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A Linkage Network for the California Deserts © 2007 John White February 2012 A Linkage Network for the California Deserts February 2012 Prepared by: Kristeen Penrod Paul Beier Emily Garding Clint Cabanero This report was made possible with financial support from the The Wildlands Conservancy and the Bureau of Land Management. Results and information in this report are advisory and intended to assist local jurisdictions, agencies, organizations, and property owners in making decisions regarding protection of ecological resources and habitat connectivity in the area. Preferred Citation: Penrod, K., P. Beier, E. Garding, and C. Cabañero. 2012. A Linkage Network for the California Deserts. Produced for the Bureau of Land Management and The Wildlands Conservancy. Produced by Science and Collaboration for Connected Wildlands, Fair Oaks, CA www.scwildlands.org and Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/pb1/. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………….………………………………………………….1 Nature Needs Room to Roam……………………..……………………………………………………1 Patterns of Habitat Conversion………………………………………………………………………….1 California Desert Connectivity Project: A Vision for the Mojave and Sonoran Ecoregions……….2 Previous Connectivity Planning Efforts…………………………………………………………………3 Existing Conservation Investments in the California Deserts………………………………………..4 Ecological Significance of the California Deserts…………………………………………………..…4 Chapter 2. Conservation Planning Approach………..…………………………………………….8 Stakeholder Engagement………………………………………………………………………………..9 Focal Species Selection………………………………………………………………………………….9 Compilation of Digital Data Layers…………………………………………………………………….10 Define the Analysis Area……………………………………………………………………………….11 Delineate Corridors for Focal Species………………………………………………………………..12 Delineate Land Facet Corridors to Provide Connectivity in a Changing Climate……………..…14 Evaluate and Refine the Preliminary Linkage Designs…………………………………………..…18 Field Investigations……………………………………………………………………………………..20 Chapter 3. Linkages for Species: Landscape Permeability Analyses…...………………….22 American badger (Taxidea taxus)…………………………………………………………………….24 Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)………………………………………………………………………………28 Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)……………………………………………………………………..31 Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)………………………………………………………………….34 Chapter 4. Linkages for Climate Change: Land Facet Analyses……….…………………….37 Sierra Nevada-China Lake North Range Land Facets……………………………………………...41 Sierra Nevada-China Lake South Range Land Facets………………………………………….….42 China Lake North Range-China Lake South Range Land Facets…………………………………43 China Lake South Range-Edwards Air Force Base Land Facets…………………………………44 China Lake South Range-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman Land Facets…………….45 Edwards Air Force Base-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman Land Facets…………..…46 Edwards Air Force Base-San Gabriel Mountains Land Facets……………………………………47 Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman-San Gabriel Mountains Land Facets….……………48 Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman-San Bernardino Mountains Land Facets…………..49 China Lake South Range-Kingston Mesquite Mountains Land Facets…………………………...50 Kingston Mesquite Mountains-Mojave National Preserve Land Facets…………………………..51 Mojave National Preserve-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman Land Facets……………52 Mojave National Preserve-Stepladder Turtle Mountains Land Facets…………………………….53 Stepladder Turtle Mountains-Palen McCoy Mountains Land Facets……………………………...54 Palen McCoy Mountains-Whipple Mountains Land Facets………………………………………...55 Joshua Tree National Park-Palen McCoy Mountains Land Facets……………………………..…56 Joshua Tree National Park-Chocolate Mountains Land Facets…………………………………...57 Palen McCoy Mountains-Chocolate Mountains Land Facets…………………………………..….58 Palen McCoy Mountains-Little Picacho Land Facets……………………………………………….59 Chocolate Mountains-Little Picacho Land Facets…………………………………………………...60 Chocolate Mountains-East Mesa Land Facets………………………………………………………61 Chapter 5. A Linkage Network for the California Deserts……………….