A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260–2000

657 Pages·2018·12.88 MB·English

by  David Christian

A HISTORY OF
R ,
USSIA
C A
ENTRAL SIA
M
AND ONGOLIA
THE BLACKWELL HISTORY OF THE WORLD
GeneralEditor:R.I.Moore
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A HISTORY OF
R ,
USSIA
C A
ENTRAL SIA
M
AND ONGOLIA
VOLUME II:INNER EURASIA FROM THE
MONGOL EMPIRE TO TODAY,1260–2000
DAVID CHRISTIAN
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
©2018DavidChristian
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Christian,David,1946–
AhistoryofRussia,CentralAsiaandMongolia/DavidChristian.
p. cm.–(BlackwellHistoryoftheworld)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Contents:v.1.InnerEurasiafromprehistorytotheMongolEmpire
ISBN978-0-631-18321-1(hbk:alk.paper). ISBN978-0-631-20814-3(pbk:alk.paper)
v.2.InnerEurasiafromtheMongolEmpiretoToday,1260-2000
ISBN978-0-631-21038-2(hbk:alk.paper). ISBN978-0-631-21039-9(pbk:alk.paper)
1.FormerSovietrepublics–History. 2.Mongolia–History. 3.SinkiangUighur
AutonomousRegion(China)–History I.Title. II.Series.
DK40.C49 1998
950–dc21 98–3677
Coverimage:HeritageImagePartnershipLtd/AlamyStockPhoto
CoverdesignbyWiley
Setin10/12ptPlantinStdbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
1 2018
C
ONTENTS
ListofFigures vii
ListofMaps xi
ListofTables xiii
SeriesEditor’sPreface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Preface:TheIdeaofInnerEurasia xxi
PARTIINNEREURASIAINTHEAGRARIANERA:1260–1850 1
1 InnerEurasiaintheLateThirteenthCentury:TheMongol
EmpireatitsHeight 3
2 1260–1350:UnravelingandtheBuildingofNewPolities 23
3 1350–1500:CentralandEasternInnerEurasia 49
4 1350–1500:WesternInnerEurasia 71
5 1500–1600:PastoralistandOasisSocietiesofInnerEurasia 97
6 1500–1600:AgrarianSocietiesWestoftheVolga 119
7 1600–1750:ATippingPoint:BuildingaRussianEmpire 143
8 1600–1750:ATippingPoint:CentralandEasternInnerEurasia
betweenRussiaandChina 175
9 1750–1850:EvolutionandExpansionoftheRussianEmpire 209
PARTIIINNEREURASIAINTHEERAOFFOSSILFUELS:
1850–2000 231
10 1850–1914:TheHeartland:ContinuedExpansionandtheShock
ofIndustrialization 233
11 1750–1900:BeyondtheHeartlands:InnerEurasianEmpires,
RussianandChinese 269
12 1914–1921:UnravelingandRebuilding 309
13 1921–1930:NewPathstoModernity 343
v
CONTENTS
14 1930–1950:TheStalinistIndustrializationDriveandtheTestof
War 367
15 1900–1950:CentralandEasternInnerEurasia 403
16 1950–1991:TheHeartland:APlateau,Decline,andCollapse 437
17 1950–1991:BeyondtheHeartlands:CentralandEasternInner
EurasiaintheSecondHalfoftheTwentiethCentury 473
18 1991–2000:BuildingNewStates:GeneralTrendsand
theRussianFederation 493
19 1991–2000:BuildingNewStates:BeyondtheHeartlands 531
Epilogue:After2000:TheEndofInnerEurasia? 569
Chronology 573
Index 605
vi
L F
IST OF IGURES
0.1 PopulationsofInnerandOuterEurasia:samearea,different
demography xxviii
0.2 Largestworldempires xxix
0.3 Amobilizationpump,fromaRedCrosscartoonproduced
duringtheRusso-JapaneseWarof1904–1905 xxx
1.1 Globalpopulationsover1,800years 5
1.2 Climatechange1CEto2000CE 6
1.3 Karakorum 8
1.4 Diagrammaticrepresentationofthesmychka 16
