A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War

250 Pages·1975·24.35 MB·English

by  Renato Constantino

A HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES:

From the Spanish Coicnization
fo the Second World War

by Renato Constantino

With the collaboration of
Letizia R Constantino:

Ta
Monthly Review Press
New York.and London
For
Mrihe, Rem
and Cone

Poston, Cat

ova tre, Xa Psa

aoznis 2 19 by Hatta Loman 0

etter gage! “levee and ne
‘ago a Sp anece

Table of Contents

Preface

PART! ~LIBERATWON TRANSFORMED

CHAPTER I Townes People’s tury (Az
Intsacuation?

Colonist Sulclanship. ‘The ask at Hose, ue
{ou of Hilory. The Tnariouite i Hior¥. Resres:
ing She Tnetlyore. Lisitatons ara Topanig
Radicoveriag the Pal. The Unifyig Tore. ‘The
Motive Pee

CHAPPEI H1— The Post “Liberation”

Society. in Tron. ily i Fenda: Shel Vee
[Nectith Gaoguest. The Ceihole Monaztes. The Next
‘Taree of Bunun, Paaiive Aoeurbuion. Nexus
{Sbton Conqmsts ve Busisers Tae. Raligits lst
Feotion, Kingr and Peto. the Petzaate Bel, The
Regus Gar, Friars se, Linsonendevos. Tae Great
Debete, Reaolatin of the Gustlil. The Retin
Congr Ungerer

CUAPTER IIL Harunpinie Seite

Proto-Anlhrestlagtt. beating Hitteteal Tend

BreSpniy Srilesents, Sas tinor Beason

Transit) Soeitiee Adminivrsoet yo: Bales

‘Thi Rependent Population. Slavery — A Mispomex

Inssiafroun Other Exerieniea, Concepts of Proper

‘y Diemtepistion of Cammunatsin. The Revilla

evil Spent Sry

w

24
CHAPTER IV — fasificaion and Exploliation

Crown and Conquinader.Oryis of tse Bocomiends
‘Taming tho Kncomendas Pitre Bncogtond ol
2 Lind Grant Abuses ofthe Envoienderoa, Adminie
ratte Agencies. Encomienta aad Hacienda. Inte
iment of Pacfiction. Tue Thuis, Fareed Labor
‘The Bundule,Dirde and le, The Interseuation,

CAPPS ¥ ~ The Colonist Landscape

Calnisi Oupast. Remmnmie Nagle Moses for
Abudonment. ‘The Compromise, Tira, Reonorse.
‘The Chinese ole. Reduce-anre. Corulition Cattane
‘Acceleration if Sraifeation. Coon taarunedians
‘hind Prop of Power. Apptopsilicn of Comme
eldings Mem tant Stitieatns.

‘CUAPTER VI— Monastic Supreuitcy

Spirit and Tempers: Sowercims, Casi Acind:
anvy. Mission Bivabus. Property Aeiultaons, Mode
Ot Acquisition, Prom Parte ci, hundlons. Out.
Tight Lapd-galtbing, Pattern af bore! Tenaney Bers
of Disconenl, Far Aue Silelose andthe
‘Abxiws, Nronomie. Fuwer. Counteteiad rien,
Poles! Yower, Union of Church ud Sle, “Ware
Rowe of Faith”. Friar Supresescy. OMfcal Con
plaizc. Gulremstoral Cesucltis. Gemaperig Bape
415 nd Opprestors. Confles Cner Land Tees, Pron
Isaividual te Common Gnrvsaee “emery fr
Conisiousess. From Aoronty to Pineal Aoqure

