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Е. Е. R E C H IT S K A Y А A LITTLE ON AUTOMOBILES Order of the Red Banner of Labour MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENCE MOSCOW — 1972 Е. Е. РЕЧИЦКАЯ Н Е М Н О Г О об А В Т О М О Б И Л Я Х (на ан гл и й с к ом языке) Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени ВОЕННОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО МИНИСТЕРСТВА ОБОРОНЫ СССР МОСКВА-1972 ОТ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВА Книга «Немного об автомобилях» (“A little on automobiles”) имеет целью познакомить читателя с ос новной автомобильной терминологией и подготовить его к чтению и переводу литературы на английском языке по автомобильной специальности. В книгу включены статьи о (развитии автомобильной промышленности в СССР, об устройстве и эксплуата ции автомобиля, материалы по вождению и правилам уличного движения, описания различных маршрутов путешествий по Советскому Союзу на автомобиле с краткими сведениями о советских автомобильных заво дах, а также диалоги, короткие заметки из периодиче ской печати на различные темы, небольшие юмористи ческие рассказы и шутки. В книге много схем по уст ройству автомобиля, карт и юмористических картинок. В конце книги дается англо-русский словарь. Книга рассчитана на широкий круг читателей, изу чающих английский язык. Она может быть использо вана для самостоятельной работы, а также в качестве пособия 'в различных учебных заведениях. Все отзывы и пожелания по содержанию и оформ лению книги просим направлять по адресу: 103160, Москва, К-160, Военное издательство. DO YOU KNOW .... that the most popular profession in our country is that of DRIVER? THERE ARE OVER TWELVE MILLION DRIVERS IN THE USSR. DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN THE USSR Before World War I only a few automobiles were produced in Russia at Machine-Building Works in Mos cow, Petersburg, Riga and Orel. Most of them were pro duced in Riga at the Russian-Baltic Railway Works. During six years (1910—1915) only 451 cars and a few score of trucks were delivered. At the outbreak of World War I the number of ve hicles in Russia did not exceed 10,000 units, mostly of foreign make, among them 2,000 trucks. In 1916 efforts were made to build some Motor Works in Russia, but none of them ever got down to com mercial operation. It was only after the Great October Socialist Revolu tion that automotive industry began developing in our country. In 1924 the first Soviet trucks — ten AMO-F-15 came off the assembly lines and took part in the holiday parade on the Red Square in Moscow. Very few vehicles were produced at that time (1924—1931) at three plants — in Moscow, at the AMO Works (now the I. A. Likhachev Motor Works), at the Yaroslavl Motor Works and at the Moscow Motor Works “Spartak” which produced compact cars (1927—1930). In 1931 only 4,005 vehicles had been produced in our country. The drive to boost automobile production and bring out a range of cars began in 1932. In Nizhni-Novgorod (now Gorky) new Motor Works appeared which planned to manufacture at least 150,000 vehicles a year. The Mos cow Automobile Works underwent reconstruction to turn out up to 25,000 automobiles, 5 Five years later (in 1937) the Soviet Union was the first in Europe and the second in the world (after the USA) in the production of trucks. In two years the pre-war level of production was reached — up to 201,700 vehicles. At the Gorky, Moscow and Yaroslavl Works trucks, buses and special service cars of all types came off the assembly lines as well as passenger cars — big, medium and compact. The highly developed automo tive industry was able to meet the requirements of natio nal economy. It played a great role in supplying the So viet Army in wartime. World War II and the subsequent Great Patriotic War held back the development of automotive industry in our country. The Moscow Motor Works was evacuated to the East. Later on, new Automobile Works appeared on the basis of its workshops in Ulyanovsk, Miass, Shadrinsk and Chelyabinsk. After the Great Patriotic War the pre-war level of automotive industry w;as not only reached, but even surpassed in 1949 (276,000 vehicles). During the three Five-Year-Plan periods (1951— 1965) the production of cars was doubled, and in 1965 it reached the level of 616.000 units. Until 1965 mainly trucks were manufactured. They made up 62% of the total production of vehicles in the USSR, as compared to 20% in the USA, Federal German Republic, England, France and Italy. Our country held the third place in the world and the first place in Europe in the production of trucks (data of 1968). We still hold the first place in the world in the production of buses. The average capacity of trucks produced in the USSR is about 4 tons, while in the USA it does . not exceed 2.36 tons. Soviet trucks which are highly reliable are being exported to many foreign countries. Prospects In 1965 the Soviet automotive industry entered a new period of rapid development. During the eighth Five-Year- Plan period (1965—1970) the output of vehicles increased 1.5 times. In 1970 over 344,000 cars, 525,000 trucks and 47.000 buses were produced by the Soviet automotive in dustry, approximately twice as many as in the preceding period. 