A New Latin Syntax

289 Pages·1959·7.771 MB·English

by  E.C. Woodcock

A NEW
LATIN SYNTAX
E. C. WOODCOCK,
M.A.
Professor of Latin in the Durham Colleges
Sometime Scholar of St John's College, Cambridge
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
First Published 1959
© 1959 E. C. Woodcock
Printed in Great”Britain
Preface
This book began as a series of notes on Latin syntax drafted at the re­
quest of Professor W. H. Semple of Manchester for the purpose of
standardizing the teaching to the numerous sections of the then large
Intermediate Class. These notes have been supplemented by sections
of more advanced discussion drawn from lectures on historical Latin
syntax to Honours classes.
In a work drawn up with a view to specific teaching requirements it
is to be expected that there will be examples of unevenness and omis­
sions. If some sections appear to be laboured, it is because they deal
with constructions in which mistakes continue to be made even by
Honours students right up to the end of their course.
It is natural that much is owed to the criticism and advice of colleagues
at weekly meetings. I owe much to colleagues at both Manchester and
Durham, and it would be difficult to make acknowledgement to indi­
viduals. Nevertheless my thanks are due to the following in particular.
Without the encouragement of Professor Semple this work might never
have been attempted. To Professor W. B. Anderson of Cambridge I
owe a special debt. As a lecturer under him in Manchester I learned
the meaning of accurate scholarship. When I first began this book, he
consented to read through the earlier draft of the first eight chapters,
and in the light of his careful, searching, but kindly criticism these
chapters have been re-written several times. For any errors that remain
in them he is certainly not to blame. For these, as for the rest, I must
take full responsibility.
Finally, I must acknowledge my debt to my colleague at Durham,
Mr. N. E. Collinge, who has read through the proofs and given me the
benefit of his philological knowledge.
E. c. WOODCOCK
Durham, September 1958.
V

Contents
PREFACE page V
INTRODUCTION XV
I THE ACCUSATIVE CASE I
1-3: Adverbial and grammatical uses. 4: History of prepositions. 5-9:
Accusative of the goal. 10-12: Extent or duration. 13-4: Accusative of
internal object. 15: Accusative in apposition to sentence. 16: Construc­
tion of acc. with rogo (posco), doceo, celo. 17: Two accusatives with one
verb. 18: Acc. with adire, doleo, fruor, etc. 19: Poetic uses of accusative
under the influence of Greek.
II THE INFINITIVE MOOD. ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE
NOUN-PHRASE 14
21-2: Historic Infinitive. 22-4: Prolative infinitive. 25: Origin of ac­
cusative and infinitive noun-phrase. 26: The infinitive with adjectives.
27 : Less usual uses of the infinitive. 28 : The infinitive expressing pur­
pose. 29 : The accusative and infinitive in Oratio Obliqua. 30-32: Tenses
of the infinitive in O. O. 33-4: Nominative with infinitive. 35: Quod-
clauses instead of acc. and infin. in O. O. 36 : The reflexives se and suus.
37 : Use of ipse.
Ill THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ABLATIVE CASE 26
38-9: Classification of ablative uses. 40-42: True ablative or Trom’-case
expressing starting-point, agent, material, source, etc. 43-8: Sociative-
Instrumental functions, denoting instrument, price and value, accom­
paniment, manner, etc. 49-50: The ablative absolute. 51-3: Locatival
functions of the ablative. 54: Ablative of time. 55: Ablative of respect.
vii
CONTENTS
IV THE FUNCTIONS OF THE DATIVE CASE. IMPERSONAL
PASSIVE OF VERBS 38
56-9: General remarks on dative. 58: Summary of uses of dative. 59:
Dative with intransitive verbs. 60: The impersonal passive of verbs tak­
ing the dative. 61 : Dative of the indirect object. 62: Compound verbs
taking the dative. 63: Dative denoting possession. 64: Dative of advan­
tage and disadvantage. 65: Dative of the Person Judging. 66: Ethic
dative. 67 : Dative of the end aimed at and result achieved. 68 : Predica­
tive dative.
V THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GENITIVE CASE 50
69-71: General remarks on the genitive. 72: Summary of adjectival
uses : possessive, subjective, objective, partitive, definition, description.
73 : Summary of adverbial uses : with verbs of remembering, etc ; with
compleo, misereor, taedet, etc; with legal expressions; genitive of refer­
ence. 74-6: Further remarks on objective and subjective genitive. 77:
Notes on the partitive genitive.
VI FURTHER USES OF THE ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE 61
78-9: The ablative of comparison. 80: The conjunction quam in expres­
sions of comparison. 81 : The ablative v. quam in expressions of com­
parison. 82: Ablative of measure of difference. 83: Ablative of Descrip­
tion (Quality). 84-5: Genitive of Description (Quality). 86-7: Ablative
and genitive in expressions of price and value.
