A History of the University in Europe: Volume 4, Universities since 1945 PDF
Preview A History of the University in Europe: Volume 4, Universities since 1945
This page intentionally left blank A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE general editor WALTER RU¨ EGG Thisisthefinalvolumeinafour-partseriescoveringthedevelopment oftheuniversityinEurope(eastandwest)fromitsoriginstothepresent day, focusing on a number of major themes viewed from a European perspective. The originality of the series lies in its comparative, inter- disciplinary,collaborativeandtrans-nationalnature.Itdealsalsowith the content of what was taught at the universities, but its main pur- poseisanappreciationoftheroleandstructuresoftheuniversitiesas seenagainstabackdropofchangingconditions,ideasandvalues.This volumedealswiththereconstructionandepoch-makingexpansionof higher education after 1945, which led to the triumph of modern sci- ence.Ittracesthedevelopmentoftherelationshipbetweenuniversities and national states, teachers and students, their ambitions and politi- cal activities. Special attention is paid to fundamental changes in the contentofteachingattheuniversities. A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE GeneralEditorandChairmanoftheEditorialBoard:WalterRu¨egg(Switzerland) AndrisBarblan(Switzerland) AsaBriggs(UnitedKingdom) AlisonBrowning(UnitedKingdom) AleksanderGieysztor†(Poland) NotkerHammerstein(Germany) OlafPedersen†(Denmark) HildedeRidder-Symoens(Belgium) JohnRoberts†(UnitedKingdom) EdwardShils†(UnitedStatesofAmerica) JacquesVerger(France) Thisfour-volumeseries,preparedundertheguidanceofaneditorialboard, has been directed by the Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-ChancellorsoftheEuropeanUniversities(CRE),nowEuropeanUniver- sityAssociation(EUA).TheEUA,whichisanon-governmentalorganization based in Brussels and Geneva, has over 650 member universities in both easternandwesternEurope.ItsBrusselsandGenevasecretariatoverseesthe administrationoftheproject. The university is the only European institution to have preserved its funda- mentalpatternsandbasicsocialroleandfunctionoverthecourseofthelast millennium.ThisHistoryshowshowandwhytheuniversitygrewtoencom- pass the whole of knowledge and most of the world, how it developed an intellectualtraditioncommontoallEuropeans,andhowittrainedacademic andprofessionaleliteswhoseethostranscendsnationalboundaries. Volumesintheseries I UniversitiesintheMiddleAges Editor:HildedeRidder-Symoens II UniversitiesinEarlyModernEurope(1500–1800) Editor:HildedeRidder-Symoens III UniversitiesintheNineteenthandEarly TwentiethCenturies(1800–1945) Editor:WalterRu¨egg IV Universitiessince1945 Editor:WalterRu¨egg A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY IN EUROPE general editor walter ru¨egg VOLUME IV UNIVERSITIES SINCE 1945 EDITOR WALTER RU¨ EGG cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521361088 (cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata AhistoryoftheuniversityintheEurope/editor,WalterRu¨egg. p. cm.–(AhistoryoftheuniversityinEurope;4) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-0-521-36108-8(hardback) 1.Universitiesandcolleges–Europe–History–20thcentury. 2.Universitiesand colleges–Europe–History–21stcentury. 3.Education,Higher–Europe–History– 20thcentury. 