A Journey to the Earth's Interior: Have the Poles Really Been Discovered? Evidence for Hollow Earth

190 Pages·1920·2.791 MB·English

by  Marshall B. Gardner

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A Journey to the Earth's
Interior
--OR--
Have the Poles Really
Been Discovered
By
MARSHALL B. GARDNER
Revised and Enlarged
Profusely Illustrated
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR AT
AURORA, ILLINOIS
1920
p.2
COPYRIGHT, 1913
REVISED AND ENLARGED
COPYRIGHT, 1920
BY
MARSHALLB. GARDNER
____________
ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
Verso
p.3
DEDICATED TOTHECONTINUED
PROGRESS OFSCIENCE AND THE
SERVICETHAT ITCAN RENDER TO
HUMANITY
p.4
p.5
p.6
AUTHOROFTHETHEORYOFACENTRALSUNWITHIN
THEEARTH'SINTERIOR
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Contents
Illustrations
Chapter I. Introductory
Chapter II. The Nebula an dits Evolution
Chapter III. Mars
ChapterIV. Early Polar Exploration
Chapter V. Further Arctic Exploration
Chapter VI. Greely`s Explorations
Chapter VII. Nordenskiold`s Voyages
Chapter VIII. With Nansen in the north
Chapter IX. Was the North Pole Discovered?
Chapter X. Two Congressional Opinions on Peary and Cook
Chapter XI. The Mammoth
Chapter XII. The Life of the Arctic
Chapter XIII. Other Interesting Animals of the Interior
Chapter XIV. The Aurora
Chapter XV. The Eskimo
Chapter XVI. Evidence in the Antarctic
Chapter XVII. The Journey of the Earth`s Interior
Chapter XVIII. The Formation of the Earth
Chapter XIX. How Our Theory Differs From That of Symmes
Chapter XX. The Moon and Our Theory
Chapter XXI. A Note on Gravitation
Chapter XXII. How Our Theory Has Been Received
Chapter XXIII. Our Controversy With Dominian
Chapter XXIV. Our Country and Our Theory
Chapter XXV. In Conclusion
Bibliopraphy
A JOURNEY TO THE EARTH'S INTERIOR
CONTENTS
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CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY
A New Idea and a plea for its fair hearing.--The trained scientist and the average reader.--Old
ideas about the Constitution of the Earth.--Cranky ideas are not in the same class with
reasoned and scientific ones.--Where our evidence comes from.--Our theory in a nutshell.--
Observing the planets.--Observing conditions on our own planet, the Earth.--Peary and the
polar orifice.--The fact ofgravitation and our theory.--Facts which we have gathered together
inone volume forthe first time inthe historyofscientific thought.--The finaltest
CHAPTER II.
THE NEBULA AND OUR THEORY
The nebula, astronomy's most important concept.--How celestial bodies are derived from
nebulæ.--The Milky Way and Andromeda.--George F. Chambers quoted.--Are nebulæ stellar
or gaseous?--The Spectroscope supplies the answer.--Simon Newcomb on Laplace's theory.--
Professor Moulton criticises Laplace.--Telescopic observation of nebulæ.--Garrett P. Serviss
quoted.--Do the nebulæ point to a new theory?--Sir Robert Ball quoted.--The Spiral Nebulæ
in Canes Venatici.--The Great Nebula in Orion.--The Ring Nebula in Lyra.--The Dumb-bell
Nebula.--The evident evolution of nebulæ.--Professor Moulton quoted.--A. M. Clerke
quoted.--Burham's observation on central nuclei.--Dr. Scheiner's photographs.--A prophetic
sentence.--A. M. Clerke on planetary nebulæ.--All planetary nebulæ are hollow.--Have a
central sun and polar openings.--Professor Chant on early observations of nebula.--The
number of nebulæ in the visible heavens.--The shell-like structure and the central star.--
Condensationand rotation.--Professor See quoted.--Garett P. Serviss onLaplace.--Our answer
to Mr. Serviss's challenge.--What we canactually see going on.--Moulton's and Chamberlain's
theories.--Why not a Planet?--Ourtheoryofthe evolutionofthe nebula.--Referring
p.8
to the Dumb-bell nebula.--Detailed proofs promised.--The comet.--Professor Moulton's
'Descriptive Astronomy" quoted.--On the occurrence of cellular structure throughout the
universe
CHAPTER III.
