A History of Indian Logic: Ancient Mediaeval and Modern Schools

682 Pages·97.06 MB·English

by  Mahamahopadhyaya Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana

("\I\'CIENMTE,D IAEVAL A?\D
�lODERN SCllOOLS.)
BY
MAHX.''''HOPADHYAYSAA TISC HANDRA VIDYABHUSANA,
M.A.,P H.D,.M .R.A.SF..,A .S.B.,
PllntS/apmaklrC iotl lCeag.lec,u JtotwaPt;h iZolSocglmctaalry
AJlaStOlCC! �0' oFje lBloomftwg h aG'ela l,w lta
UII11JCrestcl. ly;
MOTIL AL SANARSIOASS
DELHI ::P ATNA ::V ARANASI
MahamahopadhyaDyra. S atischanVdirday abhushan.
�: ��fq<:Jlij <eo:i"4l4imH(
ltiq('!i: j
�mt ,..[1 fj;;q;"lwn
"1f'lP.I' .,."'"
(KAU'¥ILYA.)
" Anvik�(iLkoig ihca)s e verb eene steemaesdt hel ampo fa. Il
scientohee sr,e sooufra cleal c tioannsd t hes heltoefar l vli rtues."
... f'"� ,fdq;'", (�fffiq;@'j "'.;l", .. "'�f';
, >rT'W: ,
"
a..mq lIT!i _*:f 'li >i't>rnrfir"
if q;;: ifT1T ''''a;''!(' "
"
"Modern Logiics a veritaobcleea wnh osew ateir ss alianned
whichi su napproachaobwlien gt ot het umultasn d uproarosf
thec ommentatorIssn. o tt hent hew ateor ft ha.to ceanc apable
ofb eindgru nk� "Vhyn ot� Intellipgeeonptl lei,k cel oudosa,n
easiaplpyr oatchhe oceaanndd rinikt wsa tepru ra.e ndsw eet."
PREFACE
It pleaHsiesEd x celletnhceyE arolf R onaldshGa.yC,. I.E.,
theG overnoorf Bengatlo,u ttetrh esmee morabwloer dwsh ile
presidaitnt gh eC onvocatoifot nh eC alcutUtnai versiintt hye y ear
191:8" Thata nI ndiasnt udent shoutlhdr opuagash cs o ursofe
�
philosoaptha yn I ndiaUnn iverswiittyh oeuvte hre arimnegn tion
of,s halIl s ayS,a nkartab,e t hinkwehro ,p erhaphsa,s c arried
idealfiusrmt htehra ann yo thetrh inkoefar n yo thearg e01' country,
oro ft hes ubtletoifte hse N yayas ystewmh ichha sb eenh anded
downt hrouigmhm emoriaagle s, iastn od- datyh ep ridaen dg lor.v
oft heto lo.f N avadvipa,i dnodeesea,dp ,p eatrom et ob e• profound
anomaly."
Wordsl ikt.eh esceo minfgr umo new hoi sh imseal fk een
anda rdent BtuortiI ennd!i aPnh ilosopahnyda scrupulaonuds
sympathertuilce ora,m eu ponm e, whhoa vet heg oodf ortuton e
belontgo N avadvip,aw;,i thd oublsew ay'a)n ds upplitehdei ns:�
piratiwohni ch. ',staimnee di nt himsy humblea ttemptto
presean th istoorfy IndiaLno giocr N yayaD arsanboe fore
theE nglish-knopw·iunblgi c.
Itw asm y reverperde cteoprMsa hiimahopadhyaya Mohesh
ChandrNay ayaratCn.aI,. EP.r,i nciSpaanls,k rit CCoalllceugtet,a .
andll IahamahopadhJyaadyuan atSha rvabh:womfaN avadvipa,
who (thfier sbty hisl ectuorne B hii�apariacnhdeS diad dhiin!a­
m"uktavaanldl t.h es e�onbdy hisl ecturoens K u8umMijaainid
Atma-tattt·a-fivrisvtae wkaak.)e neidn mea n intereisnt t he
stud0y1 I ndiaLno gic. Twhaasta boutt hey ear1 892.S ubse­
quentlIy r eadM oderLno gicv,i zT.a ttvacintaamnad1JS ia bda-
8akti-prakausnidkieirP. a ndit BamachNayrii.ayna charaynad
Ragaunatha BirDoimd.h"iiut'nisd ePra ndiJti banaMtihs rbao,t h
ofB enarCeosl lege.