PART 1 THE CRUCHEL I OF PRACTICE

CAMPER YIU — Patterns of Stree

Tho Lasdscape Keviewed, Ean Retentcents, fly
Resistance, Winning the Chictr, Eeoucmle Houle of
[Natvism. Tazaet Horta and Type Labor Cont.
‘pion, Sumuoy. Tri Dabeo. Opportunity for
he Chiets, New Saye in Nalin. Rewistence. ‘The

sonia “Rey Lg, Mmeon, Ching of
i tect Aenen of Power. Pam
Heme Tyiseorn. along New Ambition:
Ga repute, Cayo ev ed Reon
eres age coupes tne. Now
Bonet, Mgottions Conducted. yond De
Tinea Feng The Bath erie

rote. ;
Shing —Thoteals rotor, Common Basie of
‘Aedan, Delanior of Sing al Coureh, ‘Messianic

‘Teoderien, Chong esters, ile Serdity. eae
Puprels 8 Step in Poliiel Avakening

CHAPTinK VBI — Fil of tolencn

Satelization of Spin. Argle-Chinese Cluny. Sui
ent. of Durango: Soxiety. Bog Penctation
Inflating the Mertaniit Coven. Economic Re
thinking. Botrgence from Inline. ons Tre
formation. Savile Hemp. Bepiings of the Sugar
Boe Bnd of the Tobacco Wonopoly. The Social
‘Teansformaton, Chinese Mandan. Mesoan Png,
Reenter Ov Cri, Th foi" to Varatewnping. ie
of Raioves Tanéarliag. Secal Reanngacals
‘The New Procgain,

CHAPTEIIX. Prngressend Protest

Sores of Lites. The Geowrncunt Monapobe,
Againe the Prinspaies. Misery, Civaisy, MM
esol, Wietory of dhe Frncpales, Advance avd
Ketest. Geese of Bacal Bouuly. Hermsco Pale
Oxigne of Colors, Repent, Besenae Die
loettions. Foreign dnuer taney. Cited Changes
Infalctoe! Farseni. Seqnlazstion and Bilpnisn
fiom, Caste — 2. Agunat de Teninwtne Fighting
the Bias as Spaniards. Sting ure Sage,

(CHAPTER 2 — Rovnition and Natinoud

he Kew Fujpinos. The Refer wovenoent, The
Bropegunde Movement. Asinllation and Representr
‘won. “Refonnbt Demands, RisaPs Liga ‘The Spit
‘Atbisalent Cages. Coban Maa, Rival Mace, Usbat

9

29
Sense of Sctidarty. Depression in Conntryside. The
Land Guession, edie, Crees, Convergence of
Geieancee. The Ratpunes. Bonifaio. bnluence of
Finiel, Historie lutitve of the Mattes, Comnot
Derominator. Bonifacio ~ a Syatiea. Iuchoate
Tooley. Busteain raphe,

PART HE UBITY AND DISUNITY
CHAPTER X1— Revolution sad Cumpromie

Soparmitm Proclimed, Propaganda and Expancion
Betryya. “Tae. Die i Catt". The Rell Spread
Reign of Terror. Swsling Foroes of Revole The
Yiot Bogs. Preemptive Lasdestip. The to,
Thiekens, Character Aeasnatlon. Undermine Ihe
Entipuien, “Covitsone™ Pie Power Struggle, The
‘tiumph of Crsllamo. Bonifacio Outmaneavered
estado Syndroree. Sharing Spell aid Hur. Rial
Vomer Gentes. onsite Turacoute. "The Mipck Trl
Bonifco's Role Appraied. The Tang "rok to Cos
promise. Refonnisc Ataiim. The Hight Gredeciele

‘The Bunga, The Logic uf Toor. Negation of Popa
Tain. The tuo iculuiaries Rpts, Quatre Ovee
Spots ‘The Hongkons Excl, The Strugele Consinue,
Tar People’s Pary. Balipzbat Revival During the