MARS
Coming closer to absolute proof.--From Mars to the Earth.--A general survey of Mars.--The
atmosphere of Mars.-The circular polar caps.--The alleged canals.--Scientists do not advance
in their knowledge of the planet--Some new facts.--Great extremes of temperature.--
Astronomers confused.--Comparing the two planets.--Star-like flashes in the midst of the
polar cap.--An earlier but similar observation.--Edward S. Morse quoted.--Lowell is confused
by what he sees.--The beam from Mars was yellow, showing it to be direct light.--Brilliant
light from the polar caps.--Comparing these observations.--A gleam from the central sun of
Mars.--Observations versus explanations.--Professor Denning quoted.--J. Norman Lockyer
quoted.--A direct source of light.--Water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars.--The spectrum of
the light from Mars.--Polar caps are not carbon-dioxide.--How the astronomers are misled.--
Corroborative facts from Venus.--E. Walter Maunder quoted.--Polar caps of Venus and Mars
ought to have common explanation.--Hector MacPherson quoted.--Professor Proctor on
Mercury
CHAPTER IV.
EARLY POLAR EXPLORATION
Our theory convincing if polar facts support it says eminent English scientist.--We now
proceed to show that those facts do so.--A word in advance as to Peary's exploits.--Evidences
of warmth near the pole.--Hon. D. Barrington's treatise on the possibility of approaching the
north pole,--Some of the facts he adduces.--Barrington controverts the notions current in his
day.--Reports to the Royal Society, England's premier scientific body.--Actual ice conditions
in the far north.--Ice only fromfreshwater.--Within five and a halfdegrees ofthe pole.--What
Barrington thought the actual conformation of the polar regions was like.--Observations of a
Dutchsea captain.--The northwest passage
p.9
CHAPTER V.
FURTHER ARCTIC EXPLORATION
Sir John Franklin begins the brilliant work of the nineteenth century in polar exploration.--
The expeditions in search of him.--Observations of Lieutenant McClintock and Dr. Kane.--
Kane finds that ice melts as he gets further north.--Plenty of game in the far north.--An open
northern sea.--Other explorers had postulated an open polar basin.--Traces of the Esquimaux
very far north.--Kane speaks of the difficulty of determining one's location in the Arctic.--
Observation of Dr. I. I. Hayes, Kane's companion.--Hayes finds mild temperatures at Cape
Alexander.--Hayes finds warmth where he had expected greater cold.--He is astonished at
"unusual phenomena."--A warm sledge journey.--He stands upon the edge of the polar basin
and finds opensea.--He sees birds flying north.--What Hayes reallypoints out is the discovery
which will be made through our theory.--The temperatures of the polar regions.--Sir David
Brewster's guess.--Hayes' observations which support our theory are in agreement with those
of Wrangell.--Esquimaux tells Hayes there are other tribesmen far to the north.--Animal life
aroundthe pole
CHAPTER VI.
GREELY'S EXPLORATION
The preface to "Three Years of Arctic Service."--He admits that what one finds in polar
exploration is contrary to accepted ideas.--The "Crimson Cliffs" of Sir John Ross.--Traces of
the musk-ox.--Lockwood's observations.--Complete coniferous trees.--Butterflies and bees.--
A flower of unknown species.--An Esquimaux encampment.--The temperature. rises
considerably.--Greely's general results.--Hunting plentiful.--Esquimaux remains.--Where did
these Esquimaux go?--Whale and other animals and their winter quarters.--Why do
herbivorous bears go north?--The Ross gull.--Greely tells of his discoveries.--The farther
north the warmer.--His observations on the tidal flows.--Open water and warmer near the
polar orifice
CHAPTER VII.