…………………….62 Mountain lion (Puma concolor)………………………………………………………………………...68 American badger (Taxidea taxus)……………………………………………………………………..71 Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis)………………………………………………………………………………..75 Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)…………………………………………………………………………79 Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)……………………………………………………………………..82 Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)…………………………………………………………………….86 Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis)………………………………………………88 Round-tailed ground squirrel (Spermophilus tereticaudus)………………………………………...91 Little Pocket Mouse (Perognathus longimembris)…………………………………………………..94 Desert Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus)…………………………………………………...98 Southern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys torridus)…………………………………………….100 Pallid Bat (Antrozus pallidus)………………………………………………………………………...104 Burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia)………………………………………………………………….108 Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)…………………………………………………………...112 LeConte’s thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei)…………………………………………………………..116 Bendire’s thrasher (Toxostoma bendirei)……………………………………………………………119 Crissal thrasher (Toxostoma crissale)……………………………………………………………….122 Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)………………………………………………….124 Black-tailed gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura)……………………………………………………..127 Greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)…………………………………………………….130 Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)………………………………………………………………...133 Chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus obesus)………………………………………………………….137 Mojave fringe-toed lizard (Uma scoparia)…………………………………………………………..140 Desert night lizard (Xantusia vigilis)…………………………………………………………………144 Desert spiny lizard (Sceloperus magister)………………………………………………………….147 Great Basin collared lizard (Crotaphytus bicinctores)……………………………………………..150 Rosy boa (Lichanura trivirgata)………………………………………………………………………153 Speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii)…………………………………………………………..156 Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus)……………………………………………………………160 Red spotted toad (Anaxyrus punctatus)…………………………………………………………….163 Ford’s swallowtail (Papilo indra fordi)………………………………………………………………..167 Bernardino dotted blue (Euphilotes bernardino)……………………………………………………170 Desert green hairstreak (Callophrys comstocki)……………………………………………………174 Desert metalmark (Apodemia mejicanus)…………………………………………………………..177 Yucca moth (Tegeticula synthetica)…………………………………………………………………180 Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia)………………………………………………………………………..183 Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera)……………………………………………………………………186 Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis)…………………………………………………………………….188 Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima)……………………………………………………………….190 Arrowweed (Pluchea sericea)………………………………………………………………………..193 Western honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)…………………………………………………...196 Big galleta grass (Pleuraphis rigida)…………………………………………………………………199 Catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii)……………………………………………………………………...202 Paper bag bush (Salazaria mexicana)………………………………………………………………205 Chapter 6. Removing and Mitigating Barriers to Movement…………………………………208 Industrial and Urban Development as Barriers to Movement…………………………………….208 Mitigating the Impacts of Industrial & Urban Barriers on Wildlife Linkages……………………..210 Impacts of Roads on Wildlife…………………………………………………………………………212 Impacts of Canals on Wildlife………………………………………………………………………...212 Mitigating the impacts of Roads and Canals on the Linkage Areas……………………………...213 Standards and Guidelines for Wildlife Crossing Structures……………………………………….216 Impediments to Riparian Connectivity……………………………………………………………….218 Mitigating Impediments to Riparian Connectivity…………………………………………………..218 Field Investigations and Recommendations………………………………………………………..220 Sierra Nevada-China Lake North Range……………………………………………………………220 Sierra Nevada-China Lake South Range…………………………………………………………...222 Edwards Air Force Base-Sierra Nevada…………………………………………………………….223 China Lake North Range-China Lake South Range….. ………………………………………….223 China Lake South Range-Edwards Air Force Base……………………………………………….225 China Lake South Range-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman…………………………..225 Edwards Air Force Base-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman……………………………226 Edwards Air Force Base-San Gabriel Mountains…………………………………………………..227 Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman-San Gabriel Mountains……………………………..228 Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman-San Bernardino Mountains………………………...230 China Lake South Range-Kingston Mesquite Mountains…………………………………………231 Kingston Mesquite Mountains-Mojave National Preserve………………………………………...232 Mojave National Preserve-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman………………………….233 Mojave National Preserve-Stepladder Turtle Mountains………………………………………….235 Stepladder Turtle Mountains-Palen McCoy Mountains……………………………………………235 Palen McCoy Mountains-Whipple Mountains………………………………………………………236 Joshua Tree National Park-Palen McCoy Mountains……………………………………………...237 Joshua Tree National Park-Chocolate Mountains………………………………………………….238 Palen McCoy Mountains-Chocolate Mountains…………………………………………………….239 Palen McCoy Mountains-Little Picacho……………………………………………………………..240 Chocolate Mountains-Little Picacho…………………………………………………………………242 