm

CallUhrLx moiiesi sp.n.
Callithrix mauesi sp. n.
Holotype: MPEG 22177, adultmale, stuffed skin, skull. Collectedby Marco Schwarz
on April 15, 1985, at the type locality.
Type Locality: West bank ofthe Rio Maués-Açú, directly across the river from the
town of Maués, Amazonas State, Brazil (Fig. 5). This region is located in central
Brazilian Amazônia, south ofthe Rio Amazonas and between the Rio Madeira and
the Rio Tapajós (Fig. 6). Coordinates for the type locality are 3°23'S, 57°46'W.
Geographical distribution: The species is thus far known only from the immediate
vicinity of the type locality. However, based on information from people working
in the region, it appears to be found along the Rio Maués to the south of the type
locality and also to the west as faras the Rios Urariáand Abacaxis (Fig. 5). Its range
would thus appearto be entirely enclosed within the range given for C. humeralifera
by Hershkovitz (1977, p. 569).
Habitat: The two groups observed in the wild were found in dense primary forest.
No further details on habitat are available at this time.
Diagnosis: A marmosetofthe Callithrixargentata group (sensii Hershkovitz, 1977),
but quitedistinct from itsclosest relatives, C. humeralifera and C. chiysoleuca, with
which it isparapatric. Thedarkest (and leastadvanced phaeomelanically, sensu Hersh-
kovitz, 1977) ofthese three species, it is especially distinguished by the shape and
placement of the ear tufts and their erect, “neatly trimmed”appearance relative to
C. humeralifera and C. chrysoleuca, by its darker coloration, and by the absence of
the characteristic light mantle of C. humeralifera (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9). The light
orange tint to the underparts also distinguishes C. mauesi from C. humeralifera,
whereas C. mauesi and C. chrysoleuca are easily distinguished both by the shape of
the ear tufts and by coloration, C. chrysoleuca being an entirely white animal. The
differences between C. mauesi and its two relatives can be easily seen in the color
illustrations in Figs. 1 and 8 and the photos in Figs. 2, 4, and 9.
Description ofthe holotype: Face thinly haired and distinctly pinkish in color in life
(the pink disappearing in the dry skin); an area of blaek circumbuccal hairs begins
at the edge of the nostrils and extends to the chin; immediately lateral to these are
largercheekpatchesofdirty silverybrown; crownverydarkbrowngradingto sílvery
gray in the occipital area and the forehead; a dark brown swatch is located at the
centerofthe forehead and is flanked by lighterareasofdirty silvery brown; zonation
ofhairs in these areas ofdirty silvery brown is dark brown at base with silvery tip
(Figs. 3, 4). Back and shoulders lacking the distinct whitish mantle characteristic of
humeralifera; shoulderstomid-back marbledverydarkbrownand white, themarbling
being far more evident in live animais than in skins; zonation of hairs on the back
is black-white-black, which provides the marbled pattern (Fig. 2). Upper back and
shoulders have a slight reddish tint compared to the lower back. Light silvery hip
patch presentas in C. humeralifera, but not especially distinct; thighs and lower legs
silvery gray in liveanimaiswithablack base-silvery tipzonation; feet slightly darker
than legs and with a faint orange tint. Tail black with faint alternating bands ofdirty
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Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992
Figure 3. Lateral views of the head and ear region of Calliíhrix mauesi (above) and Callithrix
humeralifera(below).Noteespeciallythedifferencesínpatternsofemergenceofhairintheearregion
and the muzzle pígmentation (íllustratíon by Stephen D. Nash).
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Callithrix mauesi sp.n
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Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992 9
silvery gray and black, the bands being much more evident in the living animal than
in the skin (Figs. 2,8). Underparts buffy with distinct orange tint, more so than in
C. humeralifera. Arms in the live animal dark brown washed with dirty silvery col-
oration, thezonationofhairsbeingdarkbrown atbasewith silverytips; hands slight-
ly darkerthanarms. Scrotumpinkishwhite intheliveanimal, thepinkishcolordisap-
pearing in the dry skin. Pinna with dirty silvery brown hairs emerging mainly from
the inner part ofthe ear, with some hairs growing on the dorsal surface as well; hair
long on upper part ofear, short atbottom; the tufts coverthe pinnaentirely but have
anerect, “neatlytrimmed” appearancequitedistinctfromthetasselsofC. humeralifera
and C. chrysoleuca (Figs. 3,4). (Thethree living specimens resemblethe adult male
holotype inevery detail, withminorvariations indistinctivenessofthe tail bands and
marbling on the back, and in the shape ofthe dark forehead patch.) Weight ofadult
male holotype: 375 g. Body measurements ofadult male holotype: head-body length
- 207 mm; tail length - 350 mm; hind foot - 64 mm; hand - 43 mm; ear - 34 mm.
(SeeTable2 formeasurementsofsixother individuais.) Skull anddentition resemble
those of other members of the C. humeralifera group, but detailed statistical com-
parisons have not yet been made because only one C. mauesi skull is available (Fig.
7). Its measurements are given in Table 3.
Origin ofthe nanie: This monkey is thus far known only from the type locality on
the west bank of the Rio Maués-Açü, across the river from the town of Maués in
central Brazilian Amazônia. It is named after this river, to place it geographically
relativeto itscongeners. ThenameMaués-Açúsimply means “large Maués” inTupi-
Guaraní, the Maués-Açú being a widening of the Rio Maués in the vicinity of the
town of the same name.
Vernacular name: This marmoset is referred to as sauim orsouim by the local peo-
ple, these being the names most often used for marmosets in Brazilian Amazônia.
For an English name, we suggest Rio Maués marmoset.
Table 2. Measurements and weights ofseven adult specimens of Cailithrix mauesi (in millimeters).
Sex Head-body Tail Hind foot Hand Ear Weight
Male (holotype) 207 350 64 43 34 375 g
Male 198 341 63 42 32 -
Male 212 376 63 41 - 315 g
Male 226 356 66 44 30 -
Female 211 346 59 42 37 -
Female 214 339 66 38 - 390 g
Female 226 356 64 46 - 405 g
10 Callithrix mauesi sp.n.
TYPE LOCALITY AND PRESUMED DISTRIBUTION
OF CALLITHRIX MAUESI
A
Distribution based on Type locality
Information from people
working in region
Figure5.LocationofthetypelocalityandpresumeddistributionofCallithrixmauesiincentralBrazilian
Amazônia (iliustration by Stepben D. Nash).