NORDENSKIOLD'S VOYAGES
Adolf Erik Nordenskiold spends twenty-one years of his life as an Arctic explorer.--His
observations ofbird and insect life
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in the far north.--Animal observations confirmed in voyage after voyage.--Explorers
unnecessarily afraid of the ice he says.--Esquimaux go naked.--Warm weather comes with
winds fromnorth
CHAPTER VIII
WITH NANSEN IN THENORTH
Scientific world ridicules Nansen when he announces his plans.--How the wreckage of the
Jeannette had drifted through the Arctic regions.--Greely does not think that Nansen can
succeed.--But Nansen is successful in his first voyage.--Heobserves mosquitos inGreenland.-
-His success suggests plan for exploring region around pole.--He notices that with wind from
north comes warmth.--Meeting a walrus.--The sun is unexpectedly seen.--May it not have
been a reflection of the interior sun?--Nansen says Arctic ice is not the result of excessive
cold weather.--Sounding the polar sea.--Numerous Arctic birds.--Nansen finds it impossible
to locate his position.--He admits that he is' lost--Foggy weather and inaccuracy of maps.--
Nansen finds that ice is of fresh water.--He finds that both his latitude and longitude are
impossible ofdetermination.--His observations puzzle himprofoundly.--Conclusive proofthat
Arctic exploration is largelya matterofguess work.--Where did this foxcome from?--Nansen
can hardly sleep for the heat.--The whole matter of location is a riddle to him, says Nansen.--
Even when he reaches land Nansen cannot identify it.--Location is incomprehensible, he
says.--It must be a land hitherto unknown he thinks.--Payer's map does not help him.--What
this proves
CHAPTER IX
WAS THE NORTH POLEDISCOVERED?
Our theory and the alleged discovery of the poles.--Cook made first claim.--Peary's rivalry.--
Admiral Melville says Cook's proofs are crazy.--Dr. Tittman ofthe Coast Surveyprepares the
way for our theory.--Swedish academy fails to endorse Cook.--Cook himself admits that he
did not actuallyreach anypoint that could be called the pole.--Peary's proofs just as indefinite
as Cook's.--Peary was not substantiated by any witnesses.--Hon. J. Martin Miller quoted.--
Pearyfigures ofhis rateoftravelare self-contradictory.
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Miller thinks question insoluble.--But suppose there were no pole to be
[paragraph continues]
discovered.--Quotations from Peary's own book show him to be inaccurate.--Statement of
Matthew Henson.--Congress is placed in a dilemma.--Investigation a year after clamor had
died down brings in verdict that Peary did not prove claims.--Summing up of, the lessons of
this controversy.--Anote following the news ofPeary's death.
CHAPTER X.
TWO CONGRESSIONALOPINIONS ON PEARY AND COOK
HonH. T. HelgesenofNorthDakota tells whyPearycould not have discovered pole.--All his
other claims to Arctic discoveries have been proved false.--Peary's own self-contradictions.--
His "discoveries" eliminated fromofficial maps.--Pearyand his missing "data."--Dr.Tittman's
adverse testimony.--Hon. S.D.Fess ofOhio onCook's claims.--He demolishes themutterly
CHAPTER XI.
THE MAMMOTH
From where does this animal come?--J. W. Buel quoted.--Remains of tropical animals.--A
tremendous elephant in a state of perfect preservation.--Another writer describes the same
find and corroborates the story.--Whole islands of sand and elephant remains.--George W.
Melville quoted.--Nordenskiold's views.--A puzzle to the geologist.--In the New Siberian
Islands.--Edwin S. Grew tells of similar discoveries.--The carcass of the fresh mammal.--
Cannot be a "primeval" monster.--Must come from a warm climate.--Suppose they were a
million years old.--Contradictions in that view.--Other similar discoveries.--Another
description.--Freezing was instantaneous.--The interior of the earth the habitat of the
Mammoth.--The Mastodon.--The Mammoth banquet.--A description of the fresh meat.--
D’Annunzio tastes it and entertains his friends with it.
CHAPTER XII.
THE LIFE OFTHE ARCTIC
A general view of Arctic animal life.--No new observations but phenomena as old as the
memoryofman.--Immense shoals offish.--Where dotheywinter.--The seal.--The
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reindeer.--Musk-oxen.--Swans, geese and other fowls.--Even the Eskimos did not know
where they bred.--Driftwood and seeds of plants.--More about reindeer.--Millions of birds.--
The only place where certain birds could migrate.--For instance, there is the sand-piper.--The
"Arctic Highlanders."--Animal life more abundant in the Arctic than in the tropics.--A
veritable paradise
CHAPTER XIII.
OTHER INTERESTING ANIMALS OFTHEINTERIOR
Robert S. Cook's observations.--An unknown animal, the arcla.--Curious remains in the
Antarctic.--The Mylodon.--AnEskimo tradition
CHAPTER XIV.
