A Kannada-English school-dictionary : chiefly based on the labours of the Rev. Dr. F. Kittel

1899·27.4 MB·English

by  Bucher, J

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KANNADA-ENGLISH
SCHOOL-DICTIOIARY
chiefly based on the labours of the
Rey. Dr. F. Kittel
BY THE
BUCHER.
Rev. J.
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MANGALORE
BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY
1899
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PRINTED AT THE BASEL MISSION PRESS, MANGALORE.
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PREFACE.
The present work is designed to form a companion volume
to the well known and much appreciated English-Canarese
School-Dictionary, compiled by the Rev. F. Ziegler, The publi-
cation of a Kannacla-English School-Dictionary has for a long
time been a deep-felt desideratum, as the two smaller editions
hitherto extant have but insufficiently served their purpose. The
stupendous work of the Rev. Dr. Kittel, the eminent lexicographer
of the Kannada language, whose unremitting labours have set a
permanent literary monument to the language, standing out in
bold features of historical, etymological and philological, critical
researches for guidance and instruction to litterateurs sti-iving
after Kannada embellishment and scholarship, held out promising
inducements and marked facilities to undertake this work which
is chiefly based upon it.
Plan and arrang-ement To add to the usefulness of the work
:
and to facilitate its use, I deemed it fit to indicate the principles
that have been adopted in arranging the matter and when
launching on new methods I have attempted rather to err on the
side of cautious adherence than on the side of hasty innovation.
I. Orthography: a. Obsolete Letters. These are ea* and C3<,
now universally represented by 5 and f, and have been put in
parantheses immediately after the words in which they occur to
give an insight into their different origin and meaning.
N. B. The double consonant 5^ has been brought to its proper
place and is invariably to be looked up under the letter ^.
h. Sonne. The method of using bindu or sonne indiscrimi-
nately before classified (^(jarglya) and unclassified (cwargiya)
letters sanctioned by former lexicographers, grammarians and
time-honoured practice, has uniformily been adopted, though at
iv;S09765
a
IV PREFACE.
variance with the laws of etymology. These laws have not
seldom to give way to usage and well-established practice. But,
though this convenient mode of representing by sonne the letters
n, n and m, when followed by consonants of their own class, and
the nasals n, and n has been adhered to, the alphabetical order
of words has been maintained uninfringed. Words in which
the Sonne occurs, appear now in their proper place in the alpha-
bet. This may at the beginning occasion a little embarrassment
to those who are accustomed to look up this class of words at
the head of each letter, but all difficulty will with practice
disappear.
c. Orthography proper is yet a neglected field of study.'
The colloquial language, legitimately abounding with provincial
peculiarities, dialectical whimsicalities and vulgar inelegancies,
must ever differ from thfe written language. The lingua litera
should possess a uniform system of spelling, which it has in some
respects not yet accepted, but approving of various spellings as
authors think fit. The four short vowels a, e, i, ii, for instance
^
promiscuously interchange in words like: ^ocSo^, ^a^, ^o:5iS,
uj^, ^s:<o^o, etc or ^f^^i ^^ ^, c'S "^j ^ta^i ^tc or k)oa^,
-«?o, -^, -^, etc. . . .or esL^j, e)S;?^oo, ©si^o, ©ig, etc. . . .or ^XS, ^m s,
elA S, '<%-R S, etc. As most of these forms occur in books, news-
papers and documents, they demand the same attention of being
embodied in the vocabulary which is a mere encumbrance to the
student. Hence a standard orthography is greatly desired.
II. CompoiiiKis. This class of words is very numerous
in the Kannada language and materially contributes to its
copiousness. The largest number of compounds has been re-
ceived from the ductile, flexible and infinitely copious Samskrita
language, so peculiarly adapted to form numberless compounds.
All compounds, irrespective of their origin, whether of pure
Kannada, of Samskrita, of Tadbhava or of any other tongue,
—
have been treated alike, and subordinated to leading words
