A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture

1321 Pages·2020·12.161 MB·English

by  Boying Ma

中
国
A History of
医
Medicine in
学
文 Chinese Culture
化
VOLUME 1
史
1100993322__99778899881133223377997711 ttpp..iinndddd 11 2211//11//2200 11::4488 PPMM
TTTThhhhiiiissss ppppaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnntttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallllllllyyyy lllleeeefffftttt bbbbllllaaaannnnkkkk
EtU_final_v6.indd 358
中
国
A History of
医
Medicine in
学
Chinese Culture
文
化
VOLUME 1
史
Boying Ma
Federation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners, UK;
Life Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine, UK
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO
1100993322__99778899881133223377997711 ttpp..iinndddd 22 2211//11//2200 11::4488 PPMM
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ma, Boying, 1943– author.
Title: A history of medicine in Chinese culture / Boying Ma.
Other titles: Zhongguo yi xue wen hua shi. English
Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, 2019.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019020532| ISBN 9789813237971 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9789813237988 (hardcover) | ISBN 9789813237964 (hardcover)
Subjects: | MESH: History of Medicine | China
Classification: LCC R601 | NLM WZ 70 JC6 | DDC 610.951--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019020532
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
《中国医学文化史》
Originally published in Chinese by Shanghai People’s Publishing House
Copyright © 2010 by Shanghai People’s Publishing House
English rights arranged with Shanghai People’s Publishing House
Copyright © 2020 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
ISBN 9789813237964 (set)
ISBN 9789813237971 (vol. 1)
ISBN 9789813237988 (vol. 2)
For any available supplementary material, please visit
https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10932#t=suppl
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
XiaoLing - 10932 - A history of medicine in Chinese culture.indd 1 21-01-20 2:31:49 PM
9.61”x6.69” b3657 A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture
Contents
Volume I
Part One The Cultural Background to the Origins
of Chinese Medicine 1
Chapter 1 Primitive Human Beings, Their Health, Culture
and Ecological Environment in China 3
A. Primitive Culture and Ecological Environment 3
1. The Origin of Human Beings in China 3
2. Chinese Culture and Its Natural Ecological Distribution
During the Paleolithic Period 6
3. Neolithic Culture and Its Natural Environment in China 13
B. The Physique and Diseases of Primitive Human Beings
in China 19
4. The Evolution of the Physical Constitution of the
Ancient Chinese 20
5. Discoveries of Archaeological Pathology 24
C. The Culture and Conditions of Hygiene Among
Primitive Humans in China 28
6. T he Residential Culture of “Nest-Living & Cave-Dwelling”
and Its Significance for Health 29
7. Striking Flints or Drilling a Log to Get Fire & the
Significance of Cooked Food to Health 33
8. The Culture of Dietary Hygiene and Its Influence on
Other Things 35
9. The Culture of Hygiene in Clothing 39
10. Primitive Dance, Music and Sports 41
11. “Cannibalism” and Funeral Sanitation 43
v
b3657_FM-corr. update v1 & v2.indd 5 7-2-2020 11:34:24 AM
b3657 A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture 9.61”x6.69”
vi A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture
Chapter 2 Primitive Thought, Worship and Medical Culture 47
A. Primitive Thought and Medical Culture 47
12. The “Collective Unconsciousness” and Mysterious
Feelings 48
13. The Concept of “Soul” 56
14. The Experience of Using Objects as Tools and
Cumulative Thinking 62
B. Primitive Worship and Its Association with Medicine 66
15. The Worship of Nature 66
16. The Worship of Totems 76
17. The Worship of Reproduction 84
18. Ancestor Worship 88
19. The Worship of Ghosts and Gods 92
Chapter 3 The Primitive View of Life, Getting Old, Illness
and Death: The Pursuit of Longevity 101
A. The Earliest View of Life and Death 101
20. The Original Understanding of Human Life 101
21. The Origins of Birth 106
22. The Meaning of Death 121
23. Primitive Knowledge of the Human Body and
Its Anatomy 133
B. The Earliest View of Illness and Etiology 139
24. What Is Illness? 139
25. Diseases Involving Gods, Spirits, and Others 144
C. The Pursuit of Immortality 154
26. Longevity Involving Gods and Spirits 154
27. The Immortal Regions and Their Medicines 159
Chapter 4 Treatment in a World of Wizardry 165
A. The World of Wizardry 165
28. The “Blocked Way Between Heaven and Earth”
and the Wizard 165
29. The Behavioral Characteristics of Sorcery and Its
Psychological Foundations 171
30. Sorcery, Religion and Science 176
B. Sorcerous Doctors and Sorcerous Medicine 179
31. Sorcerous Doctors in Ancient Times 179
32. Zhu Taboo, Divination and Medicine 185
b3657_FM-corr. update v1 & v2.indd 6 7-2-2020 11:34:24 AM
9.61”x6.69” b3657 A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture
Contents vii
33. Horoscopes, Divination by Dreams and the Yarrow Stalks 189
34. The Great Exorcism and Fu Xi Sacrifice 195
35. Massage? Moxibustion? Herbal Medicine? 201