ngkong. Sieoutn, Aywonalla, Capilseed= The
People Drs Nat

CHAMTEN 0 ~The Second Cour

‘Too New Protagonin. The Offer. Tae Junte Decider.
Leeding ae Repadiated. Four Major Forees on the
Scene, Manifestation nf Menlo Spanladn 44d
Dusteados, Paterno, vt. al. Pmiecoraie Freche
Naming of Ayuisuhlo. Moyer Undereuing Olker
esisan:r Leacene. The leon Yarcption.Baying
‘Te The Sloan. Aguinaldo's reer of tage
‘The, Ditcting Hinds. Militry Seaman, Povple’s
Vietory. Dusbad Ascendaney. Vee Heliginun Shed,
Pomp and Onemony. The Fist Acts. Vacation end
Oppostnisi Ageialdo’s “Adjuetnents”. Reluctant
ee, The “Attonomicts", Biakaw-cato. Repestd,

anther Obsucle, Monifacio's Pate Repeated.
“ton of Mendicancy, ‘The Lae

Avotrer, Mone

Ot dal Thinkong, Suercase st Puna, Tor

Fehast, The Second) Beauval. Rally An.ong bis

Poople

(HAPIER XBL ~Colstocion ond Resistance 11

segotinting for the yuuts, Leary, Collate,
Mate Calsboxetor. Patemio are Borncemne. Bons
Jasls Detrevtate Heyward Feow: Decoyicn toy
Tar Anericen sles, Rehbince Belitled. Slaystuoa,
USA. 1M, Livensot Polaiond Koti Teg
rong of Leworehip. Ollie! Mitory. The Ooginal
Miesomization, Sypusscor and Alnvctles, Recon
fenton. Casuldes aed Lasses, anbniondic,
Taree, Religion ead Natiogslors. Tee Pelippine f-
degenlane Chae

CHAPTER XIV — Cellsborstion sn Keestance (2)

ies Support, TWe Nee Ravina. darlgo Act
ustina Guiles, Nacario Eakoy, ‘The Tague
Repuldir, Rageccion of the Wat. Bane ood
Supplies steno War and Rope Wath Silo
‘Tactic Tha Tag fp SL. Death of a Pope's Her
Rostince in Boi, Renislance 2 the orl, The
care Misemant. Nestle Hrowal. Tae Nagle
fin. Apu ns Soval Goa in Religious Gere. Pu
Sire, Por Iso. Antbforiga. Anite. Deadline
Suppost. ‘The “Repntie uf Negioe™. Pulanee it
(Cebu, Plains Lepte Dee ioe iy Samay, Fighting
Siyle- Conta of ehe Cousimsle. Spt of the
Revoiutian ive

CHAPTER XV — New Oulpout and Dresere

Heationaliatons of Eagatsonins, Keene Hoots,
he Prikppine Kus In Seareh of u Tatvon, The
adnstiy Unies. Thy “AuteTapeatste™, The Ret
Debate A Clash of tales Tels Role, Sorcving
ADsericon Bushes. “hippies for the Pipe”
Phipwne Slum Claktied. The Conser Ack — Fo

aaa

2a
tection Irivmpp. Silling Daw to Busines. Shon!
dering the Corin of Bxplotation. Eimlnatieg Come
folliin. he Haynesaldrads Act. Pri Lands and
Soyer meats, Tar Sup Jose Eatte Transaction. The
Nasd Totes. The Tebvuph of Aneicar Busines,
1. Suse. 2. Copa. S. The. Hemp Humana. “The
‘Manila Atericons, Consuoplion Vabis

MAPTER XY:

Paciieatior Threngh Bfuctticn. The New Invasion.
‘The Opening Wedge. Handmnden of Colonia Pokey
Nothe of Celonisin. ‘The New Inemedieris”
Gaiques Reine. The Delaling Cul Browne of
Mitpinintion. Row nt Maiipsine Politics, Crght
in tho Wigale. Inpersvoce of Racy Life, Dichotomy
‘of Public ane Private Views. Brodonta Oppatition,
Otfce Now Independence. Soar Fears Priva
Maneuvers Querim' lat Views Rationtle of the
Joaket, Gueroo ¥. Osetia Recenciiacon Ant
‘sneewism in 1824 The Old Reals. The Bis
Sone. Bspceet, Pullin tyke. Conlemooriry
ing. Batronage. dking on Independence, "Feande”
‘of Tadepencner. Hremice of Independence. Peo sud
‘Amp. Ominuns Prufiction. Sete Dog, Liffcrnt
Colla. Cin tain “3, A Colonial Decumet, rane
‘ion va Nr. Colordalim

