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A New history of Ireland VOLume 2 Medieval Ireland 1169-1534 PDF

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A NEW HISTORY OF IRELAND UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY PLANNED AND ESTABLISHED BY THE LATE T. W. MOODY BOARD OF EDITORS F. J. BYRNE W. E. VAUGHAN ART COSGROVE J. R. HILL DÁIBHÍ Ó CRÓINÍN II MEDIEVAL IRELAND 1169-1534 A NEW HISTORY OF IRELAND UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY PLANNED AND ESTABLISHED BY THE LATE T. W. MOODY Vol. I Prehistoric and early Ireland Vol. II Medieval Ireland (1169—1534) Vol. Ill Early modern Ireland (1534—1691) Vol. IV Eighteenth-century Ireland (1691—1800) Vol. V Ireland under the union, I (1801—70) Vol. VI Ireland under the union, II (1870—1921) Vol. VII Ireland, 1921-84 Vol. VIII A chronology of Irish history to 1976: a companion to Irish history, I Vol. IX Maps, genealogies, lists: a companion to Irish history, II A NEW HISTORY OF I R E L A ND II MEDIEVAL IRELAND 1169-1534 EDITED BY ART COSGROVE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 OOP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1987, 1993 on behalf of the editors and contributors The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 1987 Second impression published 1993 First published in paperback 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Ashford Colour Press, Gosport, Hampshire ISBN 978-0-19-821755-8 (Hbk.) 978-0-19-953970-3 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 79 10 8 6 42 PREFACE TO THE SECOND IMPRESSION OUR confidence in this volume has been vindicated by the need to prepare a second impression, and we have taken the opportunity to make a number of minor amendments. The substantial bibliographical supplement, compiled by Peter Asplin, indicates the extent of research and publication in the field of medieval Irish history since this volume first appeared. In deciding on forms of names we have followed the guidelines in volume vin (PP 4"S)- A Middle Irish standard has been adopted for the period up to 1333, but classical Modern Irish forms have been used thereafter, for example, Aed Ó Conchobair (d. 1233) but Aodh Ó Conchobhair (d. 1363). Irish plurals or collectives have been avoided in favour of anglicised plurals such as 'the O'Neills' and 'the O'Briens' or circumlocutions such as 'the Mac Fir Bhisigh family'. Place-names have been given in their current English form (as used by the Ordnance Survey) except where obscure or unidentifiable. Once again we thank Dr John A. Mulcahy, of New York, and the directors of the American Irish Foundation, for the generous financial help that enabled us to carry out much-needed research in the early stages of work on this volume. In our original preface we recorded with sorrow the deaths of Françoise Henry (10 February 1982), Michael Dolley (29 March 1983), and Alan Bliss (24 November 1985); we have now, with great regret, to add the name of James Carney (7 July 1989). All made unique contributions to their fields of study, and we are grateful that their work appears in this volume. We again acknowledge with gratitude the indispensable support of the late C. S. Andrews in setting the New History project in motion. F. X. MARTIN F.J. BYRNE W. E. VAUGHAN ART COSGROVE J. R. HILL Royal Irish Academy J7 October 7997 This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS PREFACE V CONTRIBUTORS XXÍV MAPS XXVÍ ILLUSTRATIONS XXVÜ ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS XXXÍ INTRODUCTION: MEDIEVAL IRELAND by F. X. Martin xlix I THE TREMBLING SOD: IRELAND IN 1169 by F. J.Byrne Disorder in early medieval Europe i Tribal anarchy': Orpen, MacNeill, O'Grady 4 Kingship and authority 5 The high-kingship 6 The collapse of Meath 8 Provincial partitions 9 'Feudalisation' of Irish society: war, labour, land, and charters 10 Ulster and the North 14 The Irish Sea, Man, and the Isles 18 Meath 19 Leinster 21 Dublin 26 Munster 28 Connacht 33 Continuity and change 37 Northern conservatism 37 Nostalgia and change in literature 39 Dynastic marriage 41 Henry II as agent of reform 42 II DIARMAIT MAC MURCHADA AND THE COMING OF THE ANGLO-NORMANS byF.X.Martin Conventional