Is earchoeudt a nd" tudimeods to ft heb ooksa ndm anu·
scripotns t hes ubjeocftH indu Lotgobi ec fouinntd b eS anskrit
ColleLgieb raarnyd t heA siatSiocc ie0t1yB engaaln do ccasioyn all
consulted swuoprpklsib yet dh eD eccaCno llePgoeo,n aa,n dB enares
SanskrCiotl legIe t.h usp utm yselifn t hew ay ofa cquiring
somea cquaintawnictehI ndiaLno gica ndf romt imet ot ime
publissheevde rbaolo kasn da rticolneN sy aya.
With,regtaorJ da inLao gicId, erivveadl uabhleel fpr omm y
teacheSra,s tra-visJaariandaac arVyiaj ayadhaSrumrai P,a ndit
Indravijaya Upadhoycacyaas iaonnfdar lolmPy a ndiHta Tagovind
SethN ya,VatjrtIh ag.a therJeadi nbao okfsr omv arioJuasi na
� _ _, " ... T"o . ,' . ' TT " � n _______ _
x l"RKFACE.
Azimganj,A rrahB,h avnagaert.,c .I alsuos eda. larglel UlUbcI'of
Jainmaa nuBcriopftt sh,eA siatSioccei ty of eBngal,D eccaCno llegt':c,
Poonae,t cb.e, sidtehso sien t hep ossessoifot nh ea foresaVi (>dn 8-
rablVei jayadhaSrUmfai .
Asr egarBdusd dhistic IL coogulidc n,o tg etm uchh elpf rom
Palsio urcebse,c ausnee ithienrt heB uddhistSiccr iptuirnet::;r o­
ducedi ntCoe yloinn 254 B.C.b yM ahendrsao,n o fA .aka,n or
int heB uddhistbioco ksr ecordiedn writinign 8 8 B.C. by
Vatta-gamiistn hi,e raen yt racoefa systmeatic cultuorfeN yaya..
Evend urmgm y visitto C eyloni n 1909( AppendiKx) ,I did
notc omea crosisn th!tti shnda nye videnocfeN yayas tudy.
On thissu bjeIc tha ve derivemda teriatloss omee xtenftr om
Chinesbeu,t m ostlfyr omT ibetasno urceSP.r ofessKoirm ura
occasionhaellpleyd me ind ealiwnigt hC hinemsaet erialCson.·
cernngi theT ibetasno urcaelsm osatn them aterialsw ered erived
from!1 §ta"-iJgsnymuer v olumewsh ereowfe rel entto m e by the
F.
Indioaffi cet hrougthh oe ourteosfvD r. W. Thomas.T hrough
thek indneosfsL ordC 11rozn,'th e thenV icerooyf I ndiaI, w as
enablteodr etaitnem porarilfyo rm y uses omeo thevro lumeo"f
!1�tan-f!bgryouutg hdto wnf rom Gyandtusrei ntgh eT ibeMti ssion
of1 904T.o securfeu rthmeart eriablesa rino"n thes ubjeo.fc t
.�
BuddhisLtoigci cv iIs itLeadb raua<rn dP amyangchim onasteries
Q
inJ une1 907a ndO ctobe1r9 08r,es pectiv(oAlpyp .Rdicaensd J I) ,
andc ame acrowso'5r laod f f actfso ro bservatanido nc omment.
Sincteh eo peninogf i ncreasientde rcousre betweeInn diaa nd
Tibecto nsequeunpto nt heT a.hLia ma's visitto I ndiian 1905
(ofw hicahn accounit,sg iven inA ppendiHx) ,b atehse ofT ibetan
tradehrasv eb eenp ouirng intIon diaan df romt hemf oul'co pies
of, B§tan-iJhgayvuerb een obtainseidn c1e9 11o,f w hicho nei s
withm e,o nei nt heA siatci SocietCya,. lcuotntea( �a f ragmentary
copyi)n t heS ahitya-Parihsad Librarayn,d o ne int heC !tleutat
UniversLiitbyr ary.
Inr egartdo t he hcaptres on modernL ogic I oeeasion!tUy
consultseodm e scholaaTmso ng w\lom Mahamahopadhyaya
PramathNaa thT arkabhu�a"a,M ahamahopadhyaGyuar ue.haran
Tarka-darsana-tMiarhtahmaa,h opadhyaLyaak shmanS astri,
MahamahopadhyVaiynad hyeswaanrdiP anditJaminiaNth Tarka­
vagismaa yb eg ratefumlelnyt ioned.