CHAPTER XV Twtndeut Decades ae

Gawwing Unrest. ports and Tenaney. sai Toaure
System, Tenens and Rural Worker. Pe Fei Lan
Mioor Mescaba, The Goturuns, “Bretd ard Tree:
dom", Tayug 2011. ‘he Grievances Offical Re
ferdoos, Th Fink tahor Groups, New Slogwn
Poliad Adjunens Peas Uuioniation. Unio tnd
Polis. Intemational Contacts The Communit
Paty. Oullewing of the CPP. The 1020 Crain
eseait Actions Ste Poser TanguleAascillo
fond Bosilada,”Sahdalism, Anticipating Goals of
FRituee Protest Hlacaede for All Bescon, Oppor
‘ruin of Ramos ‘The Outiresk- Milestone in Foie
Uienion. Tinga if Motest Ouatous Stages, Don
Feneu. Lett Weology. Bice Sista, "Social duscice’

nloindSocinty and Pui 08

‘Te Plaoia and to Remstore Mesdhing ana Practice
The Resstion, Prime Armies. Focus on Canis
{neon iitemational Fascist Teeursons. Popular
Front, Hagalatog Tension. On yr Boe of Wat

PANTIV—PROLOCUE
CHAPTER XVEL-- Vase Past

From Mebelion to Revolution Identity and Hostile
fy. Jopite of Experi. Unlty and Divison. Trans
fhutation of we Seregale. Distried Perceptions
from Tojo. tu Macarthur, Broeging the Colonial
Biucture, Penerty-omeding Socieny Relations of
Dependence, Linuiotiona em Canscouseas, Hicory
tind Conecouaness

NOTES

INDEX

06
Preface

In cent yoory quite a ramiber ut schol hare some cut
ity penalized sce 0 diferent xeas of Prityine bio
the ulus of these Suok, bro aura, articles, ane rowenrch
rejects eaamived pinay and origi! source and did te
fesuls of previo nifte, 1a indeed uy trem for many’ a
might into past cwonte Bult oy Knowletye, nw basic
Trummare bas 60 far been aleercad Which wow Jnrnpate
thon brah findings into. anew vir uf Paispzine aitory. My
tron iam aut fn thin dete, Ix Pe pampese of this
Tole te make he posh reusable for preset leks snd ube
‘qi have see Lor Le facts wn these speciizd slug a2
‘rel ss om the gezernl histories T rake 90 cms 09 now
ndings. only nen icepretaios,

"The Flips radar may nd i somentt surprise that 1
nave chosen fo yor 0 werd naib {upto Chapter 9 tr erferza
he inti titans ofthe Mappines Tus cat bee
Fallin thi ntaive diecafdeny pejorative acorttions stacked
1 the tae. Ir wren eet a8 seneznionl Usain nt
{at pee is lan wn ta wd FD cas bee
tomes: watt, mh bon an seeing ation appro
ae git nie Whies teed to ply my Lo Pb peine-bora
Spariaeda Th sign words, Tyan ts ise Mlpino only hen
thes Fim people arid :2 chink themes ws ath

