A History of Archaeological Thought PDF
Preview A History of Archaeological Thought
A History of Archaeological Thought SecondEdition Initsoriginaledition,BruceTrigger’sbookwasthefirstevertoexaminethe historyofarchaeologicalthoughtfrommedievaltimestothepresentinworld- wideperspective.Now,inthisnewedition,hebothupdatestheoriginalwork andintroducesnewarchaeologicalperspectivesandconcerns.Atoncestimu- latingandeven-handed,itplacesthedevelopmentofarchaeologicalthought and theory within a broad social and intellectual framework. The successive butinteractingtrendsapparentinarchaeologicalthoughtaredefinedandthe authorseekstodeterminetheextenttowhichthesetrendswereareflection ofthepersonalandcollectiveinterestsofarchaeologistsastheserelate–inthe Westatleast–tothefluctuatingfortunesofthemiddleclasses.Althoughsub- jectiveinfluenceshavebeenpowerful,ProfessorTriggerarguesthatthegrad- ualaccumulationofarchaeologicaldatahasexercisedagrowingconstrainton interpretation.Inturn,thisuseofdatahasincreasedtheobjectivityofarchae- ologicalresearchandenhanceditsvalueforunderstandingtheentirespanof humanhistoryandthehumanconditioningeneral. Bruce G. Trigger is James McGill Professor in the Department of Anthro- pologyatMcGillUniversity.HereceivedhisPhDfromYaleUniversityand hascarriedoutarchaeologicalresearchinEgyptandtheSudan.Hisinterests include the comparative study of early civilizations, the history of archaeol- ogy,andarchaeologicalandanthropologicaltheory.Hehasreceivedvarious scholarlyawards,includingtheprestigiousPrixLe´on-Ge´rinfromtheQuebec government, for his sustained contributions to the social sciences. He is an honorary fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and an honorary member of the Prehistoric Society (UK). His numerous books include the first edition of A History of Archaeological Thought (Cambridge 1989); The CambridgeHistoryoftheNativePeoplesoftheAmericas,VolumeI(Cambridge 1996),coeditedwithWilcombE.Washburn;andUnderstandingEarlyCivi- lizations(Cambridge2003). BRUCE G. TRIGGER A History of Archaeological Thought Second Edition CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521840767 © Cambridge University Press 1996 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1996 Reprinted 2007 (twice), 2008 A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Trigger, Bruce G. A history of archaeological thought / Bruce G. Trigger. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-521-84076-7 (hardback) ISBN-10: 0-521-84076-7 (hardback) ISBN-13: 978-0-521-60049-1 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-521-60049-9 (pbk.) 1. Archaeology – History. 2. Archaeology – Philosophy – History. I. Title. CC100.T75 2006 930.1 – dc22 2006007559 ISBN 978-0-521-84076-7 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-60049-1 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2009 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. To Barbara CONTENTS list of illustrations page xi preface to the second edition xv 1 Studying the History of Archaeology 1 ApproachestotheHistoryofArchaeology 5 SocialContext 17 ArchaeologicalInterpretation 26 Challenge 38 2 Classical and Other Text-Based Archaeologies 40 InterestsinthePast 40 TheMedievalViewofHistory 48 RenaissanceAntiquarianism 52 TheDevelopmentofClassicalArchaeology 61 EgyptologyandAssyriology 67 OtherFirstArchaeologies 74 Conclusions 77 3 Antiquarianism without Texts 80 AntiquarianisminNorthernEurope 81 RecognitionofStoneTools 92 TheEnlightenment 97 ScientificAntiquarianism 106 AntiquarianismandRomanticism 110 TheNewWorld 114 TheImpasseofAntiquarianism 118 4 The Beginnings of Prehistoric Archaeology 121 RelativeDating 121 TheDevelopmentandSpreadofScandinavianArchaeology 129 vii Contents TheAntiquityofHumanity 138 PalaeolithicArchaeology 147 ReactionagainstEvolution 156 ArchaeologyinNorthAmerica 158 Conclusions 164 5 Evolutionary Archaeology 166 TheRiseofRacism 167 Lubbock’sSynthesis 171 ColonialArchaeologyintheUnitedStates 177 AustralianPrehistory 189 ArchaeologyinNewZealand 193 RacistArchaeologyinAfrica 195 TheLegacyofEvolutionaryArchaeology 207 6 Culture-Historical Archaeology 211 EarlyInterestsinEthnicity 211 Diffusionism 217 TheMontelianSynthesisofEuropeanPrehistory 223 TheConceptofCulture 232 TheBirthofCulture-HistoricalArchaeology 235 ChildeandTheDawnofEuropeanCivilization 241 EuropeanArchaeologyandNationalism 248 OtherNationalArchaeologies 261 Culture-HistoricalArchaeologyintheUnitedStates 278 TechnicalDevelopments 290 Theory 303 Conclusions 311 7 Early Functional-Processual Archaeology 314 EnvironmentalFunctional-Processualism 315 SocialAnthropology 319 EconomicApproaches 322 SovietArchaeology 326 ChildeasaMarxistArchaeologist 344 GrahameClark 353 EarlyFunctionalismintheUnitedStates 361 TheConjunctiveApproach 367 viii Contents EcologicalandSettlementArchaeology 372 WorldArchaeology 382 Conclusions 384 8 Processualism and Postprocessualism 386 Neoevolutionism 386 EarlyNewArchaeology 392 TheDiversificationofProcessualArchaeology 418 PostprocessualArchaeology 444 ContinentalEuropeanAlternatives 478 Discussion 480 9 Pragmatic Synthesis 484 CompetingApproaches 485 TheoreticalConvergence 497 Middle-RangingTheory 508 High-LevelTheory 519 10 The Relevance of Archaeology 529 TheChallengeofRelativism 529 TheDevelopmentofArchaeology 532 RelationswithOtherSocialSciences 538 CopingwithSubjectivity 540 bibliographical essay 549 references 583 index 681 ix
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