hyphen denoting the division of the members of the compound.
Many compounds and especially Kannada compounds, as ^^j^&.
PREFACE. V
£3^^uo, dc20©, etc., bad in many instances to be introduced as
independent words wben tbe eupbonic cbanges effected in com-
bining the separate parts would involve too great a task to
recognise tbem. Botb Samskrita noun-compounds, as of e5'^^, e?^^,
=5:^F, S)?», etc., as well as adjectival and adverbial compounds,
as of ?sS, ^^, «?»"^, ?^-^5 etc., have been treated in this manner,
provided the phonetic changes caused by the sandhi of the two
words remained unmodified. Where a phonetic change or an
elision or a permutation of letters took place the compound
was treated as a separate word.
III. Derivatives: a. Unusual Derivatives. It should be
borne in mind that there is, logically speaking, a vast class of
derivatives formed by adding to a primary root etymological
terminations, inflectional affixes, etc., . . .e. g. ^s added to ^^='^(S
^, ^jt^=.^js'^'^; or ?jJ added to ^fj=^^7i:i, o«>=S'^?ij; or f^^
added to ^oz:):i=-^osZ^^ e£)oa!o=e9os5^, £A3t5o=eroS^; or ^o added to
as^o=(35^o^j) S3S? , Zji)=Zj6^-, etc. These being difficult to trace
to their original constituent parts have, of course, been consi-
dered as underived and treated accordingly.
h. Proper derivatives of abstract and personal nouns, where
no hazy uncertainty is felt, terminating in -^^, -^^, -ii, -tSo^,
-7^t3, -a^Bf, -sSjsot:^, -f^J^, -cs'd, etc. have consistently been added
on to the primary word. In incorporating these derivatives
the same method has been employed as with the compound.
Verbal Derivatives of unfrequent occurrence terminating in
-f^?jo, as ^J3?b?ij, TjoiM^Tio, ?3^?So?jo, etc. have been exhibited under
the primary words tfjsgr;, rioija?^, ;6^?^, etc., however with the
alteration of writing the whole word in full to avoid ambiguity
and confusion. Verbs of great importance and frequent usage,
as: <TSiS?7jj, ^€?jo, JjJ^pjo, £3j3?9?jo, etc., have been introduced as in-
dependent words.
IV. Homonyms, of which the Kannacla language embos-
oms a good number, have occasionally been split up under two
or three heads, when they obviously and intelligibly belong to
different roots bearma- the characteristics of distinct derivation.
VI PREFACE.
?IomonymoLis roots involving the sense of a uoun, of a verb and
even eventually of an adverb, as '^'oyj^, ^sg., ^y,??, ^jtri^o, 5o<^-rf, etc.
have been treated under one head with their respective gram-
matical signs.
V. Grammatical significations. For a School-Dictionary
it is a most important feature to indicate the parts of speech, the
determination of which cannot be loft to the discretion of the
pupil. The abbreviated grammatical signs have been added
after the Kannada word. The treatment of the* Samskrita
different verbal derivations that have not yet assumed a definite
part of speech in Kannada has been made subject to the same
method adopted by reliable Samskrita lexicographers. The
abbreviation for ''causative verb", with which the Kannada hmgu-
age can be marvellously enriched, has been expelled as fallen into
disuse and where necessary substituted by "y. t.'' The grammati-
cal signs are only added to the leading word and not to com-
pounds or derivatives being in most cases self-evident.
VI. English equivalents. Special attention has been
paid to the rendering of the English equivalents. Brevity and
conciseness have systematically been aimed at in order to give
a ready-made coin. Considerable pains have also been taken to
contract and condense the equivalents into as fe\v groups as
practicable to facilitate comprehension. Another effort has been
made while arranging the several meanings in order to indicate
their actual growth and development, beginning, if possible, with
the primitive meaning suggested by etymology. It has also been
found recommendable not to adduce too many English equiva-
lents to facilitate the choice of the most appropriate one.
VII. Origin of words. The Kannada language is one
of the principle representatives of the Dravidian language-family
in South-India spoken by upwards of 10 millions. It is however
to be remembered that the language, as in fact all languages,
being in constant transition and permutation, does not only
comprise Dravidian elements but has absorbed various alien in-
gredients. The most prominent and at the same time formative