A New History of Medieval French Literature Rethinking Theory Stephen G. Nichols and Victor E. Taylor, Series Editors A New History of Medieval French Literature JACQUELINE CERQUIGLINI-TOULET Translated by SARA PREISIG The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Originally published as “Moyen Âge,” in La littérature française: dynamique et histoire, edited by Jean-Yves Tadié. © 2007 Éditions Gallimard, Paris. ©2011 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2011 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Cerquiglini-Toulet, Jacqueline. A new history of medieval French literature / Jacqueline Cerquiglini-Toulet. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13:978-1-4214-0303-8 (hardcover : acid-free paper) isbn-10:1-4214-0303-x (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. French literature—To 1500—History and criticism. I. Title. pq156.c472011 840.9'001—dc22 2011011228 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible. contents Translator’s Note vii Introduction 1 part i: writing in the middle ages 1 The Materiality of Writing 15 2 TheQuestion of the Author 20 3 The Work and Its Audiences 38 4 The Work and Its Milieux 56 part ii: the field of literature 5 The Subject Matter 65 6 The Paths to Writing 80 7 Modes of Composition 100 8 Models of Writing 107 part iii: building the sense 9 TheQuestion of Literary Heritage 115 Conclusion: The Incubation Period 129 Chronology 135 Notes 147 Bibliography 149 This page intentionally left blank translator’s note In translating the present work, I have attempted to stay close to the original text while giving it an American style. For the major works cited by Jacqueline Cerquiglini-Toulet, I have used existing translations, which are included in the bibliography. For the other numerous texts quoted throughout this work, I have supplied my own translations. I would like to thank Yvonne Lucero and Peter Dreyer for their invalu- able proofreading and stylistic suggestions as well as Florian Preisig, who gave up much of his own research time to tirelessly read and reread this translation for content as well as form. Any remaining typographical or stylistic errors fall directly to me. This page intentionally left blank A New History of Medieval French Literature