A history of Greece, from its conquest by the Romans to the present time, B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864 VOL.V

338 Pages·1877·16.835 MB·English

by  George Finlay

HISTORY OF GREECE
FROM ITS
CONQUEST BY THE ROMANS TO THE PRESENT TIM
B.C. 146 TO A. D. 1864
BY
GEORGE FINLAY, LL.D.
A NEW EDITION, REVISED THROUGHOUT, AND IN PART RE-WRITTEN,
WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS, BY THE AUTHOR,
AND EDITED BY THE
REV. H. F. TOZER, M.A.
TUTOR AND LATE FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD
IN SEVEN VOLUMES
VOL. V
GREECE UNDER OTHOMAN AND VENETIAN DOMINATION
(Dsforu
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
MDCCCLXXVII
[/I// rights reserved]
7-
5"
CONTENTS.
HISTORY OF GREECE UNDER OTHOMAN AND VENETIAN DOMINATION.
A.D. I453-I82I.
CHAPTER
I.
The Political and Military Organization of the Othoman Empire, by
—
whichthe Greekswere retainedin Subjection. A.D. 1453-1684.
.... PAGE
.......
Measuresofthe Othoman conquerors tocons.olidat.e their.domin.ation.. 1
Position ofthe Greeks in the Othoman empire 5
Extent ofthe empire 6
Degradation ofthe Greek population 7
Stabilityofthe Othoman power
Itsinstitutions 10
Tribute-children II
Ulema 12
First class ofinstitutions; thosederived from theKoran 13
Second class; thosederivedfrom the Seljouk empire 14
Third class; thosepeculiarto the Othomangovernment 16
Kanun-name ofMohammed II. 16
Administrativedivisions 18
Defective administration ofjustice *9
Nizam-djedid ofMustapha Kueprili, a.d. 169i 21
Financialadministration 22
llaratch 22
Commercialtaxes 23
Land-tax 24
Depreciation ofthe currency 27
Projectofexterminating the Christian subjects ofthe Sultan 29
Improvementin the Othoman administration 3i
Murderauthorised by an organic law oftheempire 32
Othoman army 33
Feudal militia 34
Janissaries 35
—
Regularcavalry Sipahis 37
Tribute ofChristian children 38
Irregular troops 4i
Christiantroops and auxiliaries 45
Decline ofthe administrative system 46
Venality 47
Wealth 50
Disciplinelongmaintained in the army 5i
VOL. v. b
—
CONTENTS.
VI
CHAPTER
II.
The Naval Conquests ofthe Othomansin Greece. A.D. 1453-1684.
page
Declineofthe Greek population duringthisperiod 55
Effects ofthe Othoman conquest 56
Extent ofcountryinhabited bythe Greek race which remained under the
domination ofthe Latins aftertheconquest ofConstantinople 57
Conquest ofMytilene, a.d. 1462 58
Venetianwar,a.d. 1463-1479 60
Conquest ofthe dominions ofLeonardo di Tocco, a.d. 147 61
Venetianwar,a.d. 1499-1502 62
Conquest ofRhodes,a.d. 1522 64
Invasion ofthe MoreabyAndreaDoria, a.d. 1532 68
Venetianwar, a.d. 1537-1540 68
Conquest ofChios, a.d. 1566.... 70
State ofChiosunderthe Maona ofthe Guistiniani 70
Historyofthe Maona 7i
Condition ofGreekpopulation 75
State ofChiosunder the Othomans 79
Extinction ofthe DuchyofNaxos, a.d. 1566
Conquest ofCyprus,a.d. 1570
Battle ofLepanto, a.d. 1571
.....
Stateofthe Greek population, a.d. 1573-1644 87
Maritimewarfare andpiracy in the Grecianseas . 90
Knights ofMalta 92
Order ofSt. Stefano andnavy ofTuscany 96
Exploits ofthe Othomanna.vy ... 102
Depopulation ofthe coasts ofGreece bythe maritime expeditions ofthe
Christian powers 104
Ravages ofthe Cossacks on.thesh.ores o.fthe.Black Sea 107
WarofCandia, a.d. 1645-16.69 ... 109
Subjugation ofMaina "3
Apostasies ofChristians 118
CHAPTER
III.