6 The new plants alone which began operating in 1970 put out over 178,000 vehicles. In 1971 a total of over 1.1 million automobiles was reached. The tempo of automobile production will increase considerably during the ninth Five-Year-Plan period. Essential progress is expected in the output of cars (3.5—3.8 times more than before). The Volzhsky Motor Works released its first cars in 1970, and five years later it will produce 660,000 com fortable five-seat saloons “Zhiguli” per year. The Moscow Leninsky Komsomol Works is being re constructed with subsequent increase of output which will be stepped up to 200,000 cars per year. The construction of the Izhevsk Works is being completed. Its output of compact cars will be increased to 150,000 vehicles a year. The Gorky, Ulyanovsk and Zaporozhsky Works are being expanded. In 1975 they will put out up to 1.2—1.3 million vehicles. The output of buses will also increase with the con struction of a new automobile in Yelgava. Its production will be five times greater as compared to the Riga Auto mobile Works. A special plant producing small tourist vans (cara vans) for motorists has been built in the capital of Ar menia — Yerevan. A whole group of workshops is being built on the ri ver Kama in the town of Naberezhny Chelny that will manufacture three-axle trucks of high capacity (up to 8—11 tons). By the end of the ninth Five-Year-Plan pe riod it will produce 150,000 vehicles per year. Further specialization of present Automobile Works and construction of associate plants of the Likhachev and the Gorky Automobile Works as well as some new unit and automobile erecting workshops will notably increase the output of powerful and speedy trucks. In 1975 over 785,000 trucks will be produced in our country. The total output of automobiles will reach two million units by 1975, i. e. it will be doubled. Such are the prospects of development of automotive industry in the USSR, scheduled by the XXIV Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. V. S. PROZOROV, Engineer-Colonel MOTORCAR DESIGN TECHNICAL DESIGN OF THE MOTORCAR There are numerous types of motorcars. It is impos sible to describe their particular construction in detail. But the classification into groups with respect to their general construction may be undertaken. These are mo torcars with carburettor engines and motorcars with die sel engines. Every motorcar has the following components: engine, power train, chassis and body. Passenger car легковой автомобиль 1 — engine двигатель; 2 — fuel tank топливный бак; 3 — rear axle задний мост; 4 — propeller shaft карданный вал; 5 — steering co lumn рулевая колонка; 6 — change-speed gear коробка передач; 7 — (storage) battery аккумуляторная батарея; 8 — radiator ра диатор 8 ENGINE The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. In gene ral, internal-combustion engines are used operating with some fuel (petrol, benzol, diesel oil). Depending on their combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classi fied as carburettor engines and diesel engines. Sometimes, the carburettor engines are called light- oil engines and the diesel engines are called heavy-oil engines. Another difference results from the working method of the internal-combustion engine. A difference is made between four-stroke cycle engines and two-stroke cycle engines. The engine is assembled of various cast pieces: its foundation and main stationary body is formed by the cy linder block with the top portion of the crankcase to which the cylinder heads and the bottom portion of the crankcase are bolted. The crankcase with its main bear ings houses the crank-drive assembly, comprising the pi stons, the wrist-pins, the connecting rods and the crank shaft. Besides, the valves, valve-operating mechanism with camshaft, control gears and valve tappets, ignition system, carburettor, water pump, fan, fuel feed pump and oil pump are parts of the engine. Arrangement and number of cylinders in the engine are decisive for its external shape. There are motorcar engines with two, three, four, six, eight, twelve and more cylinders arranged in various forms to each other. In most cases they are arranged in one block (cylinder block). The chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy by the expansion of the gases and by the interaction of the various engine components. The piston sliding in the cylinder under the impulse of the expanding gas exerts a pressure and transmits it to the crankshaft via the connecting rod, and converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotating mo tion of the crankshaft. The pistons are equipped with pi 9 ston rings for better sealing between pistons and cylinder wall and in order to prevent any seizing of the pistons. Carburettor engine карбюраторный двигатель / — fan belt ремень вентилятора; 2 — generator генератор; 3 — fan вентилятор; 4 — piston pin поршневой палец; 5 — small end of connecting rod верхняя головка шатуна; 6 — water jacket водяная рубашка; 7 — spark plug свеча зажигания; 8 — cylinder цилиндр; 9 — piston поршень; 10 — poppet-valve тарельчатый клапан; 11 — exhaust manifold выхлопной сборник; 12 — inlet manifold всасы вающий коллектор; 13 — flywheel маховик; 14 — main bearing ко ренной подшипник; 15 — oil pan поддон картера; 16 — crankshaft коленчатый вал; 17 — camshaft распределительный вал; 18 — cam кулачок; 19 — tappet толкатель; 20 — big end of connecting rod нижняя головка шатуна; 21 — main bearing коренной подшипник; 22 — journal коренная шейка (вала) The small end of the connecting rod is rotatably con nected to the piston by the piston pin. The big end of the connecting rod is also rotatably connected with the crank shaft. The flywheel is located on the rear end of the crank shaft. It is equipped with a toothed rim for meshing with the starter pinion. Piston with piston pin, connecting rod Ю