A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500

399 Pages·2011·2.26 MB·English

by  Kenneth R. Hall

A History of Early
Southeast Asia
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A History of Early
Southeast Asia
Maritime Trade and Societal
Development, 100–1500
Kenneth R. Hall
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•Toronto•Plymouth,UK
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ToRandy,Jason,Jeremy,andRachel
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hall,KennethR.
AhistoryofearlySoutheastAsia:maritimetradeandsocietaldevelopment,
100–1500/KennethR.Hall.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-7425-6760-3(cloth:alk.paper)
ISBN978-0-7425-6761-0(pbk.:alk.paper)
ISBN978-0-7425-6762-7(ebook)
1.SoutheastAsia—Commerce—History—To1500. 2.SoutheastAsia—
Commerce—Socialaspects—History—To1500. 3.SoutheastAsia—Civilization—
To1500. 4.SoutheastAsia—History—To1500. I.Title.
HF3790.8.H348 2011
959’.01—dc22 2010043612
(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:4)
Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsof
AmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences—PermanenceofPaperfor
PrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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Contents
ListofFiguresandMaps vii
Preface ix
1 TradeandStatecraftinEarlySoutheastAsia 1
2 EarlyInternationalMaritimeTradeandCulturalNetworkingin
theSoutheastAsiaRegion,ca.100–500 37
3 CompetitionontheEastCoastoftheMainland:EarlyChampa
andVietnamPoliticalEconomies 67
4 TheFoundationsofIndonesianPolity:SrivijayaandJavatothe
EarlyTenthCentury 103
5 StructuralChangeintheJavaneseCommunity,ca.900–1300 135
6 TheTemple-BasedMainlandPoliticalEconomiesofAngkor
CambodiaandPaganBurma,ca.889–1300 159
7 TransitionsintheSoutheastAsianMainlandCommercial
Realm,ca.900–1500 211
8 MaritimeTradeandCommunityDevelopmentinFourteenth-
andFifteenth-CenturyJava 253
9 UpstreamandDownstreamUnificationandtheChangingSense
ofCommunityinSoutheastAsia’sFifteenth-CenturyMaritime
Port-Polities 287
10 MaritimeTradeandStateDevelopment,ca.1250–1500 325
v
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vi Contents
AbbreviationsUsedinReferencesandinCitations 343
References 345
Index 372
AbouttheAuthor 384
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Figures and Maps
FIGURES
1.1.RiverineSystemExchange.AdaptedfromBronson:1977,42 22
1.2. MarketinginEarlyJava 25
4.1. JavaneseAdministrationintheEighthandNinthCenturies 127
5.1. Kadiri-EraPolity.BasedonSedyawati:1994,204 151
6.1. KhmerTempleAgriculturalEconomics 185
6.2. CambodiaandJavaTemple-CenteredExchangeNetworks 187
8.1. MajapahitJavaMandalaState 254
MAPS
SoutheastAsiato1500 xiv
1.1. EasternIndianOceanRegionalMaritimeNetworks,ca.
100–1500 30
2.1. IndianOceanMaritimeTrade,ca.100–600 38
2.2. SoutheastAsiaTrade,ca.100–600 43
2.3. SoutheastAsiaintheFunanAge 47
3.1. ChampaandVietnaminthePre-1500Era 68
3.2. Vietnam,ca.100–1200 91
4.1. TheSrivijayaAge,ca.600–1200 105
5.1. Java,ca.600–1500 136
6.1. AngkorintheEleventhCentury 173
6.2. Angkor,ca.1300 193
vii
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viii FiguresandMaps
6.3. AngkorunderJayavarmanVII 194
6.4. Pagan,ca.900–1300 200
7.1. SoutheastAsia,ca.1000–1500 212
7.2. Vietnam,ca.800–1500 239
9.1. MelakaCity,ca.1500 310
9.2. MaritimeTradeNetworkinginEasternSoutheastAsia,ca.
1200–1500 315
10.1. IndianOceanNetworkedTradeZones,ca.1400–1500 327
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Preface
The research for this book is rooted in my study of the early history of
Southeast Asia begun forty years ago at the University of Michigan, under
theguidanceofJohnK.Whitmore,ThomasR.Trautmann,AltonL.Becker,
Peter Gosling, and Karl Hutterer, with adaptive methodological input from
Marshall Sahlins, Aram Yengoyan, and Sylvia Thrupp. The new scholarship
of that era was represented in O. W. Wolters’s Early Indonesian Commerce,
which focused on the activities of those Southeast Asians who responded to
the presence of traders and other foreigners—on their own initiative—by
optimizing their opportunities, in contrast to the earlier ideas represented by
George Coedes’s The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, which was con-
cernedwithIndiancultureasthebasisforstatedevelopment.UnlikeCoedes,
however, Wolters and other revisionist scholars from the 1970s normally
examined specific areas within the region without coming to terms with the
largerregionalpatterns.
Whitmore challenged me to approach early Southeast Asia civilizations
not as extensions of India (‘‘Indianized States’’) and China (Vietnam as a
‘‘Lesser China’’), but as the products of indigenous agency, via their con-
sciousadaptationandsynthesisoftheexternalinwaysthatreinforcedindige-
nousculturesratherthandisplacedthem.Thisnewscholarshipreconstructed
social and economic history and attempted to balance the picture of outside
forces by addressing indigenous responses. Archeological research had
achieved the sophistication necessary to supply reliable new data. My work
with Whitmore was focused on the inclusive maritime world rather than a
specific civilization, though based in my previous Indonesian and Old
Javanese language studies. My interactions with my fellow Southeast Asian
ix
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