A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187

534 Pages·1952·56.87 MB·English

by  Steven Runciman

A HISTORY OF
THE CRUSADES
VOLUME 11
THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM
BY
STEVEN RUNCIMAN
Pubhshed by the Press SyndiCate of the UruversJty of Cambndge
The Pitt Bmldmg, Trumpmgton Street, Cambndge CB2 IRP
40 West 2oth Street, New York, NY IOOII-42II, USA
10 Stamford Road, Oaklelgh, Melbourne 3166, Austraha
© Cambridge Umvers1ty Press 1951
Fmt pubhshed m hardback 1951
Fmt pubhshed m paperback by Cambndge Umvers1ty Press 1987
Reprinted 1951, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1962, 1968, 1975,
1980, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993. 1995
Pnnted m the United States of Amenca
Library of Congress catalog card number: 75-10236
Volume 1: ISBN o 521 o6r61 x hardback
ISBN o 521 34770 x paperback
Volume 11: ISBN o 521 06162 8 hardback
ISBN o 521 34771 8 paperback
Volume Ill: ISBN o 521 06163 6 hardback
ISBN o 521 34772 6 paperback
Set of three volumes: ISBN o 521 20554 9 hardback
ISBN o 521 35997 x paperback
Paperback edltlons for sale in USA only
To
RUTH BOVILL
CONTENTS
List of Plates page ix
List of Maps X
Preface X1
BOOK I
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
KINGDOM
Chapter I Outremer and its Neighbours 3
11 The Crusades of I 101 !8
III The Norman Princes of Antioch 32
IV Toulouse and Tripoli 56
V King Baldwin I 71
VI Equilibrium in the North 107
BOOK U
THE ZENITH
Chapter I King Baldwin 11 143
11 The Second Generation 187
III The Claims of the Emperor 206
IV The Fall of Edessa 225
BOOK ill
THE SECOND CRUSADE
Chapter I The Gathering of the Kings 247
II Christian Discord 264
III Fiasco 278
vu
Contents
BOOK IV
THE TURN OF THE TIDE
Chapter I Life in Outremer page 291
II The Rise of Nur ed-Din 325
III The Return of the Emperor 345
IV The Lure of Egypt 362
BOOK V
THE TRIUMPH OF ISLAM
Chapter I Moslem Unity 403
II The Horns of Hattin 436
Appendix I Principal Sources for the History of the 475
Latin East, IIOo-II87
II The Battle of Hattin 486
Ill Genealogical Trees 492
I. The Royal House of Jerusalem, the
Counts of Edessa and the Lords of
Sidon and Caesarea
2. The Princes of Antioch and the Kings
of Sicily
3· The Counts of Tripoli and the Princes
of Galilee
4· The Lords of Toron, Oultrejourdain,
Nablus and Ramleh
5· The Ortoqid Princes
6. The House of Zengi
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I ORIGINAL SouRCES 494
II MODERN WORKS 498
Index
501
vili
LIST OF PLATES
frontispiece
I Templar knights fighting the Saracens
(From the I2th century frescoes of Cressac, Charente.
Photograph by the Musee des Monuments franpis)
between pp. 276 and 277
II Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives
(From Syria, Illustrated, Vol. HI by Bartlett, Allom, etc.,
London, r838)
III Tripoli
(From Syria, lllustrated, Vol. I by Bartlett, Purser, etc,.
London, r 836)
IV The Emperor John Comnenus
(From a mosaic in Agia Sophia, Constantinople, repro
duced in Whittemore: The Mosaics of Haghia Sophia
at Istanbul, Oxford, 1942)
V Damascus
(From Syria, Illustrated, Vol. I)
VI Seals of Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem;
Bohemond Ill, Prince of Antioch; Pons,
Count of Tripoli; William of Bures,
Prince of Galilee
(From designs by Amigo, published in Schlumberger:
Sigillographie de /'Orient Latin, Paris, 1943)
VII The Emperor Manuel Comnenus and his
wife, Maria of Antioch
(Codex Vaticanus Graecus, II76)
VIII Aleppo
(From Maundrell: A Journey from Aleppo to )emsalcm,
Oxford, 1731)
lX
LIST OF MAPS
I Northern Syria in the twelfth century page 109
2 Southern Syria in the twelfth century 145
3 The Kingdom ofJerusalem in the twelfth century 189
4 Jerusalem under the Latin Kings 293
5 Egypt in the twelfth century 363
6 Galilee 438
PREFACE
In this volume I have attempted to tell the story of the Frankish
states of Outremer from the accession of King Bald win I to the
reconquest ofJerusalcm by Saladin. It is a story that has been told
before by European writers, notably with German thoroughness
by Rohricht and with French elegance and ingenuity by Rene
Grousset, and, too briefly, in English by W. B. Stevenson. I have
covered the same ground and used the same principal sources as
these writers, but have ventured to give to the evidence an inter
pretation that sometimes differs from my predecessors'. The nar
rative cannot always be simple. In particular, the politics of the
Moslem world in the early twelfth century defy a straightforward
analysis; but they must be understood if we are to understand the
establishment of the Crusader states and the later causes of the
recovery of Islam.
The twelfth century experienced none of the great racial
migrations that characterized the eleventh century and were to
recur in the thirteenth, to complicate the story of the later
Crusades and the decline and fall of Outremer. For the moment
we can concentrate our main attention on Outremcr itsel£ But we
must always keep in view the wider background of western
European politics, of the religious wars of the Spanish and Sicilian
rulers and of the preoccupation of Byzantium and of the eastern
Caliphate. The preaching of Saint Bemard, the arrival of the
English fleet at Lisbon, the palace-intrigues at Constantinople and
Baghdad are all episodes in the drama, though its climax was
reac:hed on a bare hill in Galilee.
The main theme in this volume is warfare; and in dwelling on
the many campaigns and raids I have followed the example of the
old chroniclers, who knew their business; for war was the back
ground to life in Outremer, and the hazards of the battlefield often
xi
Preface
decided its destiny. But I have included in this volume a chapter
on the life and organization of the Frankish East. I hope to give
an account of its artistic and economic developments in my next
volume. Both of those aspects of the Crusading movement
reached fuller importance in the thirteenth century.
In the Preface to my first volume I mentioned some of the great
historians whose writings have helped me. Here I must pay
special tribute to the work ofJ ohn La Monte, whose early death
has been a cruel blow to Crusading historiography. We bwe to
him, above all others, our specialized knowledge of the govern
mental system in the Frankish East. I wish also to acknowledge
my debt to Professor Claude Cahen of Strasbourg, whose great
monograph on Northern Syria and whose various articles are of
supreme importance to our subject.
I owe gratitude to the many friends who have helped me on
my journeys to the East and in particular to the Departments of
Antiquities ofJordan and ofLebanon and to the Iraq Petroleum
Company.
My thanks are again due to the Syndics of the Cambridge
University Press for their kindness and patience.
STEVEN RUNCIMAN
LONDON 1952