My thankasr ed uet oH on'hlMer W. W. Hornell, Director
of PuhliIcn structBieonng,a lw,h ov eryk indllyo oketdh rough
thefi rstb ateohf .m anuscriptasn dm adem anys uggestoinsw hich
haves toomde ing reastt eaidn p reparing thev olumeI. am also
grateftuol R ev. AJ.o hnstonMe.,A .P,r incipCa.lM,. SC.o llege,
forh avinrge vismeadn uscrpits as wella st hep roofs oft hepo rtoin
.J�_l:___ _• ..1.. . . ... . ...... ... ... r " ..'"" .-� ......, •
PREFACE. xi
he letf forE nglantdh,e worko fr evisl'YOansv eryk indluyn der­
takebny Dr.W . S.U rquharotf,t h eS cottiChsuhrc hesC ollegteo,
whom I offerm y thanksM.y specitahla nkasr e duet o Dr.
H.S tepheno jt heC alcutUtniav resityf orth ei nteraensdtt h orough
·
neswsi thw hichhe e xamineadl lt hep roofosft hep resevnotl ume.
Theb ookh owever coulndo th aves eetnh eli ghtn ora ssumed
itsp resenfto rmw erei tn otf orh elpo fv arious kriencdesi ved
fromth at :.YIacen0a1sl ettersm-eIa nt heH on'blJeu stiScier
j
AsutosMhu kheri, Sara.svawthio,s en ame isi nseparably asso­
CIatweid the verfyo rmo fe ductaionawlor k inB eng;alw,h o has
spentth eb esty earosf h isl ifien e ffectivnagr iouism provemenst
III thest atus oft heC alcutUtnai versaintdyw ho abovean ything
elsiest hety picalm ano fa ction- a greaKta rmayogin-unswerv­
ingi nh isai ma ndfi xitoyf p urpossee,l fleisnhs i sd evotitoown o rk,
pursuinigtt horuhg lifreega rdless ofm aledictoirbo enn ediction,
pmisoe rb lame.
CALCUTTA,
SATICE.:H A.NDVRIAD YABHUSANA.
21sAtp nl1, 9.90.
The JateM abamahopadhyaDyra. S atiCsh andra Vid..y-
bhii�anhaa ds eetnh ibso okt hrouugpht op .3 84.A ftehri rsa ther
suddende ath thew orko f seeing tber emaindoefr t he book
throutghhe p reswsa,s e ntirleelfytt om. e . Ia m,t herefoerneti,r ely
respnosiblef ora nyd efecttobs e f ounidn t hospea ges. Ih aveb een
helped,h owever,v erym uterialyl by Dr.W . S.U rquharatn db y
PandiPta supati NathS astr,,i1. At.o,b otho fw homI havet o
expremsys thanks. The Indexh asb eenp reparebdy my oId
pupiPlr ofS.u rendranBahtah\ tacarMy.aA,. o,f t heB ehaNra ­
tionCaoll leagned ftobre T ibetaInn dexI havet ot hankM r.
lohaVna nM anenL,i brariIamnp,e riLailb rarCya,l cutta.
I am welalw aroef mv unfitnestsou ndertaskuec ba task
requiring oyfep aatreisn t' study. ButI was tempted tod os o,
amongo therre asonosn, a ccounotf t hef eelionfge steeamn d
y
regard whicIh alwas entertfaoirnm eyd l atferi end,a ndI l ook
upont hjssl ighste rvitcoeh is memoarsy g oinag itltle way
towardrse paying mtahneyk indneshse� sh ada lwayshso wn to
me evers incer stIk nfiewh im
CALCUTTA, I.J .S .T ARAPOREWALA.
Decembe1r9,2 0
INTRODUCTION.
My objecitnt hivso lumei st ow ritteh eh istoroyf w hatis
calleNdy ayao,n eo ft hes ixs chooilsn tow hicho rthodopxhi lo­
sophyi nI ndiai sd ividedT.h ew ord 'logica,l't houigthi si n
common parlanhceel ds ynonymouwsi thI ndiaNny aya,i sn ot
exactliyd enticwailt hi t.L ogicc oversso meo ft hes ubjecotfs
Nyayaa sw elal sV ai:§e�iaknadi sn otc o-extenwsiitvhee ither.