2.1 PhotographofpartofBalduginSharav’spainting,OneDay
inMongolia 24
2.2 GenealogyofChinggisKhan’sfamily 25
3.1 LittleIceAgeandtheBlackDeath 50
3.2 Globalpopulationestimatesto1700CE 51
3.3 Biraben:populationsofInnerEurasia,1000to1700CE 51
3.4 Biraben:populationsofOuterEurasia,1000to1700CE 52
3.5 Possibleroutesforthespreadofbubonicplagueduring
threepandemics,inthe6th–8th,14th–17th,and19th–20th
centuries 52
4.1a,b Twoformsoftheagrariansmychka 78
5.1 ErdeniZuuMonasterytoday 103
6.1 GrowthofMuscovy’spopulationasaproportionofInner
Eurasia’spopulation 123
6.2 ChartshowingexpansionofRussiaonalogisticcurve 125
6.3 ThreeRussiancavalrymen 131
8.1 Kiakhtatoday 183
8.2 GiovanniCastiglione,WarAgainsttheOirat 190
10.1 IncreasingenergyconsumptioninearlymodernEngland
andWales 235
10.2 Hockeysticks:acceleratinggrowthratesforpopulation,
lifeexpectancy,GDP,andimpactsontheclimatesystem
andbiosphere 236
10.3 Increasingglobalenergysupplies,1850–2000 238
10.4 TheRussianrailwaynetwork,1861–1913 248
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
10.5 JohnHughes’shomeinYuzovka 250
10.6 Chartofcoalandoilproduction,1859–1917 252
11.1 VasiliiVasilievichVereshchagin,TheyTriumph,1872 281
11.2 Sharav’sportraitoftheeighthJebtsundamba 297
14.1 Twochartsshowingthemeaningofcollectivization 371
14.2 TwochartsshowingtotalSovietenergyproduction,
1928–1980,andrelativecontributionofdifferentfuels 379
14.3 TheSovietUnionentersthefossilfuelsera:coalandoil
productioninRussia,1859–1987 380
14.4 Tentcity,withMagneticMountaininthebackground:
Magnitogorsk,winter1930 382
15.1 PhotoofSharav’spaintingofUlaanbaatar(Urga)earlyinthe
twentiethcentury 419
16.1 GlobalGDP,1500–1998 438
16.2 GlobalGDPperperson,1500–1998 438
16.3 GrowthinGDPperpersonovertwomillennia 439
16.4 Sovietelectricitygeneration,1921–1989 446
16.5 Averageannualratesofgrowth,USSR,1951–1985 450
16.6 VariousestimatesofSovieteconomicgrowthrates(%),
1959–1991 459
16.7 BorisYeltsinspeakingfromontopofatankduringthe
August1991“putsch” 467
17.1 TheMongoliannationalemblemchangedasthe
countryindustrialized 484
17.2 Mongolianger 485
18.1 DemocracyandmarketreforminthePSIERs 499
18.2 DemocracyandprivatizationinthePSIERs 500
18.3 Theruleoflawinpost-Sovietcountries 502
18.4 GDPas%of1989levelinpost-Sovietcountries 502
18.5 GNIpercapitaas%of1989level,1989–2000 503
18.6 GNIpercapitaas%of1989level,1989–2008 506
18.7 PrivatesectorasshareofGDPindifferentgroupsof
post-Sovietsocieties 507
18.8 ChangingGDPinpoorerpost-Sovietcountriesas%of1989
level 509
18.9 Ginicoefficientsforselectedpost-Sovietrepublics,
1988–2006 512
18.10 Tanksfiringonthe“WhiteHouse,”thehomeoftheRussian
SupremeSoviet,October4,1993 520
19.1 ChangingGNIofRussia,Belarus,andUkraine,1989–2000
as%of1989level 532
19.2 ChangingGNIofRussia,Belarus,andUkraine,1989–2008
as%of1989level 533
19.3 ChangingGNIofCentralAsianrepublics,1989–2000as%
of1989level 553
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
19.4 ChangingGNIofCentralAsianrepublics,1989–2008as%
of1989level 553
19.5 ChangingGNIofMongoliaandCentralAsianrepublics,
1989–2000as%of1989level 561
19.6 ChangingGNIofMongoliaandCentralAsianrepublics,
1989–2008as%of1989level 562
ix