VII THE USE OF PARTICIPLES 70
88: General remarks: adjectival v. adverbial or predicative uses. 89:
The tenses of the participles. 90-92: The participle = an adverbial
clause. 93 : Participial phrases in the ablative absolute. 94 : The participle
after verbs of perceiving. 95 : Participial phrase = noun-clause. 96 :
Further notes on predicative participle in agreement with noun. 97:
Adjectival uses. 98: The participle = a relative clause. 99: Present
participle predicated with sum. 100: Perfect participle with sum. 101:
The participle used as a noun. 102: Notes on unusual uses of present
participle. 103: Notes on the perfect participle. 104: The future par­
ticiple.
viii
CONTENTS
VIII THE MOODS. THE SUBJUNCTIVE USED INDEPENDENTLY 83
105: Indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. 106-8: Classification of
subjunctive uses. 109-112: The jussive subjunctive. 113-117: The
optative subjunctive in wishes. 118—121: The potential subjunctive.
IX ALTERNATIVES TO THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN EXPRESSIONS
OF DUTY, NECESSITY, PERMISSION, POSSIBILITY.
DIRECT COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS 92
122: Modal and auxiliary verbs in Latin and English. 123: Methods of
expressing duty, obligation, necessity. 124: Permission. 125: Possibility.
126-130: Direct commands and prohibitions.
X THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. FINAL
NOUN-CLAUSES 98
131-3: Parataxis and hypotaxis. Subordinating conjunctions, etc. 134:
The jussive subjunctive subordinated - Final clauses. 135: The de­
liberative subjunctive subordinated - Indirect questions. 136-7 : The
potential subjunctive subordinated - Consecutive clauses. 138: The
optative subjunctive subordinated - Clauses of fearing, si-clauses. 139:
Final noun-clauses (indirect commands). 140: Sequence of tenses. 141:
Iubeo, veto, sino. 142: Examples and notes on final noun-clauses. 143:
Constructions of moneo, suadeo, persuadeo. 144-5: Constructions with
verbs of resolving: statuo, constituo, decerno. 146: Final noun-clause =
internal object.
XI FINAL RELATIVE AND ADVERB-CLAUSES. OTHER
METHODS OF EXPRESSING PURPOSE. THE SUPINE 108
147: Qui and ut as subordinating conjunctions. 148: Final çwz-clauses.
149: Final ut- and we-clauses. 150: Final clauses introduced by quo with
a comparative; quominus. 151: Alternative methods of expressing pur­
pose. 152-3: The Supine. 154: Supine with iri = future infinitive
passive.
XII GENERIC AND CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES 114
155: Descriptive çwz-clauses. 156: Descriptive or generic clauses de­
veloping a causal, concessive, limiting, and consecutive sense. 157 : Ex­
amples and notes. 158: Clauses where it is doubtful whether the subj.
is final or consecutive. 159: Causal and concessive ^wz-clauses with the
indicative.
IX
CONTENTS
XIII CONSECUTIVE ADVERB-CLAUSES AND NOUN-CLAUSES 120
160-161: Development of consecutive wr-clause. 162-3: Tenses of the
subjunctive in consecutive wt-clauses. >164-5: Difference between im­
perfect and perfect subj. in consecutive clauses. 166 : Consecutive clause
after comparative quant. 167 : Consecutive wt-clause used with restrictive,
concessive, or stipulative effect. 168: Consecutive noun-clauses: accidit
ut,fore ut, fieri potest ut, tantum abest ut, etc.
XIV QUESTIONS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT 127
169 : The indicative in direct questions : ‘word’-questions and ‘sentence’-
questions. 170: The interrogative particles. 171: The Latin for ‘yes’ and
‘no’. 172-4: The subjunctive in direct questions: types of deliberative:
examples and notes. 175: Repudiating deliberatives. 176: The potential
subjunctive in questions. 177 : Development of indirect question noun­
clause: indirect deliberatives. 178: Indirect questions of fact. 179: In­
dicative in indirect questions of fact in early Latin: extension of sub­
junctive to these. 180: Sequence of tenses of subjunctive in indirect
questions of fact. 181: Simple tense of subjunctive for periphrastic. 182:
Particles introducing indirect questions. 183: Representation of poten­
tial subjunctive in indirect questions (-urus fuerim, etc.).
XV THE CONJUNCTIONS ‘QUOMINUS’ AND ‘QUIN’.
CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING 140
184: Quominus introducing clauses after verbs of hindering and pre­
venting. 185-6: The conjunction quin. 187: Examples and notes. 188:
Verbs of fearing followed by ne or ut or ne non. 189: Clauses expressing
fear after other expressions, e.g. periculum est, etc. 190 : The infinitive
and accusative and infinitive after verbs and expressions of fearing.