4.Education,Higher–Europe–History–21stcentury. I.Ru¨egg,Walter. la627.h57 2010 378.409–dc22 2010030058 isbn978-0-521-36108-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Contributorsandeditors pagexi Reader’sguide xvi Bibliographicalabbreviationsusedinthenotes xvii Foreword xviii walter ru¨egg (general editor) Acknowledgements xxiii PART I: THEMES AND PATTERNS CHAPTER 1: THEMES 3 walter ru¨egg Introduction 3 Reformatioinmelius 4 Humanismanduniversityreformthroughdialogue 8 TheliberalreformoftheuniversitiesbySchleiermacherand Humboldt 11 Expansionand‘democratic’universityreforms,1956–1981 13 Theintroductionofentrepreneurialreformsandthe destructionoftheivorytower 15 Theuniversitiesandglobalization 22 The‘Americanization’ofEuropeanuniversities 26 Postscript 29 CHAPTER 2: PATTERNS 31 guy neave Introduction 31 Post-warreconstruction 32 v Contents TheexpansionoftheSovietuniversitymodel 35 Thedrivetomasshighereducation 41 Foundationandcreation 48 Regionalization 52 Theplaceofthe‘non-state’sector 54 Thenon-universitysector 56 Caveatsonthesourcesfortheperiod1990–2005 59 Newperspectives 60 Theastoundingvitalityofthenon-universitysector 61 Theclosingofthecircle 63 Thesymmetryofpatterns 64 SelectbibliographyforPartI 65 PART II: STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3: RELATIONS WITH AUTHORITY 73 walter ru¨egg and jan sadlak Introduction 73 RecoveryinadividedEurope,1945–1955 74 Emergingnationalandinternationaluniversitypolicies, 1956–1967 95 Expansion,democratization,bureaucratization, 1968–1982 102 TowardsacommonEuropeanmodel,1983–1995 113 Concludingremarks:theuniversities’Europe 118 Selectbibliography 122 CHAPTER 4: MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCES 124 geoffrey lockwood Introduction 124 Theuniversityasanorganization 125 Imagesofchange 128 Academicstructure 130 Forcesofchange 132 Effectiveautonomy 137 Themanagementquadrilateral 140 Managementandgovernance 144 Resources 150 Managementtechniques 155 Thearrivalofmanagement 159 Selectbibliography 160 vi Contents CHAPTER 5: TEACHERS 162 thomas finkenstaedt Introduction 162 Newquantities–newqualities 163 Staffstructure 170 Theuniversityteacherinthemodernworld 197 Conclusion 201 Selectbibliography 203 PART III: STUDENTS CHAPTER 6: ADMISSION 207 a. h. halsey Introduction 207 Persistentinequality 211 Modelsofhighereducation 213 Matriculation 217 Socialselectionbefore1970 223 Socialselectionafter1970 226 Shiftsinthesocialdistributionofopportunity 232 Selectbibliography 236 CHAPTER 7: CURRICULUM, STUDENTS, EDUCATION 238 sheldon rothblatt Thewhirligigofchange 238 Responsibilityforcurriculumandteaching 243 Diplomasanddegrees 253 Undergraduatesandpostgraduates 256 Researchandcurricula 262 Thestudentroleinthecurriculum 266 Studentmobility 270 Conclusion 272 Selectbibliography 274 CHAPTER 8: STUDENT MOVEMENTS AND POLITICAL ACTIVISM 276 louis vos Introduction 276 Internationalstudentorganizations 278 Divergingmissions(1945–1956) 283 vii Contents A‘newstudentmovement’(1958–1969) 288 TheLeninistturnanddecline(1969–1974) 297 Thenatureofthe‘newstudentmovement’ 299 Fightingforfreedom(1956–1989) 303 Beyondthestudentmovement(1974–2000) 312 Selectbibliography 316 CHAPTER 9: GRADUATION AND CAREERS 319 ulrich teichler Introduction 319 Overalldevelopmentofenrolment,graduationand attainment 321 VariationsinEurope 324 Distributionbyfieldofstudy 325 Changingdebatesaboutthequantitativeandstructural relationshipsbetweenuniversityeducationand employment 327 Degreesandgraduation 335 Graduateemploymentandwork 341 Women’semploymentandwork 353 Expectations,recruitmentandwork 354 Theresponsesofuniversitiestochanginggraduate employmentandwork 356 Fourdecadesoftrendsandpolicies 362 Postscript:trendsandpoliciessincethe1990s 364 Selectbibliography 368 PART IV: LEARNING CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL SCIENCES, HISTORY AND LAW 371 notker hammerstein, with the collaboration of dirk heirbaut Introduction 371 Sociology 375 Politicalscience 386 Economics 398 Anthropology/ethnology 405 Geography 408 History 409 Law 414 Selectbibliography 423 viii
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