THE AURORA
What the Aurora looks like.--Is it continuous or spasmodic?--Greely quoted.--Nansen also
describes it.--Our explanation.--Not caused by electricity.--Clouds in the interior.--Payer's
observations.--Greely says magnet is not disturbed by Aurora.--Further evidence on that
point.--Professor Bruce on the Aurora in Venus.--Other evidence that the Aurora is due to the
interior sun.--Its light continuous during Arctic night.--The nearer the pole the better the
auroral display.--The sun's corona and the Aurora seem similar.--Earlier scientists have seen
similarity between auroral and sun light.--Difference of behavior between Aurora light and
electric light
CHAPTER XV
THEESKIMO
From where did the Eskimo come?--Nansen quoted.--Nearer to the Chinese than to any other
race.--Their origin is a puzzle.--Scientific ignorance on the subject.--The Eskimo must have
come from the north.--Their means of transport.--But they found poorer hunting when they
got too far south.--Early Norwegian ideas on the Eskimo.--An early Norwegian legend about
a visit to the interior of the earth.--These Norse ideas are very significant.--Traces of their
tools found at sea.--Fresh immigration from the north.--Dr. Nicholas Senn's observations of
the Eskimo and
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Chinese type.--Eskimo ideas as to their origin and home.--Their faith that the
[paragraphcontinues]
stockoftheir ancestors stillsurvives over the polar lip
CHAPTER XVI.
EVIDENCEINTHEANTARCTIC
Not so voluminous as that from the Arctic but very conclusive.--A gap in scientific
knowledge.--A possible lost Antarctic continent.--Shifting the location of the Garden of
Eden.--A common birthplace of many widely distributed animal species.--The interior of the
earth fulfills this description.--An Antarctic mystery that only our theory will solve.--Where
did these humanbeings come from?--Arace inthe interior
CHAPTER XVII
THE JOURNEYTO THEEARTH'S INTERIOR
Suppose we were to set off on an expedition, what should we see?--Our start.--Getting into
warmer water.--Landing in the interior.--Some vegetation that is new to us.--A spongy and
peaty soil.--Fernlike and parasitic plants.--Insect and animal life.--How the Mammoth is
trapped.--Are there people in this country.--No changes of light or season.--The interior sun
and radium.--The geologist will find iron ore.--Animals, birds and insects.--The Irish elk.--
Mineralwealth.--Emerging at the other end
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE FORMATION OFTHE EARTH
How scientists disagree on this subject.--The old liquid-interior idea.--What causes
volcanoes?--What would happen if the earth had a liquid interior.--Volcanoes are surface
manifestations.--An ocean 7900 miles in everydirection, including depth.--The earthdoes not
weigh enough to be solid.--Actual observations contradict idea that earth is solid as well as
idea that it is liquid.--Was the earth ever molten?--Dr. N. Herz on the alleged solidity of the
earth.--Let us leave theories and see what the facts are.--Sir G. H. Darwin's observations and
experiments.--The earth trembles like the surface of a soap bubble.--Its crust is constantly in
vibration.--Earthquakes are not so important from standpoint ofadding to our knowledge as is
this ceaseless trembling.--A
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confession of scientific bankruptcy.--The earth does not get hotter the farther one penetrates;
that is trueonlyup to acertainpoint near the surface
CHAPTER XIX.
HOWOUR THEORY DIFFERS FROM THAT OFSYMMES
Symmes' theory is unlike ours in both method ofproving and result ofargument--He believes
in concentric spheres; we do not.--He has his own theory about gravity.--He thinks the outer
sun is hollow.--He postulates five hollow spheres as forming the earth.--His idea of polar
openings is an altogether different one from ours.--Our theory has, therefore, nothing in
common with his.--His idea of double-shelled spheres inhabited on inner as well as outer
surfaces.--Symmes' theory cannot be taken seriously.--Symmes would explain polar caps of
planets and planetaryrings by refraction.--But this idea will not hold water.--Symmes on sun-
spots.--Asynopsis ofourowntheoryshowing how utterlydifferent it is fromthat ofSymmes
CHAPTER XX.
THE MOON
The moon was not hurled off from the revolving earth.--The "capture" theory.--Scientists
admit that the moon is hollow.--The moon's weight in relation to that ofearth shows that both
are hollow
CHAPTER XXI.
ANOTE ON GRAVITATION
Gravitationand centrifugal force.--The gravitationalpull inthe interior
CHAPTER XXII.