Social Condition ofthe Greeksuntil theExtinction ofthe Tribute of
Christian Chil.dren..—A.D..1453-.1676...
The cultivators of the soil become the true representatives ofthe Greek
......
nation for three centuries
Decline in the numbers and civilization of the Greek race during this
period .... 124
A certain degree ofimprovement takes place in the material wealth of
the town population 126
Animositybetween t.he Gree.ksand.Catho.lics .... 128
Toleration displayedby Mohammed II. 129
Contrast between the moral condition of the Greeks and Turks at this
period »3°
CONTENTS.
VII
....
Influenceofmonachism on G.reek s.ociety.... 133
Position ofthe Greek Church at the time ofthe Othoman conquest '35
Re-establishment ofan orthodox Patriarch.at Con.stanti.nople.by Moham
medII. . 136
Simoniacalelections ofthe Patriarchs 140
Story ofa trickbywhich the Greekspretend that the Patriarch Jeremiah
saved the churches ofConstantinople.... 142
The Greek laity abstained from appealing.to O.thoma.n cou.rts ofjustice
more steadilythan the clergy 147
Increaseofecclesiastical corruption 149
Generalgood conduct of the secular clergy.pres.erved.the pr.ofound rever
ence ofthe Greek people fortheir church . 152
Political and socialposition ofthelaity 155
Effect oftheimmigration ofSpanish Jews into theLevant J59
Orderprevalent in the cities ofthe Othomanempire 161
Extinction ofthe tribute ofChristian children , 163
CHAPTER
IV.
—
History ofthe Venetian Dominationin Greece. A.D. 1684-1718.
BehaviouroftheOthoman governmenttothe representatives oftheChris-
tian powersat theSublimePorte 165
Venetian republicdeclares war with the Porte 172
Francesco Morosini 173
Campaign in Greece,.a.d..1684 .. 175
Germanmercenaries.inthe.servi.ce ofV.enice 175
Campaign of1685 .... 176
Campaign of1686 179
Campaign of1687 182
SiegeofAthensan—d.destru.ction.ofthe.Parthenon 185
Campaign of1688 Siege ofNegrepont 189
Venetiandeserters 191
PeaceofCarlovitz, a.d. 1699 194
Venetian administration in the Morea 196
Populalion, re_y£iuiesr«wd-xT?mrrreTCe 197
Civilgovernmentjmd-cQndition ofthe,pfnpk 201
205
State ofpropertyandadministration ofjustice 206
Ecclesiastical administration 208
Influence ofCatholicclergy 211
WFoarreibgentwreeleantiRounsssoifa.VaenndicT.eurkey.. . 22I133
Conquest ofthe More.a by.Ali K.umurg.i 217-)
Siege ofCorinth .... 219
Siege ofNauplia 222
Siege ofModon 224
Warbetween Austriaand Turkey . 226
PeaceofPassarovitz 227
Vicesofthe Venetian government . 228
b2
CONTEXTS.
CHAPTER
V.
The Causes andEventswhichpreparedthe Greeksfor Independence.
A.D. 1718-1821.
PAGE
Improvementin thecondition ofthe_people duri. fttfer-eeotttty. 230
Condition ofthe inhabitants ofChios 232
Comparison ofChioswith TinosandNaxos 235
Religious contests ofthe Catholics and Orthodox in the Othoman empire 237
Intrigues ofthe court ofFrance 238
Characterand influence ofth£-Zhanariots, or Greek offjcialsjn the..service
of_theSultan 241
Voivodes cTTaltec1iTa"and Moldavia 243
Treaty ofBelgrade, a..d. 17.39 .. 246
"^ Influence and.Intri.gues of.Russi.a . . 247
Montenegro 248
Maina 249
^fcWarbetweenTurkeyand Russia, a.d. 1768-1774 250
Austrian ministerinsulted at Constantinople 250
Operations oftheRussiansinthe Morea 252
"^Defeat oftheRussiansand GreeksatTripolitza 256
Destruction ofthe Othoman fleetatTcbesme 259
Defeat oftheRussians atLemnos . 262
Peace ofKainardji,a.d. 1774 263
.....