36. The Medicine of Witchcraft in the Mountain and
Seas Classic 209
Chapter 5 The Origin of Medicine 213
A. A Definition of the Origin of Medicine and Other
Relative Factors 213
37. To Identify the Conception of Medicine’s Origin 213
38. Animal Instinct and Human Love 214
39. Primitive Thinking and the Functions of the Witch 218
40. The Relationship of Life and Labour to the Origins
of Medicine 221
B. The Beginnings of Early Medicine and Health Care 225
41. Massage, Daoyin, Hot Compresses, Moxibustion and
the Discovery of the Meridian 225
42. From Stone Needling to Acupuncture 228
43. The Growth of Medical Knowledge 235
44. The Bud of Prevention 243
45. The Famous Doctor Bianque: A Step Up from
Witch-Doctoring 250
Conclusion of Part One 260
Part Two Chinese Medicine Under the Influence and Permeation
of Philosophy, Religion and Politics 261
Chapter 6 The Heavenly Law (Tao) of Nature
and Medicine in Deference to Nature 263
A. “Tao Qi” Theory and Medicine 263
46. From Ji Zi to Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi and the Jixia 263
47. Qi as the Root of Medical Theoretics 274
B. The Medical Theories of the Yin–Yang and Five Elements 279
48. The Formation of the Yin–Yang and Five-Element
Theories 279
49. The Golden Mean, the Three Talents, Image and
Number, and the Correspondence Between the
Human and Natural 290
50. From the Mawangdui Medical Books to Huangdi’s
Inner Classic (黄帝内经) 296
b3657_FM-corr. update v1 & v2.indd 7 7-2-2020 11:34:24 AM
b3657 A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture 9.61”x6.69”
viii A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture
Chapter 7 Occultist Culture and Medicine Under the Impact
of the Confucian Classics and Chenwei Philosophy 305
A. The Fangshi Culture and Some Secret Medical Groups 305
51. Research on the Date of the Composition of
Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内经) 306
52. Medical Schools, Lord Cang, His Masters and
Apprentices 311
53. The Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内经) and Secret
Medical Schools 317
B. Another Side to Taoist Medical Science 324
54. The Occultist’s Art of Well-Being 324
55. Occultists in Search of Elixirs and the Immortal
Alchemy of the Yellow (Gold) and White (Silver) 331
56. The Compositional Background to Shen Nong’s
Classic of Materia Medica (神农本草经) 340
57. The Calamity Due to Witchcraft Gu, Chunyu
Yan Killing the Queen and Their Involvement with
Occult Physicians 345
C. The Impact on Medicine of the Study of the Confucian
Classics, Chenwei Theology and Anti-Chenwei Philosophy 349
58. Studies of Two Types of “Ancient” and “Present”
Confucian Classics and Chenwei Theology 349
59. Anti-Chenwei Philosophy and Thoughts of a
Primordial Qi 355
D. The Background for the Medical Achievements of
Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo 362
60. The Confucian Tradition of Zhang Zhongjing,
a Medical Sage 362
61. Hua Tuo, a Miraculous Doctor, His Occult
Elements and Demeanour 366
Chapter 8 Religious Taoism and Medical Culture 377
A. The Inherited Relationship Between Religious Taoism
and Medicine 377
62. T he Role of Occult Medicine During the Establishment
of Religious Taoism 377
63. The Origins of Alchemy and Medicine 384
64. The Development of Internal dan and Its Influence
on Medicine 394
b3657_FM-corr. update v1 & v2.indd 8 7-2-2020 11:34:24 AM
9.61”x6.69” b3657 A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture
Contents ix
B. A Taoist’s Magic and Medical Skills 407
65. The Taoists Holding Some Medical Skills 408
66. The Taoist’s Magical Arts of Forbidding or Incantation 411
67. The Art of Taoist Talismans 418
68. The Taoist’s Magic or “Supernatural Power” 422
C. Taoist Doctors and Their Grand Contribution 426
69. How Ge Hong Dabbled in Medicine 426
70. The Taoist Naturalist and Leader Tao Hongjing 432
71. The Great Sun Simiao in Medicine and Taoism 437
72. Contributions from Other Taoist Doctors 444
Chapter 9 Neo-Taoism and Medicine During the Wei,
Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 451
A. Neo-Taoist “Idle Talk” and the Fashion of Taking
Stone Powders 451
73. Neo-Taoist Idle Talk and a Comprehensive View of
an Undisciplined Life 451
74. The Prevailing Fashion of Taking Medicines such
as Wushi San 461
B. The Prospering of the Medicine During the
Wei and Jin Dynasties 472
75. Huangfu Mi and The Classic ABC of Acupuncture
and Moxibustion (针灸甲乙经) 472
76. On Material Things (物理论), The Theory of Spiritual
Perishability (神灭论) and Views on Life and Death 475
77. Medicine Prospers in the Wei, Jin, Southern
and Northern Dynasties 481
Chapter 10 Confucianism and Medicine 491
A. A Medicine Dominated by Feudal Ethics 491
78. From Licking Piles and Sucking Carbuncles to “Cutting
the Flesh of His Thigh to Cure His Parents” 491
Not Daring to Damage Any Part of the Body 496
79. The Monarch’s Medicine Tasted by Officials,
Understanding Medicine as Filial Piety and Feeling
the Woman’s Pulse Through a Gauze 504
B. Neo-Confucianism, “Down-to-Earth” Learning and Medicine 513
80. From the Taiji Diagram to the Innate Root — The
“Kidney’s Life-Gate” 513
81. Zhang Jiebin’s Taoist Medical Theories 517
b3657_FM-corr. update v1 & v2.indd 9 7-2-2020 11:34:25 AM