misrepresentation 43 Nationalist tradition 43 False analogy with conquest in England 44 A revolution in writing: Gerald of Wales; The song of Dermot and the earl' 45 Irish Annals 47 Diarmait Mac Murchada: differing interpretations 48 viii CONTENTS Church reform and Anglo-Norman influence 49 Norman secular influence before 1169 52 Indigenous religious reform: St Malachy, Flaithbertach Ua Brolchain, St Lorcán Ua Tuathail 54 The Schottenklóster 55 Anglo-Norman intervention: the council of Winchester, 1155 56 John of Salisbury and the bull Laudabiliter 57 St Bernard of Clairvaux and Gerald of Wales: a dark picture of Ireland 59 Mac Murchada and the politics of the Irish Sea 61 Mac Murchada's zenith, 1162 62 Defeat and death of Somarlaide, 1164; of Mac Lochlainn, 1165; Mac Mur- chada expelled from Ferns 62 Mac Murchada leaves for Bristol, August 1166 63 Contact with Henry II; permission to enlist help in 'Angevin empire' 64 Strongbow, the fitz Geralds, Rhys ap Grufíydd, and fitz Stephen 65 Mac Murchada returns to Ui Chennselaig, August 1167 66 III ALLIES AND AN OVERLORD, 1169-72 by F.X.Martin Fitz Stephen to the relief of Mac Murchada, May 1169 67 Hervey de Montmorency and Strongbow's involvement 68 First landing; Wexford capitulates 69 Campaign against Mac Gilla Pátraic; Prendergast defects 69 Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair intervenes 71 Mac Murchada in control of Leinster 72 Campaign in support of Domnall Mor Ua Briain 72 Raymond le Gros lands at Baginbun, August 1170 72 Defeat of the Waterford Norse and their allies 73 Strongbow's expedition; siege and capture of Waterford 74 Mac Murchada and Strongbow march on Dublin 76 Negotiations: Dublin captured 77 Campaign against Tigernan Ua Ruairc 78 Mac Murchada dies, c. May 1171 79 The MacCarthys attack Waterford 79 Henry II and the prospects for Anglo-Norman colonists 80 Unsuccessful Norse counter-attack on Dublin 82 Ua Conchobair and his allies invest Dublin 82 Ua Conchobair's ultimatum rejected; de Cogan's sortie; the siege raised 83 Fitz Stephen captured by Wexford Norse 85 Strongbow secures his position in Leinster; leaves Ireland 86 Agreement between Henry II and Strongbow at Pembroke 87 CONTENTS ix Henry's expedition, October 1171 87 Fitz Stephen rescued 88 Submission of Irish rulers to Henry 89 The council of Cashel, 1172; the Irish hierarchy supports Henry 91 The papacy and Henry's Irish policy 92 Henry's charter and the Bristol connection with Dublin 94 Henry's return to England, spring 1172 96 Hugh de Lacy as Henry's representative 96 IV OVERLORD BECOMES FEUDAL LORD, 1172-85 by F. X. Martin Henry's affairs in equilibrium 98 De Lacy and Strongbow in Ireland 98 Assistance from Ireland to Henry in the Angevin dominions; battle of Forn- ham, August 1173; Scottish king captured, July 1174 99 Strongbow's agreement with Raymond le Gros, 1173; campaigns in Munster 102 Domnall Mor Ua Briain attacks Kilkenny, late 1173; Anglo-Norman reverses at Thurles and Waterford 103 Ua Conchobair marches on Dublin; Raymond's counter-offensive 104 Anglo-Norman reprisals; Raymond's expedition to Limerick, October 1175; city captured 105 Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair's negotiations with Henry; treaty of Windsor, October 1175 106 Anglo-Normans at Limerick besieged by Ua Briain, 1176; relieved by Ray- mond; death of Strongbow, May 1176; Limerick turned over to Ua Briain and destroyed 109 Failure of treaty of Windsor; council of Oxford, May 1177 110 Ireland within the 'Angevin empire' 110 Arrangements for a lordship under John 111 Anglo-Norman takeover in Desmond, late 1177; failure in Thomond 112 John de Courcy in Ulster, 1177-81 114 Cardinal Vivian and the synod of Dublin, 1177 116 Royal representatives: Hugh de Lacy 117 Lorcán Ua Tuathail as archbishop of Dublin 118 Ua Tuathail dies, 14 November 1180; the way cleared for John's lordship 120 John's entourage and appurtenances 122 John's expedition to Ireland, April-December 1185 123 Hugh de Lacy and John; de Lacy's murder 125 A kingdom of Ireland? 126 V JOHN, LORD OF IRELAND, 1185-1216 byF.X.Martin W. L. Warren's interpretation 127 Continuity of royal policy 128

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