IndiaLno gihca s bedeinff erendtelfiyn eidn d iffereangte sb ut
thed efinitigoenn eralalcyc eptiesdt hes cienwchei oha scertains
valikdn owledegiet her"mbeya nso ft hes ixs enseosrb y meanso f
thefi vem emberosf t hes yllogisimno; t hewro rdsp)� rceptainodn
infereanrceet hes ubject-maotftL eorg ic
Inm y anxiettyoa ssigan p ropeprl acteo J ainaan dB uddhis­
ticL ogicw,h ichp layendo i nconsiderpaabtltie nt hed evelopment
oft hes cienocfer easoniinnIg n diaI,h avem adea departufrreo m
thet ime-honoucrleads sificaotfIi nodni aLno gic into Aanncdi ent
Moderna ndh avea ddeadn i ntermedeistaagte-:bldSi 7:'cli�ti!J ngt o
thrpeeer iodsA.n cien(t6 5B0. C.-IOO A.D.), M(eudpit reo1v 2a0l0
A.D.) aMnodd ern (fro9m0 0A .D.).T hes tandartde xtfso re ach
of thesep eriodwse reN yaya-::3utbrya. Ak�apadaP,r amaIJ.a­
samuccaybay Dignaga.a nd Tattva·CllJ.tambayx ;tGia ngesUap a­
dhvayar espectiveTlhyew. i dep opularoiftt yh esweo rkiss e vi­
de.i:lCbeyd t hel argneu mberso f commentaritehsa th aveb een
wri�te nu pont hem)as mentioned below:-
THE ANOIENSTCH OOL OF ILNoDoIrAcN.
Text.
1.N yaya-subtyrA ak �apadGaau tama.
Commentarie8.
2. Nyaya-bhab!yyV aa tsyayana.
3. Nyiiya-viirtbiyUk day otakara.
4. Nyaya-vartika-tatpbayV raycaa-spplakMtail s ra.
5. Nyaya-vartika-tatparya-�biykU ad-apyaarniascuadrdyhai.
6. Nyaya-nibandha-bpyr akVaasrad hamana.
7. NyayalankbayrS ar lkal'�ha.
8. Nyiiya-v,btytA ib hayatilUapkaad hyiiya.
9. Nyaya.-sutrodbdyhV aarca.a spMatiis ra.
lO.N yaya-rahasRyaam abbyh adra.
11.N yiiya-siddbiintbay-J maiiylraa ma.
l2.N yaya-s-iitra-V'b!ytV tiiS va.naStihdahd antapancana.n:1.
l3.N yay.-saIJ1k!beypG a6 vindS.a nna.
xiv INTRODUCTION.
THE LOGIc.
MEDVEVASLC HOOL IONFD IAN
Text.
1. PramaI)a�samucbcyan yiag naga.
Oommentaries.
2. Pramaga·samuccaybay,D vifgtntaig a.
3. Pramana-vartlkab-yk Dahrairkmaa klrti
4. Prama�a;;-r;vtika-vbrytD thia rmaklrti.
5. Prama1)a-vartika-bpyDa eilvjeinkdiria bodhL
6. Prama1)a-vartika-pabfiyjS iakkay-a�bjokdah L
..
7. Prama1)a-vartikbay.R varvtiGt uip ta.
8 Prama1)a-siimuccaya-tlka (VisbalyJa imnaelnadvraatl--niima)
bodhi.
9. Pram.�lla·vartjkiiblyaP nrkaijiilraak Gaurpat a.
10.P ramana-vartikalanbkva. rTai-ntai ka
11.P ramana�Vii.rtikablvay raimkaarria.
12 Prama�a-vartibkyaEia -l�iikkaar ananda.
MODERN
THE SCHOOLO F INDIALNO Gre
Text.
1 Tattva-cintbaymG aa1)nig esa.
Commentaries.
2. Tattva-cintamal}ib-ypV raarkhdaasmaa nUap adhyaya.
3 Tattva-tcaimnani-ablovPk aak sadhaMrias ra.
4. Tattva-cintama�ib-ypR ruackiadsaat ta.
5. Tattva-cintilmani-bmvaS vaiinkkhaarM ai Sra.
6. Anumana·kha��ab·ytV 'iakc�a sp,aMtiis ra.
7. Tattva-cintama(lbiy-H parraikdaaNssy'aaii yaliinkara.
8. Tattva·cintamal'biy-R daigdhhnintaitS hiar omal'i.
9. Ma(li-vyabkyhK yaal' adTaa rkavagisa.
10.T attva-cintamal}ib-yr aMhaatshyuar anatha.
11.T atva·cintamalJ-ip-rdalsdahtbi'ytiK in:r l� �adasaSarvabhauma.
12.T attva·cintamal'ib-ymJ aaygiiakdhlTasa ar kalankara.
13.T attva-cintamabl}yiB -h�alvkaan anSdiad dhantavaglsa.
14.T attva�cintama.Qi-�ika Tabryk aHvaargrisraa.m a
15 Tattva-cintama\li-gu<J.habryt Rhaag-hduldpeivkNaay aya­
lankara.
16.T attva-cintama\lib-vyGy aadkahdyhaa Brhaa Hacarya.
Sub-Gommentanes.