The Yew will nol lash all Toengy Words ~ aod thst

inclu thene inthe los talsels — ar asd nly oo Tint

ct ut the restates woth for cis bock wpe under abs wie
2 sua ‘ciesting the: Hinory, Seige Projet! of Ube Loe
Fountain aid uni ey tecgition tom the Lapex Maa.
Youle bke se ashwowlage se tsiatce of tbe resoreher hen
femeloved by the Foundstion ead pf tie sled of Ihe Lorne
Museum. | um indebted to a number of academic colleagues,
tticuly Or, Lila Hh Chung, for their esistancs ln verifying
nd tring source mntetil nat avaiable inthe Pipe,
Like my pmevious books, thie ove may be wormed # family
undertaking” My ron aid hie wile spent many hone tp the
beritca! yetions of Manila ibeaes digging up mitre on ie
‘tio from 1820 to 1944; ms daughter ancl ny soi lew ed
ovencch on claseal insteuane and propor Ine index, AbIve
all thie beck ie ancther offapring nf = Lfstine of rotary
sollaboration with my wife who besides conta Ure
eel, the ungnizalion of material, and the editing gave me
the benefit of her weal peroeptie and unsparing erie, Az
my volisbortar ia this work, she desrwra >» much | do

‘whtever oredie i may win. ATT shorleomings are my mee
ponstlity alone

Renato Conctantine
‘Gueran Cy
December 27,1974

Part |
LIBERATION TRANSFORMED
L
Towards a People's History

Decades hove passed unce Yipino bitorians flt th inital
inpulo to ronrle Phiippine tater Sror the pant of view of
the Fuipine. The docovery that some ovapted fale of lary
‘sete arly apocryphal the owing velztion that cesian
otsiga sourees whieh axis to he the staple of history Books
wets Oawod by Bias, and. during peti of ratonala fermen,
the Hilpince’ own heightening awmrenses of their sept
tational identity ~ ll ewe spurred necwring attempts fo
Feit tho past More recealy, the inlensined thrist of
‘ftonat foreee in Philippine vou projected the nacemsty
tf etebishing s new fmewor® for Paippine history

Colonial Schelaehip

fy telning,Fllpine ators were captives of Spanish snd
Ameioas hrtiivgapty, beth of which inerilahiy viewed
Enippine history tov the pean of thet own profi.
Responding to the need to write Philppine bitery from the
point of new of the Biipin, some of these Scholae vabactly
‘iad to transcend the limitations of thir rining, They deserve
Tull wredie for thelt mang revelations and correctione of
Distariealeaconoepcions. But in the main, wale lbey ae
povant contabutine towad erating Plipine a trem
the burdeusome leyiey of cledoat echolazhip by comecting
ctvisin “Biees caeried. aver trom the Spenih period, they
eine stoug eunvala of American colonia historiography.
nse hittariatesefuted the mors Bstant defematione of the
Biniuos and highlgived the abuser of Spanidh Faloctcy
Spanih and eleal ule woee placed in better perspective. This
‘aii sucess did not however exteid to the correction af the
-etoes nor the bisating of tha mythe thal were planted by
‘ely Atténean scholathin, Mc remaine to be epee! 2
Topande Die Asserionnvolonilna-wha sill corse tn for a srt
eal of undiaerved eed

‘Moreover, reacting tothe alost exclusive cancencntion tn
Sper concer of emir colonial Matovlographs, som
scholar tended toward he oppusite extreme snd themes
‘Simaioad an entire epoch of Natory on the ground that was
Ison of Spans. Whe i ieus that @ Piping Rslory tor
ast bouber fas with matters that afectd only fhe Spaniard,
Spanch colonel policy from tho bepianing and indeed even
carlin aspecta of Spanth history and society ~ had penfound
‘tle oa the evoKing Flipino soclesy and cannot therefore
Ignoree

‘Other scholars demonstrated their matonalism hy projecting
the hevoie decd of rovogaieed herooe and ideniang other
trtioud Isders, Thos faled vo perceive that to gue Risto &
LBMiousligpeupective the tole sume of these. men ployed
‘Soult bate been cvitealy sorotnized and. eealusted. ‘The
Taare to do this hed the elfeel ~ pehaps snintendad bot
one the fee enfortunete ~ of propauing olher myths ad
oting Ge lon thet hirory i de woxk of hates and eat
men. Stl ethers hove concentrated thet efforts on conta
oragy evenie. So much effort bar bien decd foward tho
Fecording of the latest posse history thet the need to rezase:
‘he pict bas been negleted, with the wpfortaanee ent tht
rligéa) anew of ofttiat history bawe remained fundamentally
achalenge,