Chocolate Mountains-East Mesa…………………………………………………………………….243 Chapter 7. Summary…………………………………………………………………………………245 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………………………………………247 List of Figures Figure 1. Linkage Planning Areas Figure 2. Existing Conservation Investments & Other Major Landholders Figure 3. Major Land Cover Types Figure 4. Least-Cost Corridors Displaying Species Overlap Figure 5. Network of Focal Species Least-Cost Unions Figure 6. Least-Cost Corridors for American badger (Taxidea taxus) Figure 7. Least-Cost Corridors for Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis) Figure 8. Least-Cost Corridors for Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) Figure 9. Least-Cost Corridors for Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Figure 10. Network of Focal Land Facet Least-Cost Unions Figure 11. Land Facets: Sierra Nevada-China Lake North Range Figure 12. Land Facets: Sierra Nevada-China Lake South Range Figure 13. Land Facets: China Lake North Range-China Lake South Range Figure 14. Land Facets: China Lake South Range-Edwards Air Force Base Figure 15. Land Facets: China Lake South Range-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman Figure 16. Land Facets: Edwards Air Force Base-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman Figure 17. Land Facets: Edwards Air Force Base-San Gabriel Mountains Figure 18. Land Facets: Twentynine Palms and Newbery Rodman-San Gabriel Mountains Figure 19. Land Facets: Twentynine Palms and Newbery Rodman-San Bernardino Mountains Figure 20. Land Facets: China Lake South Range-Kingston Mesquite Mountains Figure 21. Land Facets: Kingston Mesquite Mountains-Mojave National Preserve Figure 22. Land Facets: Mojave National Preserve-Twentynine Palms and Newberry Rodman Figure 23. Land Facets: Mojave National Preserve-Stepladder Turtle Mountains Figure 24. Land Facets: Stepladder Turtle Mountains-Palen McCoy Mountains Figure 25. Land Facets: Palen McCoy Mountains-Whipple Mountains Figure 26. Land Facets: Joshua Tree National Park-Palen McCoy Mountains Figure 27. Land Facets: Joshua Tree National Park-Chocolate Mountains Figure 28. Land Facets: Palen McCoy Mountains-Chocolate Mountains Figure 29. Land Facets: Palen McCoy Mountains-Little Picacho Figure 30. Land Facets: Chocolate Mountains-Little Picacho Figure 31. Land Facets: Chocolate Mountains-East Mesa Figure 32. Edits to the Preliminary Linkage Network Figure 33. A Linkage Network for the California Deserts Figure 34. Potential Habitat for Mountain lion (Puma concolor) Figure 35. Potential Habitat for American badger (Taxidea taxus) Figure 36. Potential Habitat for Kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) Figure 37. Potential Habitat for Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) Figure 38. Potential Habitat for Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) Figure 39. Potential Habitat for Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Figure 40. Potential Habitat for Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis) Figure 41. Potential Habitat for Round-tailed ground squirrel (Spermophilus tereticaudus) Figure 42. Patch Configuration for Round-tailed ground squirrel (Spermophilus tereticaudus) Figure 43. Potential Habitat for Little Pocket Mouse (Perognathus longimembris) Figure 44. Potential Habitat for Desert Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus) Figure 45. Patch Configuration for Desert Pocket Mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus) Figure 46. Potential Habitat for Southern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys torridus) Figure 47. Patch Configuration for Southern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys torridus) Figure 48. Potential Habitat for Pallid Bat (Antrozus pallidus) Figure 49. Potential Habitat for Burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) Figure 50. Potential Habitat for Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) Figure 51. Potential Habitat for LeConte’s thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei) Figure 52. Potential Habitat for Bendire’s thrasher (Toxostoma bendirei) Figure 53. Potential Habitat for Crissal thrasher (Toxostoma crissale) Figure 54. Potential Habitat for Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) Figure 55. Patch Configuration for Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) Figure 56. Potential Habitat for Black-tailed gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura) Figure 57. Potential Habitat for Greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) Figure 58. Potential Habitat for Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Figure 59. Potential Habitat for Chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus obesus) Figure 60. Potential Habitat for Mojave fringe-toed lizard (Uma scoparia) Figure 61. Potential Habitat for Desert night lizard (Xantusia vigilis)

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