HOWOUR THEORY HAS BEEN RECEIVED
What we expected when the first draft ofourtheory was published.--But we met with a much
better reception than is usually given such a revolutionary idea.--Professors in European
universities proved much more open-minded than in our own universities.--A letter from His
Majesty, the King ofSweden.--The King and QueenofItaly express their gratification.--From
a celebrated Swedishscholar.--He admits
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the originality of our theory.--But an American scientist tries to ridicule our theory without
any basis in argument.--He misrepresents it and we challenge him to prove his point.--Dr.
Arthur ConanDoyle writes us in regard to ourtheoryand the alleged discoveryofthe poles.--
His letterought to carryweight withAmericanscientists.--Professors MoultonofChicago and
Barrell of Yale on our theory.--Contrast with their half-heartedness or open opposition the
tone of a letter from a famous Russian geologist.--German scientist recommends us to
Austrian explorer but war prevents expedition--Practical men take kindly to our theory.--Mr.
H. M. Chance quoted.--A scientist who tried to confute us and his signal defeat.--What many
private individuals have to say.--Aquestionas to the CentralSun.--Chicago womangreets our
theoryas one that will solve manypuzzles.--Aprominent Canadianphysician onour theory.--
A librarian who totally misunderstands our theory and confuses it with that of Symmes.--The
"Scientific American" compares us to Jules Verne.--A Chicago Daily News reviewer is either
ignorant or attempting to be facetious.--The San Antonio Express admits that we have
discredited the orthodox school-day teachings of astronomy.--A note on comparisons with
Jules Verne; he dealt in fancies, we deal in facts.--A great religious leader endorses our
theory.--Westernwomanstudent ofcosmogonythinks we are onright track
CHAPTER XXIII.
OUR CONTROVERSY WITH DOMINIAN
Dominian's main objections to our argument.--"Cause for Red Snow."--A continental mass.--
The Pittsburgh Leader thinks it has disposed ofus.--But it prints our reply to Dominian.--The
Constitution of the Earth.--The argument from the mammoth.--The Red Snow.--Mr.
Dominian astraddle of a floating log.--A few points Mr. Dominian forgot to mention.--We
never heard fromhimagain
CHAPTER XXIV
OUR COUNTRY AND OUR THEORY
A world of inconceivable riches.--It ought to be discovered by the United States.--Will
America grasp her opportunity?--But we must notdelay.--A benefit to mankind
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CHAPTER XXV.
IN CONCLUSION
Scientists who dispute our theory should answer some questions.--If our theory be not true
why has Venus permanent polar caps?--How other than on our theory is the Aurora to be
explained?--How do those who denyour theoryexplain the red pollen ofthe far north?--What
have the orthodox scientists to say in regard to the Mammoth?--How, aside from our theory,
could those human remains in the Antarctic be explained?--And why cannot the orthodox
scientists agree aboutthe genesis ofthe moon?
ILLUSTRATIONS
Portrait ofthe Author facing 6
The EarthShowing NorthPolar Opening facing 24
APhotographic View ofRing Nebula and SpiralNebula facing 36
Photographofa Drawing Showing the Head ofDonciti's Comet as
facing
Seen in1853 62
Enlarged View ofMars facing 68
Photographic Views ofMars, Showing Circular White Spot
facing
Extended Above the Planet's Surface 80
Discoveryofthe MammothIncased inIce facing 222
The CentralSunas it Would Appear to anExplorer facing 284
DiagramShowing the Earthas a Hollow Sphere facing 322
The EarthBisected Showing CentralSun facing 326
ASectionalView ofthe Earth's Interior facing 346
The EarthBisected Showing Concentric Spheres According to
facing
Symmes'Theory 364
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PREFACE
THE MAN whose acquaintance with cosmogony and physiography is confined to what he
learned in school, and, perhaps, afterward read in popular publications, has certain very
definite notions about the shape ofthe earthand the constructionofits interior. These notions,
he thinks, are based uponthe proven discoveries, orthe impregnable theories ofthe scientists,
and so he accepts them in blind faith. But the scientists themselves do not rest under the
impression that they have solved every mystery that is buried in the bowels of the earth.
While they hold to a general theory about the shape and constitution of the earth, that it is a
rigid solid--a theory which is now beginning to supersede the older theory that it was a shell
with a liquid interior--they admit that there are many questions raised by recent observations
offacts that cannot be explained bytheir present theory.