17.A loka-darbpya� l'faa herShaa kkura.
18.T attva·cintaomkaal'·ip·aarlibayiD �e�vaa niitrhhaa kura.
19.T attva-cintamal}il'-�aalkookdad·hkaabrya M.dhusiid"""
Thakkura.
20.T att:vcaintamal'i-iiloka-brya Mhaatshyuar linatThaar ka-
INTRODUCTION. xv
21.D ldhiti·rbayhM aastyhau raniitha Tarkaviigisa.
22.T attva�cint.amal!i-dibdyh iKtriS�Ip;lraadsSaaasrraiv I).aI-
bhauma
23.A numanaloka-porn aPsaakr�ia�dihb ayTK ar ?1)adi'isi1
24.S abdaloka-bvyiG vUelk)aii -nVaindd�al avagisa.
25,D ldhitib·ytR jakmiia bhadSraar vabhl1uma.
26.T attva-cintama�i-dYbdyhJ iatgia-dpIrsaakTaasrirkkaaa.l aflka
27.T attva-ncH1iIn::Itia-d'idhiti-glH:!hi-ibrytJ haay-avriadm.ay otana
Ny ayap aficanana.
28.L l'att't'"a-cintama1)i-didbyh iBthia-ypall'laftkSnaidsdai- kii
dhantavagisa.
29.T attva.·cintamm)i-dby'i clRhuidtria- pNayralykaf!\ar a.caspati.
30.D ldhitib-ytR lakgah udeNvyaa ya1ankara_
31.T attva·cintamu,J;li-didbhyGi atd.ia-dphraarla.d.i r:hll:
32.T attva-cintaU1a�jb�yRd alrndahrintdiTr"aa�r Ikkanv agIsa.
Glo.sses
33.T attvkaa liSailk.rbly-K paaltlrsiakilak ara.
34.T attvcaa ndti-pbaytC rainkdarX aa rayl.aal.
35.T attva-raudrib-yRp uadtrr�aia kta' ayeat:r:ca.,
Ofa ltlh en atioonfst hew orltdh eH induasn dt heG reeks
appeatro h aved evelopseyds temosfl ogitoo a largeex teinnt­
dependenotfle ya cho therI:.I indLuog iicni trsu dimentsatray. ge
canb et raceads earltyh e6a tsh c enturbye forCeh risGtr.e ek
Logiacs sumea dd efiniftoer mi nt hef ourtche ntuBry. Ct.h ough
itgse rmcsa nb et lacead l ittelaer liinet rh ec ontroveorfst ihees
Sophisatnsd S ocrateBsu.t s of ara st hefi ve-limbed syllogism
ofH induL ogiic. c oncerntehde Hindu lmoagyih caivaebn e en
indebtseodm ew ayo ro thetro t he GreeWkhsi.l teh es yllogism
wasd efinitely formu0 llaotgeidc daoalcs t ribnye A ristoitnl e
hisR hetoriPcr,i oArn alytiacnsd P osteriAonra lytiicn.t he
4th cenBt.uCr. y.t h,e Hindu logiciana vasghuocewo sn cbeupt­
tioonf i ta sl ataes t he 1cesntt urBy. C.I ti sn oti nconceivable
thatt hek nowledogfeA ristotlloeg'ifsco unidt sw ay through
(tide
AlexandrSiyar,,a an do thecro untriinetsTo a xila Appen­
dixA ). Thisi sr ightly corrobbyo trhaeHt iendd ut radition
thaNta r.dwoh o visAilteexda nd(rSivae tadvainpdba e)c amaen
experitn t heh andlinogf t hefi ve-limsbyeldl ogiSsom s.i mple
iss yllogsitsrtuicct tuhraeit t d oenso ts eemt or equiarneyt ht'ory
ofg radudaelv elopmteoen xtp laiitngsr owthA.n dA ristomtilgeh t
havec onceivtehdei deoaf s yllogfiosrtmii cn twoh icahl rle ason­
ingc oulbde p uta sa completweh ole.
r am incFnetdh,e refotrote h,i ntkh att hes yllogdiisdnm o t
actualelvyo lvienI ndiaLno giocu to fi nferenacnedt, h att he
Hindul ogicoiwaend t hei deoaf s yUogitsowt hei nflue.no cfAe ris­
tot(lev iAdppee ndBi)x. T om ei ti so neo ft he moismtp orte.inh-t
.......; O.;"' ..�.. .. -I-_..h.. h;,,+.... .."'.. ,.ro.{! Tnr!i<1n tT..n!:If\ \lrl("tlr.>-t>l"t.1lI1n gt.'m'hat.tlt.!lIrtfJo.t.hp.