Hassan Ghazi exterminatestheAlbanian troopsinthe Morea 264
& Establishes the authority of.the ca.pitan-.pashai.n Mai.na . 265
Freshintrigues ofRussia 267
SOWarbetween Turkeyand Russia,a.d. 1787-1792 . 268
Albanians ofSuli . 269
LambrosKatzonesand the Greekprivateers 269
Cruelties and piraciesinthe Grecian seas 271
Peace ofYassi,a.d. 1792 273
^frInfluence oft.he Fr.enchR.evolu.tion 273
French dominationintheIonian Islands 274
Parga 275
Englishprotection ofthe Ionianrepublic 276
.....
Improvement in the condition ofthe Greek people 278
InfhiencejjjjhePhanariots on national_consolidatin.n__ 280
t/ Of_conarn£xoe 280
/Improvement of the modern Greek language a powerful instrument in
advancingnational centralisation 284
Eugenios Bulgares and Adamantios Koraes 284
.....
Municipalinstitutions 287
Decline ofthe Othoman power 288
Conclusion 290
APPENDIX.
Chronological listofOthomanSultans 293
List ofSignors ofMytilene 294
List ofPhanariot Voivodes ofVallachia and Moldavia 293
CHRONOLOGY.
1397. Bayezid I. establishes the timariot system in Thessaly.
1453. Mohammed II. repeoples Constantinople.
„ Re-establishes the Orthodox Greek Church.
1454. Insurrection of Albanian population in the Morea.
1456. Mohammed II. defeated at Belgrade.
1458. Walls of Constantinople repaired, and Castle of Seven Towers
built.
1459. Servia annexed to the Othoman empire.
„ Amastris taken from the Genoese.
1460. Mohammed II. conquers the Morea.
„ Athens annexed to the Othoman empire.
1461. Conquest ofempire ofTrebizond.
1462. Mytilene annexed to Othoman empire.
1463. Argos occupied by Othoman troops.
War with Venice.
,,
1466. Athens taken by Venetians, and abandoned.
1467. 17th January, death of Skanderbeg at Alessio.
1469. Earthquake at Santa Maura, Cephalonia, and Zante.
1470. Conquest of Negrepont.
1475. Kaffa and Tana taken from the Genoese.
1477. Croi'a surrenders to the Othomans.
1479. Peace between Mohammed II. and Venice.
„ Zante and Cephalonia taken by Mohammed II. from Leonard
Tocco, despot ofArta.
1480. Othoman army defeated at Rhodes.
1481. Death ofMohammed II.
1484. Venice restores Cephalonia to Bayezid II., and pays a tribute
offive hundred ducats annually for Zante.
1489. Catherine Cornara cedes Cyprus to Venice.
1492. Jews expelled from Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella.
x CHRONOLOGY.
1494. Andrew Palaeologos, son of Thomas, despot in the Pelopon-
nesus, cedes his rights to it and to the Byzantine empire to
Charles VIII. ofFrance, but that cession not being accepted
within the stipulated time, in
1498. He cedes his rights to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
1500. Bayezid II. takes Lepanto, Modon, Coron, and Durazzo, from
Venice.
1501. Mohammedans expelled from Spain if they refuse to be
baptized.
1502. Peace between Bayezid II. and Venice. The republic cedes
Santa Maura to the Sultan, but retains Cephalonia.
1509. Great earthquake at Constantinople.
1510. Walls ofConstantinople repaired.
1512. Bogdan, Prince of Moldavia, becomes tributary to Sultan
Selim I.
1515. Great fire at Constantinople.
1516. Vallachia pays an annual tribute of six hundred Christian
children to the sultan.
1522. Conquest ofRhodes by Suleiman I.
1526. Vienna besieged.
J535- First public treatyofalliance between the Othoman empire and
the King ofFrance.
,, Supremacy ofthe Othoman navy in the Mediterranean.
1537- Defeat ofthe Othomans at Corfu.
„ Barbarossa takes Paros, Skyros, Patmos, and Stympalea.
1540. Treaty of peace between Suleiman I. and Venice. The re-
public cedes Monemvasia and Nauplia to the Sultan.
z563- Great inundation, caused by rain, at Constantinople.
!565. Othoman expedition against Malta defeated.
1566. Chios and Naxos annexed to the Othoman empire.
„ Rebellion ofthe Janissaries.
1570. Morescoes, descendants of Mohammedans in Spain, driven to
rebellion by persecution.
1571. Conquest of Cyprus by Othomans.
„ 15th ofOctober, battle ofLepanto.