XVI CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 147
191: Open’ conditions. 192: Conditions implying denial. 193: Ex­
amples of the eight normal types. 194: Open conditions, ‘particular’ and
‘general’. 195: The subjunctive in generalizing conditions. 196: The
subjunctive in generalizing clauses containing an idea of repetition. 197 :
‘Ideal’ and ‘Unreal’ conditions. 198: The present and perfect subjunc­
tive in conditions referring to the present. 199: The imperfect subjunc­
tive in conditions referring to the past. 200: The indicative in the
apodosis of ‘unreal’ conditions.
X
CONTENTS
XVII THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 157
201 : The gerund, a verbal noun. 202: The gerundive, a verbal adjective.
203: The gerundive expressing necessity. 204: The gerundive used im­
personally. 205: Summary of uses of the gerund. 206: The gerundive
replacing the gerund. 207 : Summary of the uses of the gerundive.
XVIII IMPERSONAL VERBS 166
208: General remarks. 209: Impersonal verbs with the genitive of the
thing and the accusative of the person. 210: Impersonal verbs with an
infinitive, noun-phrase, or noun-clause as subject. 211: Impersonal
verbs and expressions with the dative of the person concerned. 212:
Notes on licet. 213: Refert and interest.
XIX TEMPORAL CLAUSES 172
214: General remarks. 215: Temporal clauses indicating ‘time after
which’: postquam, ubi, etc. 216: Notes on the conjunctions postquam,
ubi, ut, simulae. 217: Examples and notes on the tenses. 218: Temporal
clauses expressing contemporaneous action: dum, donee, quoad, quamdiu.
219: ‘While’ = ‘as long as’. 220: ‘So long as’ — ‘provided that’. 221:
Dum — ‘while yet’ or ‘during the time that’. 222: ‘Until’. 223: Dum,
donee, quoad — ‘until’, with indicative. 224 : Dum, donee, quoad = ‘un­
til’, with the subjunctive. 225 : Temporal clauses expressing ‘time before
which’ : priusquam, antequam. 226 : Antequam and priusquam referring to
the present. 227 : Antequam and priusquam referring to the future. 228 :
Antequam and priusquam referring to the past.
XX RELATIVE CLAUSES AND THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF
‘cum’ (‘quom’) 187
229: The conjunction quom or cum. 230: Summary of types of qui-
clause. 231: The parallel constructions of cum. 232: ‘Determinative’
cww-clauses. 233: Generalizing cwm-clauses. 234: ‘Descriptive’ or ‘char­
acterizing’ cMTM-clauses. 235 : The extension of the generic subjunctive
to temporal cum in narrative. 236 : Cum in a causal or concessive sense.
237: Cum as a connexion {cum inversum). 238: Cum answering the
question ‘How long?’ or ‘How long since?’ 239: Summary of uses of
tenses and moods with temporal cum.
CONTENTS
XXI CAUSALAND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 196
240: The moods in causal clauses. 241 : The causal conjunctions: quod,
quia, quoniam, quando, siquidem. 242: Examples and notes. 243: Re­
pudiated reasons (non quo . . . sed quia . . .). 244: Concessive clauses in­
troduced by etsi, etiamsi, tametsi. 245: Quamquam. 246-7: Quamvis.
248: Licet. 249: Examples and notes.
XXII CLAUSES OF COMPARISON 205
250: Classification of comparative clauses. 251: The comparative con­
junctions: quam, ut, atque, etc.·, tantus - quantus, talis - qualis, etc. 252:
Comparative clauses of degree. 253: Comparative clauses of manner.
254: Conditional or ‘unreal’ comparative clauses. 255: Tenses of the
subjunctive in ‘unreal’ comparisons. 256-261: Further examples and
notes.
XXIII REMARKS ON REPORTED SPEECH 214
262: The different types of reported speech. 263: Direct quotation with
inquam. 264: Dico, loquor, aio, respondeo, exclamo introducing direct
speech. 265: The two kinds of indirect speech. 266: Main clauses in
O. O. 267-271 : Rhetorical questions in O. O.
XXIV SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ‘O. O.’ 223
272: Normal rules governing the tenses of the subjunctive in subordin­
ate clauses in O. O. 273 : Examples and notes (original primary tense of
subjunctive in subordinate clause). 274: Examples of retention of
original imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after primary governing
verb. 275: Subjunctive representing original indicative: primary. 276:
Ditto: historic. 277-8: Representation in O. O. of original subordinate
future indicative. 279: Excursus on apparent exceptions to the rules of
sequence.
XXV CONDITIONAL CLAUSES IN ‘o. O.’ ‘REPRAESENTATIO’,
ETC. 234
280: The eight normal types of conditional clause converted to O. O.
281 : ‘Unreal’ conditions in O. O., when the verb is passive. 282: Notes
and examples : imperfect subjunctive in apodosis represented by -urum
fuisse·, no distinction between ‘ideal’ and ‘future vivid’, etc. 283Repre­
sentation in O. O. of ‘unreal’ indicative apodoses. 284: Repraesentatio.
285: Virtual O. O. 286-8: Circumstances under which the indicative is
retained in subordinate clauses in O. O. 289: Relative clauses in the
accusative and infinitive in O. O.
xii