A History of Modern Psychology

436 Pages·2011·5.338 MB·English

by  Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz

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A History of Modern
Psychology
TENTH EDITION
DUANE P. SCHULTZ
University of South Florida
SYDNEY ELLEN SCHULTZ
Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Japan(cid:129)Korea(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Spain(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates
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Brief Contents
Contents iv
In Their Own Words xiv
Preface xvi
CHAPTER 1 The Study of the History of Psychology 1
CHAPTER 2 Philosophical Influences on Psychology 21
CHAPTER 3 Physiological Influences on Psychology 47
CHAPTER 4 The New Psychology 65
CHAPTER 5 Structuralism 87
CHAPTER 6 Functionalism: Antecedent Influences 102
CHAPTER 7 Functionalism: Development and Founding 127
CHAPTER 8 Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism 159
CHAPTER 9 Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences 190
CHAPTER10 Behaviorism: The Beginnings 211
CHAPTER11 Behaviorism: After the Founding 234
CHAPTER12 Gestalt Psychology 261
CHAPTER13 Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings 286
CHAPTER14 Psychoanalysis: After the Founding 320
CHAPTER15 Contemporary Developments in Psychology 351
Glossary 373
References 378
Name Index 405
Subject Index 411
iii
Contents
In Their Own Words ........................................................xiv
Preface .....................................................................xvi
CHAPTER 1
The Study of the History of Psychology ...................................... 1
DidYou SeetheClown? 1
WhyStudytheHistory ofPsychology? 1
TheDevelopmentof ModernPsychology 3
TheData ofHistory:Reconstructing Psychology’sPast 4
Historiography: HowWe Study History 4
LostorSuppressed Data 6
DataDistortedinTranslation 7
Self-ServingData 8
ContextualForcesinPsychology 9
EconomicOpportunity 9
TheWorldWars 10
Prejudiceand Discrimination 10
Conceptions ofScientific History 14
ThePersonalistic Theory 14
TheNaturalistic Theory 15
Schools ofThoughtintheEvolution ofModern Psychology 16
Plan oftheBook 18
DiscussionQuestions 19
Recommended Resources 19
CHAPTER 2
Philosophical Influences on Psychology...................................... 21
TheDefecating Duckandthe Gloryof France 21
TheSpiritofMechanism 21
TheClockwork Universe 23
Determinismand Reductionism 23
Automata 24
PeopleasMachines 25
TheCalculating Engine 26
TheBeginnings ofModernScience 29
RenéDescartes (1596–1650) 29
TheContributions ofDescartes:Mechanismand theMind-Body Problem 31
TheNature oftheBody 32
TheMind-Body Interaction 33
TheDoctrineofIdeas 34
Philosophical Foundations ofthe NewPsychology:Positivism, Materialism,
andEmpiricism 34
AugusteComte(1798–1857) 34
iv
Contents v
JohnLocke(1632–1704) 36
GeorgeBerkeley(1685–1753) 39
DavidHartley(1705–1757) 41
JamesMill(1773–1836) 41
JohnStuart Mill(1806–1873) 42
Contributions ofEmpiricism toPsychology 44
DiscussionQuestions 45
Recommended Resources 45
CHAPTER 3
Physiological Influences on Psychology ...................................... 47
DavidK.MakesaMistake:TheImportance oftheHuman Observer 47
Developments inEarly Physiology 49
Research onBrainFunctions: Mapping fromtheInside 49
Research onBrainFunctions: Mapping fromtheOutside 50
Research ontheNervous System 52
TheMechanistic Spirit 53
TheBeginnings ofExperimentalPsychology 54
WhyGermany? 54
Hermann vonHelmholtz (1821–1894) 55
Helmholtz’sLife 56
Helmholtz’sContributions totheNew Psychology 57
ErnstWeber(1795–1878) 57
Two-PointThresholds 58
JustNoticeableDifferences 58
GustavTheodorFechner(1801–1887) 59
Fechner’sLife 59
MindandBody: AQuantitative Relationship 60
MethodsofPsychophysics 61
TheFormal Founding ofPsychology 64
DiscussionQuestions 64
Recommended Resources 64
CHAPTER 4
The New Psychology ....................................................... 65
No MultitaskingAllowed 65
TheFounding Father ofModernPsychology 66
Wilhelm Wundt(1832–1920) 67
Wundt’sLife 67
TheLeipzigYears 68
CulturalPsychology 69
TheStudy ofConsciousExperience 71
TheMethod ofIntrospection 72
ElementsofConscious Experience 73
OrganizingtheElements ofConsciousExperience 74
TheFate ofWundt’sPsychology inGermany 75
CriticismsofWundtianPsychology 76
Wundt’sLegacy 77
vi Contents
Other Developments inGermanPsychology 77
Hermann Ebbinghaus(1850–1909) 77
Ebbinghaus’sLife 78
Research onLearning 78
Research withNonsenseSyllables 79
OtherContributionstoPsychology 80
FranzBrentano (1838–1917) 81
TheStudy ofMentalActs 81
Carl Stumpf(1848–1936) 82
Phenomenology 82
OswaldKülpe(1862–1915) 83
Külpe’s Differences with Wundt 83
SystematicExperimental Introspection 84
ImagelessThought 84
Research TopicsoftheWürzburgLaboratory 85
Comment 85
DiscussionQuestions 86
Recommended Resources 86
CHAPTER 5
Structuralism .............................................................. 87
SwallowtheRubber Tube—ACollegePrank? 87
EdwardBradford Titchener(1867–1927) 88
Titchener’sLife 88
Titchener’sExperimentalists: NoWomen Allowed! 90
TheContentofConsciousExperience 92
Introspection 94
TheElements ofConsciousness 96
Criticismsof Structuralism 98
CriticismsofIntrospection 98
Additional CriticismsofTitchener’s System 100
Contributions ofStructuralism 100
DiscussionQuestions 101
Recommended Resources 101
CHAPTER 6
Functionalism: Antecedent Influences ...................................... 102
ScientistCaptivatedby ChildlikeJenny 102
TheFunctionalist Protest 103
TheEvolution Revolution:CharlesDarwin (1809–1882) 103
Darwin’s Life 105
OntheOrigin ofSpeciesbyMeansofNatural Selection 108
TheFinches’Beaks: EvolutionatWork 110
Darwin’s InfluenceonPsychology 111
Individual Differences: Francis Galton(1822–1911) 113
Galton’s Life 113
MentalInheritance 115
Statistical Methods 117
MentalTests 117
TheAssociationofIdeas 119