1572. Tunis taken by Don Juan ofAustria.
1573. Treaty ofpeace between the Othoman empire and Venice.
1574. Tunis retaken by the Othoman fleet.
1591. Thirty thousand workmen employed to construct a canal at
Nicomedia.
1593. First commercial treaty between the Sultan and England.
1600. Rebellion ofthe Janissaries.
1609. Final expulsion ofthe Morescoes from Spain by Philip III.
CHRONOLOGY.
xi
1614. Maina compelled to pay haratch.
1622. Great rebellion ofJanissaries and Sipahis against Sultan Oth-
man
II.
1624. Cossacks plunder the shores ofthe Bosphorus.
„ Piracy prevalent in the Mediterranean.
1632. Great rebellion oftroops at Constantinople.
1642. Great earthquake at Constantinople.
„ Corsairs and pirates continue their ravages in the Archi-
pelago.
1645. Othoman troops invade Crete.
1648. Earthquake at Constantinople.
1650. New island rises out ofthe sea at Santorin.
1653. Great earthquake at Constantinople.
1656. Great insurrection at Constantinople.
1669. Conquest ofCrete completedbycapitulation ofCandia. Treaty
ofpeace between the Othoman empire and Venice.
„ Foundation of the official power of the Phanariots by the
rank conceded to Panayotaki of Chios, dragoman ofAchmet
Kueprili.
1670. Subjugation of Maina. Forts of Zarnata, Porto Vitylo, and
Passava, armed and garrisoned by Turks.
1671 to 1684. Corsairs and pirates infest the coasts and islands of
Greece and Asia Minor in great numbers.
1672 and 1673. Mainates emigrate to Apulia and Corsica.
1675. Disputes oftheGreeksand Catholics concerning the possession
ofthe Holy Places at Jerusalem.
1683. Siege ofVienna by Kara Mustapha.
1685. The Venetians commence the conquest of the Morea. Moro-
sini takes Coron.
1687. Athens taken by Morosini. Parthenon ruined.
„ Plague in the Venetian army.
„ Great fire at Constantinople.
1688. Defeat ofMorosini at Negrepont.
1690. Earthquake at Constantinople.
1692. Fire at Constantinople.
1699. Peace ofCarlovitz.
1711. Defeat ofPeter the Great. Treaty ofthe Pruth.
1712. Commencement ofPhanariot domination in Moldavia.
1715. Re-conquest ofthe Morea by Ali Kumurgi.
1716. Commencement ofPhanariot domination in Vallachia.
1718. Peace ofPassarovitz.
1719. Great fire and earthquake at Constantinople.
1720. Treaty ofperpetual peace between Turkey and Russia.
CHRONOLOGY.
xii
1736 to 1739- Marshal Munich's campaigns against the Crimea and
Turkey.
1739. Treaty of Belgrade.
1740. Great fire at Constantinople.
1741. Fire at Constantinople.
1746. Fire at Constantinople.
1751. Piracies on the coast of Maina and in the Archipelago.
„ Tumult of Greeks at Constantinople against the Patriarch and
the Phanariots.
1754. Great earthquake at Constantinople.
1755. Great fire at Constantinople.
1761. First treaty between Turkey and Prussia.
„ Persecution ofCatholic Armenians at Constantinople.
1764. Insurrection ofGreeks in Cyprus.
1766. Earthquake at Constantinople.
1767. Great fires at Constantinople and at Pera.
1770. Great fire at Constantinople.
„ Russian invasion ofthe Morea.
„ Sphakiots compelled to pay haratch.
1774. Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji.
1787. War ofSuliots with Ali Pasha ofJoannina.
„ Russian privateering in the Archipelago.
1792. Treaty ofYassi.
1797. Ionian Islands surrendered to France by the Treaty of Campo
Formio.
„ Ali Pasha massacres the Christian Albanians ofChimara.
1800. Russia cedes the continental dependencies of the Ionian
Islands, Parga, Prevesa, etc., to Turkey.
„ Establishment ofthe Ionian republic.
1807. Russia cedes the Ionian Islands to France by the treaty of
Tilsit.
1815. Ionian republic placed under the protection of Great Britain
by the treaty ofVienna.
1819. Parga delivered to Turkey by Great Britain.
1821. Commencement ofthe Greek Revolution.