More cant, the mations prvsues an {pine vhosts
sererated w emnber of speciized studies that exposed amie ef
{he myths about Palippine Amedican rations. ‘Tit uppact
‘wan However Lited sine the worl cf these whore wat ol
ndertaven peimardy tn the invert of “objets” anc or
‘his reas aif not fll wfthin Gre framework of @n encatll
Merling scholanhip. Io other wordy the lark of Comet
itorical mdsiapraaions oar nok puted aF part of tote
tert to reaove the fotees on the Piping cid that bed Bera
amped by colonia) edvestion. Neverthlem, sane of thee
specaized stodon have provided fet insights into apes
periods oF aepeeta of our pct. Thar is the danger, however,
ht the increaing dept of m bistorian’ specialicetion my
become the "micars for excping etealty too complex Cor Mis
‘Sormprehension.”" Tmauereed in putculrtee wae lon sight
(of the gener! imenpions of history. Others, hough resenting
renee] history, oorupy themsslvas with reconding& Fathers

2

‘of prticlaritieswidhout dic overing their unifying Wroud
“the Tonk at Hora

zy. beyond sting Plippine history from the paint of view
nf De Elin, Use ik be to advance to te wating of a bly
Mipiae bistey, the bivory of te Pipine people. This meee
thal he ginelpal focus must be op the smemymous ret of
individ and ox tho noc fscor genertad by hur ellesive
[Geo and struggles. For hstrs, though ti cemmoonly defined
5 lhe story ofa, snot the story of tan thenvidual, bet
foun the collective, thot J, sxsucated tan Without ciety
there cap be no history and there ure no sevice withoul ren

Wan alone, men the individual, could user hare hovome
fanmen excep aaocaton with otber men. Man iateracta wich
farate ond mith other men through che eterveniog soaicy of
lary. Without society Be wood ave remained the olhee
Sunsals, wale to consiously ching his cosirammest
sinuel

TE wa in enoperaire work that mn fit becazn hurpan a0
ti cuoyeratve ear pat praduced secety. But coopera
lam san exigney oF seus sing ralure and ayelt soca
fovea. Men must work together fo fh petra orci foree
stooge nan tei indian ee,

Surv fe Ghrafore the eon of fife, whither of an
fndientel or acies Ap indvidcal base bors pet from
Society. and sodiely” is the bstorieal product ot people in
rape

asia ovioty in the qwwee and the reall of people ja
‘orion and in content strogle to resins the hurmen poten,
fur the burnes, beng isthe only specie thet bas unimited
onsitis Tor dvetopmnt

Motions of History

Hinton, thon, is the recorded struggle of people for erat
‘increasing reedove and for newor art iphertealzations ofthe
Numan eon. Hine surugele ilies a a 0D
inhilves the mate of Ronan elugy who are Teernfore the
‘motivategs thang elu bby.

History in nut mony a cheonslogy of mets i i not the
Stony of hetow and yaal mere Reni, btu) unite of
he people's eforte to attain a beter he, The sotuian people
‘oss the capacky to macke bitory. To fact, the birtris

a
Tnitative of he manee nas time and atin produesd racial
tstalyuna that have changed the hort,

‘ntario srugeie provide te geuple with lestoue ts thee
upward march and ge form and stcngth to the constantly
‘ching society. In studying thee stages, a re people's
Iietory dzcover the one of soci devdlosmnen, dbcaates tae
Continue and dicontinitos ina moving acity, ecards The
Tiehavior ef clmeen, unvneery the mylbm chal hive dried
thought ane brings out the innate heroin and wisdom of the
asses. Such a history therfore constvtae both a guide and a
‘Reapor i Ure renting stu fo great Cen nd the
ahunent of better socaty.

Stace the mass of humanity i ail ina state of poverty 2nd
ignorance, eve a few nations have alininod adneiment et
evslopmenr atthe cont of consigning others to underdevslop
dient, suet fan hitverfo beer. serinded 3 history ia Dre
‘Sominantiy a conscios record of thesch and the powertl tt
by no meane te just and the correct.

"Te enlace hs Woy Car they ave wale
slong iheough ther patirbion in rae atone remy it
{he unftng othe sow Tonms tha sok to raze tee goss
BL in the renorded axe of aintry thay have remoined inthe
background, at if inc had ply only # negli ale His
thane iho vole who have aad thels names and exploits exe
zoned on Diese pages The people have been ten or grated
sed rite bound ur eves died.

‘The Inavtcuate in Httosy

‘The individuals who made history eatorfl could not hove
made binary ‘wiunout the peoples Supemnes may est
Farge ms ur among then whn pone tbe prime
eselice of defying men: bu: no aupestuen exis, oaly leaders
‘who became grea because they were working with and fr the
people

‘The vitioud changes in sorleey and the upward climb of
ivllzstion could not have been ouihle widhout Die people
Playing dette and ivepncenble roles ws each epoch. We
dane at the ppramids of Bpyp:, the Gress Wall of Chin, the
Parthenon of Goosce. Ian fe lbor af mili of saves at
fave the goet thinkers of abcientcidizptinne the Tenure tad
{he tcliies to conceive ofthese wonders, And i nar Une bar
Bf other million that. fumed conception into seaty. ‘The
Feenrh ineoleion and the Amerran War of Independence

sarclved rmses of oan being who fought, suffered und dod
athe the stores for hich thet Leaders are remembered. The
Sivanres of sucety, the aceent of cislization, the great axe
Soruy were ll iapivd and mare posible by the people whe
Tore uke mulaginge of evity and che produves of the
‘Tene of cuceten at ther deede have vaelp been seoorded,
Tecnoae they eve tnartiat

Ti true tht the neriulee as indsiduals cea have thelr
steatsteoorded 50 history. However, thor collective effort cas
te end should he ehroniled and gen i deecrved porte
bot sine the entewlats, having asaated the reapenability and
the povlege of sting Mistry, have done afore thes point of
‘Sew, sh rolling aocounts presen an incneplete and distorted
Fictute whieh amely projets edvidual men wade disryerding
the dyvarie vote of the masse. Moet of the memes tat crowd
the annala of recorded kiran ae those of men who during
‘rein petiods hold power over the peuple or nite, Mevause tie
‘eorke wate behind then, wers ob ev penfore deed uf maeh
Fine magaituds a2 to depnw seme estes. Th esting
tod the perealitee that Bivary cory bs ehtaten sein
teal suse pradacte of tha people's eure

DIL poveerful ladies, en rapecaly che tysarta, evened,
lferts to tome thet the Risto of thelr cme woukd be waitin
In thes image. Their subjective solitadey were 2 dominant
Jnuenee 0 the recording of even. Bul people ne Kr
Taig ane as oustia progressed. some individoas Who Wore
Dither regarded ag heroes opin ta le ee eeevance ors
sere anraaaed ne iline wo stor oui the nerees ofthe
Beople. Por in the Sa) epalyi, isthe pepe who woake oF
Skt heroes. The ae te tone rien on nda

1 ie only within the vansexe of & people's history unt
indisilute vente and inauatine ean be sonostly appraised.
Ji poopie’: history, indvicunly, event, and instittions
‘unica wil be san i hey priperpenppectve within Er
enaraty of 9 hletovieal prooess ad nly Then wil these
Parioulurtos he filly undenttood, At the sme tae, Aly Br
‘omectiy understanding these patticulsties wil the genetsL
Datteme of tae evoltina bier uf Ube peop bs fells enmore
brnded. Tha ghtaral and the arlealar constitute 9 elon
‘elimi, an neonate pereepion of wick deepens te sly
ofthe histary of a pepe,

A ywonle’ history hunfore haz to be fmnral i order zo
‘crv Ans eonerte ule Tor undertan ding developing society.

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